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Matplotlib for Python Developers
Second Edition

Effective techniques for data visualization with Python

Aldrin Yim
Claire Chung
Allen Yu

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Matplotlib for Python
Developers Second Edition
Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher,
except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information
presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express
or implied. Neither the authors, nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held
liable for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and
products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing
cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

Commissioning Editor: Amey Varangaonkar

Acquisition Editor: Varsha Shetty
Content Development Editor: Mayur Pawanikar
Technical Editor: Prasad Ramesh
Copy Editor: Vikrant Phadke
Project Coordinator: Nidhi Joshi
Proofreader: Safis Editing
Indexer: Mariammal Chettiyar
Graphics: Tania Dutta
Production Coordinator: Shantanu Zagade

First published: November 2009

Second edition: April 2018

Production reference: 1200418

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham
B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-78862-517-3

www.packtpub.com
 Cancer has taken away my grandfather, my aunt, and my friend, I hate cancer. This book is
dedicated to the memory of my grandfather, ChiuKhan Chan, who thought I shouldn’t study that
much. May he rest in peace.
– Aldrin Yim
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Contributors
About the authors
Aldrin Yim is a PhD candidate and Markey Scholar in the
Computation and System Biology program at Washington
University, School of Medicine. His research focuses on
applying big data analytics and machine learning approaches in
studying neurological diseases and cancer. He is also the
founding CEO of Codex Genetics Limited, which provides
precision medicine solutions to patients and hospitals in Asia.

Great pleasure to work with Allen and Claire. Also special thanks to Mayur and his team for
making the writing process comfortable to us.

Claire Chung is pursuing her PhD degree as a

Bioinformatician at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. She
enjoys using Python daily for work and lifehack. While
passionate in science, her challenge-loving character motivates
her to go beyond data analytics. She has participated in web
development projects, as well as developed skills in graphic
design and multilingual translation. She led the Campus
Network Support Team in college, and shared her experience in
data visualization in PyCon HK 2017.
Allen Yu, PhD, is a Chevening Scholar, 2017-18, and an MSC
student in computer science at the University of Oxford. He
holds a PhD degree in Biochemistry from the Chinese
University of Hong Kong, and he has used Python and
Matplotlib extensively during his 10 years of bioinformatics
experience.

Apart from academic research, Allen is the co-founder of Codex

Genetics Limited, which aims to provide a personalized
medicine service in Asia through the use of the latest genomics
technology.

I feel honored to take part in this fantastic project. Special thanks to Mayur and Aldrin for leading
the production process. Besides, I wish to thank my fiancée for her love and support. I am also
grateful to be sponsored by the Chevening Scholarship, which is funded by the UK Foreign and
Commonwealth Office (FCO) and partner organizations.
What this book covers
Chapter 1 , Introduction to Matplotlib, gets you familiar with the
capabilities and functionalities of Matplotlib.

Chapter 2 , Getting Started with Matplotlib, gets you started with

basic plotting techniques using Matplotlib syntax.

Chapter 3 , Decorating Graphs with Plot Styles and Types, shows

how to beautify your plots and select the right kind of plot that
communicates your data effectively.

Chapter 4 , Advanced Matplotlib, teaches you how to group

multiple relevant plots into subplots in one figure using
nonlinear scales, axis scales, plotting images, and advanced
plots with the help of some popular third-party packages.

Chapter 5 , Embedding Matplotlib in GTK+3, shows examples of

embeding Matplotlib in applications using GTK+3.

Chapter 6 , Embedding Matplotlib in Qt 5, explains how to embed

a figure in a QWidget, use layout manager to pack a figure in a
QWidget, create a timer, react to events, and update a
Matplotlib graph accordingly. We use QT Designer to draw a
simple GUI for Matplotlib embedding.
Chapter 7 , Embedding Matplotlib in wxWidgets Using
wxPython, shows how you can use Matplotlib in the wxWidgets
framework, particularly using wxPython bindings.

