Chapter

Y
-
 Living World : Total 36 Important Points From NCERT

1. Ernst Mayr, has been called “The Darwin of 20th century”. Mayr
was awarded the three prized widely regarded as “Triple crown of
Biology”.

B – Balzan Prize (1983)

I – International Prize (1994)
C – Crafoord Prize (1999)

2. Growth, Reproduction, self organise, ability to sense environment,

mount a suitable response, metabolism, ability to self replicate, interact
and emergence as unique features of living organisms.
* 1) 1)

3. Growth + Reproduction → Mutually Inclusive Event → Unicellular -

-

I I

4. Growth + Reproduction → Mutually Exclusive event → Multicellular

K

5. Growth in plant is localised & indefinite (throughout life)

6. Growth in animal is diffused and definite (up to a limit)

7. Multicellular and unicellular both organism grow by cell division but
only one difference arises that in unicellular organism growth and
-

reproduction are synonymous process. V 1 Imp .

.

=
-external
-

8. Non-living organism also grows eg.– Mountains, Boulders and sand

mounds.
>
-
charact

I
-

9. Many organism do not reproduce like mules, sterile worker bees,

Infertile human couples. Hence reproduction can't be all inclusive
-

defining character of living.

10. Metabolism : Sum total of all the chemical reactions occuring in our
-

body.
Nonly living
-
-

11. Metabolism is defining feature of all living organism without exception.

outside
H -

12. Isolated metabolic reaction in vitro are not living things but surely
living reactions. / 1.1mP
-

-
-
V V
Imp
-
-

-
.

I I
13. “Self consciousness” is the only character of “Human Beings” but
-

consciousness is the defining feature of living organism.

- -

-Imp
-
14. All living organism present, past and future, are linked to one
another by the sharing of the common genetic material but to varying
-

degree.
-

15. The number of species that are known and described ranges between
1.7 – 1.8 million. This refers to Biodiversity.
-

16. ICBN – International code for Botanical Nomenclature.

-
-

17. ICZN – International code of Zoological Nomenclature.

=

18. Each Biological name has two components – Generic name and
specific epithet.

19. This system is called Binomial Nomenclature. Given by Carolus

Linnaeus.
Air
20. Name of the author appears after specific epithet.
 Dead -
>
-

↓
Origin
-

21. Biological names are generally in Latin & written in italics.

- -
-
-

22. 1st word represents Genus while 2nd component denotes species
epithet.
1) (

23. When handwritten, both words are separately underlined.

- -

24. Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into

convenient categories based on some easily observable character.

25. External & internal structure, along with the structure of cell,
development process & ecological information of organism are essential &
form the basis of modern taxonomic studies.

26. Taxonomy include - characterisation, Identification, classification &

Nomenclature.

27. Linnaeus used “Systema Naturae” as the title of his publication.

II 1 I
C)

- Word systematics is derived from the Latin word ‘systema’ which

-

means systematic arrangement of organisms.

28. Category is a part of overall taxonomic arrangement, it is called
taxonomic category & all category together constitute taxonomic
hierarchy.
* Stat : -

29. Plant families like convolvulaceae, solanaceae are included in the order
polymoniales mainly based on floral characters.
-

30. As we go higher from species to kingdom number of common

characteristics goes on decreasing.
P
31. Ascending : Species → Genus → Family → Order→Class →
Phylum/Division → Kingdom.
~
- -

mul plants
-
-

32. Housefly belongs to order diptera and class insecta, genus Musca

33. Division in case of plants and phylum in case of animals.

de
34. Note - Suffix ‘ales’ is used for order and suffix ‘acae’ is used for
family in case of plants.
35. Mango → Family → Anacardiaceae

Mango → Order → Sapindales

Mango → Fruit → Drupe

[Develop from monocarpellary superior ovary]

*
36. Wheat → Family → Poaceae
-

Wheat → Order → Poales -

 Biological Classification : Total 60 Important Points From NCERT

1. Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by

Aristotle on the basis of simple morphological character.> plant
-
-

-
-

2. Aristotle classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs. He also divided
animals into two groups on the basis of presence / absence of RBCs.

3. Linnaeus gives two kingdom system of classification included Plantae

-

and Animalia on the basis of cell wall.

-Include - Kingdom Fungi
- -

- -

4. R.H.Whittaker proposed five kingdom classification in 1969.

5. – Three kingdom of classification – Haeckel (added new kingdom

protista)

– Four kingdom classification – Copeland (added monera).

6. Main criteria for 5 Kingdom classification :- 1. Cell structure
2. Body organisation
3. Mode of nutrition
4. Reproduction
5. Phylogenetic relationship
Evolution Relationth's
- -

7. – Unicellular Prokaryotes – Monera

– Unicellular Eukaryotes – Protista

Deadora living
* – Heterotrophic Eukaryotes (Saprophytic or Parasitic) – Fungi
-

– Autotrophic Eukaryotes – Plantae

* – Heterotrophic Eukaryotes (Holozoic or Saprozoic) – Animalia

-
8. Bacteria are the sole members of kingdom monera.

9. Bacteria are grouped under four categories on their shape. They are
most abundant microorganisms and are cosmopolitan.

10. Spherical – Coccus

Rod shaped – Bacillus
Comma shaped – Vibrium
Spiral – Spirillum
* II 1

11. Bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity.

--

12. Bacterial structure is very simple, they are very complex in

behaviour.
*
13. Fungi show extensive habitat diversity.
14. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria on the basis of different cell
wall structure and this features is responsible for survival in extreme
Conditions.

15. Some cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cell

called heterocysts. e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena.

16. Bacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs, chemosynthetic

autotrophs and heterotrophs. ins
-

17. Heterotrophic bacteria are most abundant in nature.

18. Mycoplasma : – Prokaryotes

– Completely lack cell wall
– Smallest living cells
– Can survive without oxygen
– Mycoplasma can pass through 1 micron. Q
– Size of mycoplasma is 0.3 μm.
– Pathogenic to plants and animals
 v U
.
u.
.
Imp
II -
1

19. Boundaries of kingdom protista are not well defined they show
connection to three kingdom – Plantae, Animalia and Fungi.

– All protista are single celled i.e., unicellular.

20. Diatoms (Chrysophytes) cell walls form two thin overlapping shells,
which fit together as in a soap box. The walls are embedded with silica
-

and walls are indestructible.

-

NOAT
-

- -

21. Chrysophytes are microscopic and float passively in water currents.

Imp --

-V
-
.

-
22. Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans.

23. Dinoflagellates (Fire algae)

– Mostly marine and photosynthetic.

-
24. Red dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax) undergo rapid multiplication that
they make the sea appear red (Red tides). Release toxin that may kill
other marine.
25. In Euglenoids instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer
called pellicle which makes their body flexible. AIR -
-

Day Niaht
– Nutrition-Mixotrophic : (Photosynthetic + Heterotrophic).

26. Euglena are connecting link between plants and animals.

VV-ImP
- -
O
27. Under favourable condition slime moulds (Saprophytic protists) form
-

aggregation called plasmodiumWand during unfavourable condition

-

plasmodium differentiate and form fruiting bodies bearing spores at

thir tips. Spores posses true walls and dispersed by air current.
1
Imp -

=
.

28. Primitive relatives of animals are protozoans. All protozoans are

heterotrophs protozoa classify into four groups on the basis of locomotory
- -

structure.
-

V K
v
– Amoeboid : Amoeba and Entamoeba
– Flagellated : Trypanosoma K
– Ciliated : Paramaecium Y
– Sporozoans : Plasmodium Y
29. Cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin and polysaccharides fungi are
saprophytes, parasites and symbiotics. association
-

– Chitin is homopolymer.
↑
e
. pinus Chymnosperms
830.
-

Symbionts – in association with algae + Fungi as lichen and with

roots of higher plants and Fungi as mycorrhiza.
-
-

1)

31. In fungi sexual cycle involve – Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis

I'
in zygote.
(A)
32. Dikaryophase found in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
↑ unicewlur Fungi
33. Yeast are used to make bread and beer
– Scientific name of yeast is saccharomyces cerevisiae.It is known
as bakers as well as brewers yeast. It is member of ascomycetes.
– It is member of ascomycetes. It is the only unicellular and non-
-

filamentous fungi.
Y
34. Fungi Reproduction: Spore
– Asexual Spore : conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores.
– Sexual Spore : oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.