Chapter 8 , Integrating Matplotlib with Web Applications,

teaches you how to develop a simple site that displays the price
of Bitcoin.

Chapter 9 , Matplotlib in the Real World, begins our journey of

understanding more advanced Matplotlib usage through real-
world examples.

Chapter 10 , Integrating Data Visualization into the

Workflow, covers a mini-project combining the skills of data
analytics with the visualization techniques you have learned.
About the reviewer
Nikhil Borkar has also worked as a contributing author. He
holds the CQF designation and a PG degree in Quantitative
Finance from the University of Mumbai. He works as an
independent fintech and legal consultant. Prior to this, he was
with Morgan Stanley Capital International as a Global RFP
Project Manager. He has worked on Quantitative Finance and
Economic Research projects using R, Python, and Excel VBA.
He loves to approach problems in a multidisciplinary, holistic
way. He is actively working on Machine Learning, AI, and Deep
Learning projects.
Packt is searching for
authors like you
If you're interested in becoming an author for Packt, please
visit authors.packtpub.com and apply today. We have worked with
thousands of developers and tech professionals, just like you, to
help them share their insight with the global tech community.
You can make a general application, apply for a specific hot
topic that we are recruiting an author for, or submit your own
idea.
Table of Contents
Title Page

Copyright and Credits

Matplotlib for Python Developers Second Edition

Dedication

Packt Upsell

Why subscribe?

PacktPub.com

Contributors

About the authors

About the reviewer

Packt is searching for authors like you

Preface

Who this book is for

What this book covers

To get the most out of this book

 Download the example code files

Download the color images

Conventions used

Get in touch

Reviews

1. Introduction to Matplotlib

What is Matplotlib?

Merits of Matplotlib

Easy to use

Diverse plot types

Hackable to the core (only when you want)

Open source and community support

What's new in Matplotlib 2.x?

Improved functionality and performance

Improved color conversion API

and RGBA support

Improved image support

Faster text rendering

Change in the default animation

codec
 Changes in default styles

Matplotlib website and online documentation

Output formats and backends 

Static output formats

Raster images

Vector images

Setting up Matplotlib

Installing Python

Python installation for Windows 

Python installation for macOS

Python installation for Linux

Installing Matplotlib

About the dependencies

Installing the pip Python package

manager

Installing Matplotlib with pip

Setting up Jupyter Notebook

Starting a Jupyter Notebook session

Running Jupyter Notebook on a remote

server
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 Editing and running code

Manipulating notebook kernel and cells

Embed your Matplotlib plots

Documenting in Markdown

Save your hard work!