35. Fungi are Filamentous with the exception of yeasts which are
unicellular.

36. Fungi bodies consist of long, slender thread like structure called
hyphae. The network of hyphae is known as mycelium
PYQ
-
- *
37. Note :- (i) Early blight of potato - Alternaria (Deuteromycetes)
(ii) Late blight potato - Phytophthora (Phycomycetes)
-

38. Ascomycetes are mostly multicellular eg. Penicillium or rarely

unicellular eg. yeast
X Y
V .
.
.
Imp
-

39. In ascomycetes asexual spores are conidia produced exogenously

on the special mycelium called conidiophores.
-
V V -Imp # As ., Basid ,
.
. Devn
-
*
-

40. In all three classes of fungi mycelium is septate and branched but in
[phycomycetes it is aseptate and unbranched and coenocytic.J
41. Edible fungi are morels and truffles, are the members of
ascomycetes.
-
42. Neurospora is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work.
Neurospora is member of ascomycetes.

43. Agaricus (mushroom) is an example of Basidiomycetes.

* I II Imperfect Fungi
-

44. Some members of deuteromycetes are saprophytes or parasites while

-

large no. of them are decomposer of litter and help in mineral cycling.

45. Examples of deuteromycetes are Trichoderma, Alternaria and

Colletotrichum.

46. Kingdom animalia lacks cell walls

47. Few members of Plant Kingdom are partially heterotrophic such as the
insectivorous plants or parasites.
*
48. Bladderwort and Venus fly trap are examples of insectivorous plants
and Cuscuta is a parasite. cleat and Chlorph losss
49. M.W. Beijerinck (1898) demonstrated that extract of the infected plant
of tobacco cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as
contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid)
H compulsory
-

50. Viruses are obligate parasites.

TMY - SAI
1) II

51. Capsomere are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms.

- -

*
52. In viruses protein coat called capsid whose smaller sub unit called
-
-
-

capsomere
- -
-

53. Viruses cause disease in plants, the symptoms can be mosaic

formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and
stunted growth virus-larger
Xinid = smaller .

54. In 1971 T.O. Diener discovered new infections agent called viroid.
AR
55. Viroid lacked the protein coat.
-

56. Viroid are smaller than viruses and caused potato spindle tuber
disease. Free RNA of low molecular weight.
57. Prions consisted of abnormally folded protein
• Prions are similar in size with virus.

58. The most notable diseases caused by prions are BSE (Bovine
spongiform encephalopathy) commonly called mad cow disease in cattle
and its analogous variant Cr-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans.
-

to
59. Lichens are symbiotic association i.e. mutually useful association b/w
algae and fungi
Y

60. In lichen algae component is phycobiont and fungal component called

Mycobiont. Lichens are pollution indicator.
 Plant Kingdom : Total 85 Important Points From NCERT

1. Artificial Systems gave equal weightage to vegetative & sexual

- - -

characteristic, this is not acceptable since the vegetative characters

- -

are more easily affected by environment. This system Given by

Linnaeus.

2. Natural classification system for flowering plants was given by

George Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker & is based on natural
affinities among the organisms & consider not only external features but
also internal features.

3. Numerical taxonomy is[based on all observable characteristics. In this

= way each character is given equal importance & at the same time
St
hundreds of characters can be considered.J

4. Cytotaxonomy is based on cytological information like

chromosomes number, structure, behaviour.

5. Chemotaxonomy uses the chemical constituents of plant to

resolve confusions.
6. At present Phylogenetic
-
classification system based on evolutionary
relationship between the various organisms are acceptable.

7. Algae:-
– Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic & largely
aquatic organism. They occurs in a variety of other habitats. The form &
size of algae is highly variable like colonial volvox, filamentous-
Imp
- ulothrix & spirogyra.

– Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through fusion of two

types gametes.

– Gametes can be :
⑧
Isogamous : Flagellated & similar in size e.g. Ulothrix
: Non-flagellated and similar in size e.g., Spirogyra
⑧
Anisogamous : e.g Eudorina
O
Oogamous : e.g volvox & fucus

8. In oomycetes, male gamete is smaller and motile, while female

gamete is larger and non-motile
9. Colonial alga is volvox.

10. Most common Asexual reproduction via a spore called zoospore.

statm
.

-
11. At least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried by
alga through[photosynthesis.J
-

II I

12. Chlorella and Spirulina are protein rich unicellular algae.

-

13. Many species of porphyra, Laminaria & Sargassum are among the
70 species of marine algae used as food.
-

14. Certain marine brown algae (Algin) & Red algae (carragen) produce
large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding substance) used
commercially.
Redalque
15. Gelidium & Gracilaria are used to grow microbes & in preparation of
ice-creams & jellies. Agar also obtained from Gelidium & Gracilaria
-Imp
=
16. Polysiphonia is an example of red algae and red algae has no motile
gametes.
-

-
17. Chlorophyceae are grass-green due to the dominance of pigments
chlorophyll a & b various shape of chloroplast are found.

18. Most of the members have one OR more storage bodies called SY
↑
E
pyrenoids (contain proteins besides starch) located in the chloroplast.

19. Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made up of inner cellulose &
an outer layer of pectose. Number of flagella are 2-8, equal & apical.*
-

20. Store food in Green algae are starch OR in the form of oil droplets

21. Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) : Primarily in marine habitats. They

show great variation in size & form simple branched, filamentous form -
Ectocarpus & profusely branched form - kelp (may reach a height of
100 meters).

22. Dominant pigment chlorophyll a,c, carotenoids & xanthophylls. Food

stored as complex carbohydrates like mannitol & laminarin & no. of
flagella are 2, unequal & lateral.
-
23. Plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a Hold fast, & has
a stalk, the stripe & leaf like photosynthetic organ - frond.

24. Zoospore & gametes both laterally attached & pear shaped.

25. Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) : Red algae are red due to predominance
of red pigment, r-phycoerythrin majority are marine with greater
concentrations found in warmer areas.

26. Dominant pigments are chlorophyll a,d & phycoerythrin & stored
food are floridean starch (similar in structure to amylopectin and
glycogen). Cell wall are made up of cellulose, pectin & polysulphate
-

esters.

27. Red algae reproduce asexually by non-motile spores & sexually by

non- motile gametes. Sexual reproduction is oogamous & accompanied
by complex post fertilisation development.

28. Ulothrix is an example of green algae and mannitol is the storage

product of brown algae.
29. Bryophytes are also called amphibians of plant kingdom because
these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual
reproduction. First plant group in which Embryo is found.
- -

30. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gamete requires

water.
- V
-
- Imp
31. Rhizoids are both unicellular (liverworts) & Multicellular (Mosses).

32. They lack true roots, stem or leaves, they possess root like, leaf-like
& stem like structure. Sex organ are multicellular.

33. The main plant body are haploid, it produce gametes hence called
gametophytes. AR

34. Mosses along with lichen are the first organism to colonise rocks, and
hence are of great ecological importance.K
II I(

35. Mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling
rain & prevent soil erosion. R
36. Sphagnum is responsible for peat formation that has been used as
-

fuel and as packing material for trans shipment of living material because
of their capacity to hold water.
7 1)

• 1)Sphagnum is only bryophyte to have economical importance.

/
• Bryophytes are of little economic importance but of great
-

ecological importance.

37. Liverworts : Plant body is thalloid. The thallus is dorsiventral & closely
oppressed to the substrate.
U-Imp
v-.

38. The leafy members have tiny leaf-like appendages in two rows on the
-

stem-like structures.
-

↓s
39. Asexual reproduction : via Fragmentation or by formation of
specialised structures called gemmae.

40. Gemmae are green, multicellular, Asexual buds, which develops on

small receptacles called Gemma cup, located on thalli.

41. Sporophytes is differentiated into a food, seta & capsule. Sporophytes

are totally dependent on gametophytes.
 .
Imp
-
-
42. Mosses: Gametophytes consists of two stages %
-
-

- 1. Protonema stage - Develop directly from a spore, creeping, green,

- -

branched, frequently filamentous.

-
-

Y2. Leafy stage - Development from secondary protonema as a lateral

bud. This stage bears sex organ, upright, slender axes, bearing sprially
-

arranged leaves.

43. Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation & budding in the secondary

protonema.
due to moris
-
-

↓
44. After fertilisation zygote develops into sporophytes, consist of foot,
seta & capsule. The capsule contains spore. Mosses have elaborate
mechanism of spore dispersal.

45. Sporophyte of mosses is more elaborate than liverworts

II II

46. Sporophytes are partially dependent & partially independent or semi-

parasite on gametophytes.
1)
I

47. Male and female gametophytes are independent and free living in
Sphagnum. AIPMT - 2010 Y
 Female
48. Archegoniophore is present in Marchantia.

49. Pteridophytes : Evolutionary, they are the first terrestrial plants to

possess vascular tissues like xylem & phloem contains spore.

50. Main plant body are sporophytes & posses true root, stem & leafs.
*
51. Leaves in pteridophytes are small (Microphyll) as in selaginella or
large (Macrophylls) as in fern.

52. Sporophylls may form distinct compact structure called strobill or

cones eg: selaginella & equisetum.
↑ hanutophates
53. Prothallus are inconspicuous, small, multicellular, free-living, mostly
photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes.

54. Compared with the gametophytes of the bryophytes, the gametophytes

of vascular plants tend to be[Smaller and to have smaller sex organs.J
55. Pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical
regions. AR
Homosporus
-
-

11
I
56. In majority of pteridophytes all spores are of similar kinds, such plants
-

are called homosporous.

57. Heterosporous : - Produce two kinds of spores - macro (large) and

micro (small) spores, selaginella and salvinia.
V
V-
. Imp
I -
.

58. Origin of seed habit can be traced in heterosporous pteridophytes.

59. This step is considered to be an important step towards evolution.

60. Majority of pteridophytes are Homosporous. Genera like selaginella &

salvinia are Heterosporous (produce two kinds of spores)

61. Algae and bryophytes are homosporous.

-– Pteridophytes are both homosporous (mostly) and heterosporous.
– Angiosperms and gymnosperms are only heterosporous.
 P
62. In Heterosporous pteridophytes female gametophytes retained on
the parent sporophytes for variable periods. Development of the
zygotes into young embryos takes place within female gametophytes. This
is precursor to seed habit. Considered as important step of evolution.
Seed No Fruits

punte
, -
-

63. Gymnosperms : Gymmo - Naked ; Sperma - Seeds

1) I
64. In gymnosperms ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall & remain
- -

exposed, both before

-
& after fertilisation while in angiosperms ovules
are covered by ovary wall.

65. Tallest #
free species - Sequoia sempervirens (giant coast red wood tree).

67. Roots are generally tap roots. In Pinus Mycorrhizal roots are present
but in cycas coralloids root (associated with N2-fixing cyanobacteria)
-
are present.
Cucus - cyanobactria
-
-
68. The stems are unbranched in cycas & Branched in Pinus & cedrus.
--

69. The leaves in Gymnosperms are well-adapted to with stand extremes of

temperature, humidity & wind.
1) IC

70. In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the surface are, their thick
-

cuticle & sunken stomata also help to reduce water loss.

71. Sequoia, member of gymnosperm is one of the tallest trees.

72. All Gymnosperms are Heterosporous, along with angiosperms, while

pteridophytes are both homosporous and heterosporous.

73. The male or female cones or strobili may be borne on same tree
hence called monoecious plant eg - Pinus.

74. The male cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees
hence called Dioecious plant e.g., - Cycas.
P
75. The gametophyte is not an independent, free living generation in
Pinus.
76. The gametophyte is not an independent, free living generation in Pinus.
wind pollination
77. Pollination with air is Anemophily.
Y
PYQS
78. Winged pollen grains are present in Pinus.
-

⑦ *
79. Endosperm in Gymnosperm is Haploid , tissue found before fertilization
-

while in angiosperms (3N) Triploid.

80. The male & female gametophytes do not have independent free-living
existence.

81. Pinus is monoecious. Male and female cones are borne on same
tree.

82. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having Motile sperms.

83. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of algae. e.g., Chlamydomonas.

84. Angiosperm: Microscopic angiosperm tree : wolffia Y

85. Tallest angiosperm - Eucalyptus regnans (over 100 metres)

86. Double fertilization : An event unique to angiosperm.

I
II
87. The synergids and antipodals degenerate after fertilization.
# X-X-U-Imp
-

-
88. Pteridophytes are further classified into four classes:
– Psilopsida (Psilotum);
– Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium),
– Sphenopsida (Equisetum)
– Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum).
 Animal Kingdom : Total 127 Important Points From NCERT

1. All animals are multicellular.Y

-

PY Of -
I
2. Organ system level of organisation, Bilateral symmetry and True
-
--

coelomates with segmentation of body – Annelida, Arthropoda and

- -

Chordata
-

~
- -

-
-
Adult harwal
t ↓
3. *Echinodermata exhibit radial/ Bilateral symmetry depending on
the stages of life.

4. Body organisation :-
A. Cellular level e.g.,: Porifera
B. Tissue level e.g.,: Coelenterata & ctenophora
C. Organ/ organ system level e.g.,: Platyhelminthes to chordata

1 have only single opening outside the

5. Incomplete digestive system
body. e.g:-[Platyhelminthes, coelenterata & ctenophoraJ
9) II

6. Excretory system started from platyhelminthes.

7. One example of animals having a single opening to the outside that
serves both as mouth as well as anus is Fasciola
-
-

8. Complete digestive system has two opening. e.g:- Aschelminthes

to chordata.
Il Il

9. Mode of Respiration can be via body surface, cutaneous, Branchial &

pulmonary.
*
10. Open circulatory system:- Arthropods, mollusca, Echinodermata,
Hemichordata.
*
11. Closed circulatory system :- Annelida & Chordata

12. In Diploblastic Animals an undifferentiated layer, Mesoglea is

present in between Ectoderm and Endoderm.

13. Flatworms are triploblastic.

*Note: All worms are triploblastic but all triploblastic are not
flatworms.
14. Metamerism (metameric segmentation) present in Annelida,
Arthropoda & chordata. MolluscaX
-

15. Metagenesis refers to Alternation of generation between asexual and

sexual phases of an organism. > Colontrafa
-

Ex : obelia~
-

- only chordates
↑ V
16. Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on
the dorsal side during embryonic development in chordates.

17. Porifera : Generally marine but spongilla is fresh water, having water
canal system or water transport system.
– Water vascular system is possessed by Echinodermata.#

18. Body having meshwork of cells, internal cavities lined with food filtering
flagellated cells and indirect development are the characteristics of
phylum Porifera. I

19. Central cavity – Spongocoel, choanocytes or collar cells lined the

spongocoel & canals.
20. Body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules/ Spongin fibres.

21. Sponges are hermaphrodites, Digestion are intracellular.

22. Examples : Sycon (Sypha), Spongilla (Freshwater sponge), Euspongia

(Bath sponge)

23. Coelenterata (Cnidaria) : Mostly marine, name cnidaria derived from

the cnidoblasts/Cnidocytes present on the tentacles & body wall.

24. Cnidaria represents both marine and freshwater species.

IT -I

25. Corals have skeleton made of calcium carbonate.

26. Central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening, mouth on

hypostome present.
sexually
a

+
27. They exhibit two basic forms called polyp & medusa.
↑
-
Poly e.g :- Hydra & Adamsia K
Sexually
Medusa e.g :- Aurelia/ Jelly fish
E
28. Metagenesis : Polyps produce medusae asexually & medusae form
the polyps sexually.e.g:- Obelia

29. e.g:- Physlia (Portuguese man-of-war), Pennatula (Sea-Pen), Adamsia

(Sea anemone) , Gorgonia (Sea-fan), Meandrina (Brain Coral)
PYQS
-

30. Sea-fan (Gorgonia) completely lacks a cell wall.

-

Sexual Reproduction
↑ only
.

31. Ctenophora: Commonly known as sea walnuts / comb Jellies.

*
32. Exclusively marine. Body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb
plates, help in locomotion.

33. Comb plates, help in locomotion.

34. Bioluminescence property is well- marked.

Eg:- Pleurobrachia, Cternoplara
35. Platyhelminthes : They have dorso-ventrally fattened body hence
called flatworms.
– Flame cells for excretion. and Osmoregulation
– Have high regeneration capacity. (planaria)
II II

36. Mostly endoparasite, hooks & suckers are present in parasitic forms.
- - -

37. Specialised cells called. flame cells help in Osmoregulation & excretion.

38. Planaria possess high regeneration capacity. Eg:- Taenia (Tapeworm),

Fasciole (liver fluke) digestive system .
Incomplete
39. Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals –
-
Platyhelminthes
40. Aschelminthes :- Body is circular in cross-section hence called
Roundworms. 2 opening

41. Alimentary canal is complete with a well- developed muscular pharynx.

↑ sexual dimorphism
.

42. Dioecious animal. An excretory tube removes body wastes from the
body cavity through the excretory pore.

43. Female are longer than males. Sexual dimorphism is seen here.
Eg:- Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria ( Filarial worm) Ancylostoma (hook
worm)

44. Annelida: Metameric segmented body. Excretion & osmoregulation by

Nephridia.

E
– Possess longitudinal and circular muscles help in locomotion.

45. Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral appendages called

parapodia. Earthworm Possess setae.
I
=F
I

46. Neural system consists of paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to

-

a double ventral nerve cord.

47. Nereis – Dioecious # 3 Imp
– Earthworm & Leeches : Monoecious
Eg:- Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm) Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech)

48. Arthropoda: Largest phylum of Animalia. It's largest class is insecta.

Over two-thirds of all named species on earth are Arthropods.

49. Body covered by chitinous exoskeleton. Body posses head, Thorax

& Abdomen. They have jointed appendages.

50. Exoskeleton is mainly responsible for diversification of insects on land.

-

51. Respiration by Gills, Book gills, Book lungs or Tracheal system.

52. Sensory organ like Antennae, eyes (simple & compound), statocysts.
(balancing organ).

53. Excretion by malpighian tubules.

54. Economically important insects –Apis (Honeybee), Bombyx
(Silkworm) Laccifer (Lac insect)

55. Vectors – Anopheles, culex, Aedes (Mosquitoes)

56. Gregarious Pest – Locusta (locust)

57. Living fossil – Limulus (king crab)

u
58. House fly, butterfly, tsetsefly, silverfish- Insecta
-

59. Prawn, Scorpion, Locusta animals belong to the arthropoda.

Pos
=
II II

60. One of the representatives of Phylum Arthropoda is silverfish.

-
61. Mollusca: Second largest animal phylum.

62. Body covered by a calcareous shell & is unsegmented with a distinct

Head, muscular foot & visceral hump.

63. A soft & spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump.
– The space between the hump & the mantle is called mantle cavity in
-
which feather like gills present. -Imp
11
V -

II
64. Gills for respiration and excretion.

65. Mouth contain a file-like rasping organ for feeding called Radula.
V .
66. Example:- Pila (Apple snail), pinctada (Pearl oyster), sepia (Cuttle
fish), Loligo (squid), Octopus (Devil fish), Aplysia (Sea- hare), Dentalium
(Tusk shell), Chaetopleura ( chiton).
67. Echinodermata : Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles, All are marine.

68. Adult Echinoderms are radially symmetrical & larvae are bilaterally
symmetrical.

69. Most distinctive feature is presence of water vascular system, which

help in locomotion to capture and transport of food and for respiration.
U Imp
V Y
.
-

70. An excretory system is absent. =

-

71. Example: Asterias (star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily),
Cucumaria (Sea cucumber), Ophiura (Brittle Star)

72. Hemichordata : Earlier placed as a sub-phylum under chordata, but

now it is placed as a separate phylum under non-chordata.
I II
73. Have a rudimentary structure in collar region called stomochord,
-

similar to noto chord.

74. Small group of worm-like marine animals. Body is cylindrical &

composed of proboscis, collar & Trunk.
75. Excretion by proboscis gland Y
Example:- Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus

76.

- W
-

* -

* -
-
-
-
77.

Y
-
 ~

78. Assertion (A): All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not
vertebrates. M
Reason (R) : Notochord is replaced by vertebral column in the adult
~
vertebrats.

Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

79. In Vertebrates notochord is present during the embryonic period

only, Central nervous system is dorsal and hollow in chordata.
stute
80. Protochordates (Exclusively Marine) : 1. Urochordata 2.
Cephalochordata
*
81. Urochordata – Notochord only in larval tail.

I
Example - Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum

82. Cephalochordata – Head to tail & Persistent throughout their life.

Examples: Branchiostoma (Amphoxious OR Lancelet)
83. The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or Bony vertebral column
in the adult So, All Vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not
- -

Vertebrates.
-

84. Class- Cyclostomata: Ectoparasite on some fishes. Elongated

body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits.
-

85. Sucking & circular mouth without jaw Scales & paired fins are absent.

86. Cranium & vertebral column are cartilaginous.

87. Cyclostomes are marine & migrate for spawning to fresh water & after
spawning within few days they die. their larva after metamorphosis,
return to the ocean. I ~

E.g:- Petromyzon (Lamprey), Myxine (Hagfish)

GYQS
I

88. Petromyzon is a jawless fish, which lays eggs in freshwater and

=

whose ammocoetes larvae after metamorphosis return to the ocean.

89. Class– chondrichthyes : Cartilaginous endoskeleton, mouth ventral,
Notochord persistent throughout life.

90. Operculum absent Skin & Teeth are modified placoid scales.

91. Due to absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly to

avoid sinking.
⑲ +A ↓
NOTE : Air bladders are found in osteichthyes but air sacs are found
in aves.
I

92. In male pelvic fins bear claspers.

93. Many of them are viviparous.

Examples:- Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (saw fish), Carcharodon
(Great white shark), Trygon (Sting ray), Electric organ (Torpedo)
94. Class-Osteichthyes : 4 pair gill slits present, operculum present, skin
is covered by cycloid or ctenoid scales. Air bladder is present to regulate
buoyancy.
14 1)
95. Mostly oviparous
Examples: Marine – Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea horse);
Freshwater – Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur);
Aquarium – Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish).
< [I

96. Class Amphibia: Body divided into head & trunk. Neck & tail absent.
but tail. May be present in some.

97. Skin moist without scales.

98. Alimentary canal, urinary & reproductive tracts open into common
chamber and opening is called cloacal aperture.
Th IUP Carnial
-
Nerves
.

99. Example:- Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), salamandra
(Salamander)[Ichthyophis (limbless amphibia).J
-Imp
-
 Y
100. Class– Reptilia(Latin Word) Creeping or Crawling mode of
locomotion. 12 pair of cranial nerves.

101. Skin is dry & cornified, epidermal scales or Scutes present.

102. Snake & Lizards shed their scales as skin cast.

103. Examples:- Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree

lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator
(Alligator), Hemidactylus (Wall lizard).

104. Note: Only crocodiles have 4 chambered heart.

105. Class Aves: Aves are characterized by crop and gizzard in its digestive
-
system.

106. Skin is dry with oil glands at base of tail.

107. Pavo, Psittacula, Corvus – are aves and hence digestive tract has
additional chambers like crop and gizzard

108. Neophron is a member of aves and bears hollow and pneumatic long
bones.

109. Bones are pneumatic bones (air cavities) helps to make body light.

110. Flightless bird : Ostrich

111. Class-Mammalia : Most unique mammalian character is presence of

mammary gland.

112. Skin is unique is possessing hair.

113. Different types of teeth are present in jaw.

114. Birds are oviparous. But Mammals are Vivparous
Mammals
115. Examples: Oviparous– (egg laying mammals) eg. Ornithorhynchus
(Platypus)

116. Few are marssupials – Pouched mammals with brood pouches

macropus (Kangaroo)

117. Viviparous – Macropus (kangaroo), Pteropus (flying fox), Camelus

(Camel), Macaca(Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat),
J Delphinus (Common Dolphin),
Elephas (Elephant), [Equus (Horse),
Balanoptera (Blue Whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).
118. External fertilisation occurs in :
a. Coelenterata

Sti
b. Ctenophora
c. Annelida
d. Hemichordata
e. Osteichthyes
f. Echinodermata
g. Amphibia

119. Circulatory system first time came in phylum annelida.

a. Two chamber Heart eg: Fishes
b. Three chamber Heart eg: Amphibians, Reptiles
c. Four chamber Heart eg: Aves, Mammals, Crocodiles

120. Aves & Mammals are homoiothermous (Warm-blooded), rest of all are
Poikilothermic (Cold-Blooded)
1 1

121. Respiratory system first time came in phylum Arthropoda.

122. Exclusively marine Animals present in :-
a. Ctenophora
b. Echinodermata
C. Protochordates (Urochordates and Cephalochordata)

123.Spongilla has special collared cells called choanocytes.

124. Salamander an Amphibian has tympanum which represent ear and

has external fertilisation.

125. Important Points:-

– 6–15 pairs of gill slits – Cyclostomes
– Heterocercal caudal fin – Chondrichthyes
– Air Bladder – Osteichthyes
–Poison sting – Trygon
P
126. Metamerism is observe in chordata, annelida and arthropoda.

127. Roundworms have organ - system level of organisation

Tom ,

unit2
- -

T
Y