Summary

2. Getting Started with Matplotlib

Loading data

List

NumPy array

pandas DataFrame

Our first plots with Matplotlib

Importing the pyplot

Line plot

Scatter plot

Overlaying multiple data series in a plot

Multiline plots

Scatter plot to show clusters

Adding a trendline over a scatter plot

Adjusting axes, grids, labels, titles, and legends

Adjusting axis limits

 Adding axis labels

Adding a grid

Titles and legends

Adding a title

Adding a legend

A complete example

Saving plots to a file

Setting the output format

Setting the figure resolution

Jupyter support

Interactive navigation toolbar

Configuring Matplotlib

Configuring within Python code

Reverting to default settings

Global setting via configuration rc file

Finding the rc configuration file

Editing the rc configuration file

Summary
3. Decorating Graphs with Plot Styles and Types

Controlling the colors

Default color cycle

Single-lettered abbreviations for basic colors

Standard HTML color names

RGB or RGBA color code

Hexadecimal color code

Depth of grayscale

Colormaps

Creating custom colormaps

Line and marker styles

Marker styles

Choosing the shape of markers

Using custom characters as markers

Adjusting marker sizes and colors

Fine-tuning marker styles with keyword

arguments

Line styles

Color

Line thickness

Dash patterns
 Designing a custom dash style

Cap styles

Spines

More native Matplotlib plot types

Choosing the right plot

Histogram

Bar plot

Setting bar plot properties

Drawing bar plots with error bars using

multivariate data

Mean-and-error plots

Pie chart

Polar chart

Controlling radial and angular grids

Text and annotations

Adding text annotations

Font

Mathematical notations

Mathtext

LaTeX support
 External text renderer

Arrows

Using style sheets

Applying a style sheet

Creating own style sheet

Resetting to default styles

Aesthetics and readability considerations in styling

Suitable font styles

Effective use of colors

Keeping it simple

Summary

4. Advanced Matplotlib

Drawing Subplots

Initiating a figure with plt.figure()

Initiating subplots as axes

with plt.subplot()

Adding subplots with plt.figure.add_subplot()

Initiating an array of subplots

with plt.subplots()

Shared axes
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 "Well, whatever the explanation," said Cyprian, "it is only certain, as it
was to another man before me, that, whereas I was blind, now I see. I see
the truth of the Resurrection."

Bright with revelation was Ferlie's face.

"Dear, it is enough and more than enough. The rest follows as it is

needed, making all things possible for us who can look forward into
Eternity. I fear nothing, in whatever shadowy valley our steps may be
turned ... now. The light will break some time when our eyes are strong to
bear it. We have been united in all things save the one thing that was
needful: belief in the Life Everlasting. Without that faith our love must have
mastered us. And I knew it. Your Frantic Master drives as his slaves those
who see no further than the end of this fragment of life. Cyprian, my lover,
do you not understand how it is that I am not afraid to stay beside you
now?"

Across the gilded bamboo leaves the children's voices stole to mingle
incongruously with the shouts of the returning fishermen, to the drawling
melody of——

"A Friend Who never changeth, Whose love will never die.
Our earthly friends may fail us,
And change with changing years ..."

Cyprian slipped out of the hammock and raised Ferlie to her feet.

* * * * * *

Yet, finally, the leadership, even in mystical matters, was to devolve on

him.

There were only thin wooden walls to the little forest bungalow.

Ferlie and he had been sleeping indoors since his illness so that she
might have all medicines and the paraphernalia for nursing within easy
reach.

Therefore, it happened that in turning his head restlessly to escape an

intruding beam of moonlight through the curtainless door, he roused
himself with sudden completeness, straining to catch the echoes of quiet
sobbing.

He only paused an instant.

Ferlie was lying face downwards: her forehead on her arms, which
gleamed lily-coloured in the pure light.

He knelt beside her, attempting to raise her head.

"My dear... My dear..."

She grasped thankfully at the steadying sensitive fingers. "Help me,

Cyprian! You were always, really, the stronger. Help me to conquer it.... I
know you have thought that everything mattered a great deal more to you
than to me. That I was satisfied with the knowledge that the end is not yet.
But sometimes—at night—Heaven is very far away and earth is most
powerfully real, and doubts creep over me, who have laid the great burden
of this faith on you, whether I am fit to bear the burden of my own human
loving. You see, Cyprian, there is one instinct given to women at Creation;
the roots of which are in Creation itself.

"John is mine by duty and Thu Daw is yours by desire, but I want—and,
at the moment, I'd sell my soul to eternal death to make it come true—your
son in my arms ... through love...."

So came again to Cyprian the inexorable phantom of that Master of

whose subjection he had been made falsely confident by the soothing
sympathy of a celibate's idealism and the magic of Ferlie's trust, a few short
hours back.

Though he came in the form of an angel of light; though he came in the

form of a roaring lion; though now in a more mysterious guise than either, it
was the same despotic power which drove and drew.
 How to battle now with this image of shadowy radiance? And, after all,
why? He summed up the matter afresh. If there was not truth here it was
nowhere, and only in following the truth could man be set free of his ills.
Thus had taught that same Nazarene, whose spoken word of two thousand
years ago was causing all the trouble; since even in the sceptical circles of
modern scientific research men were to be found to follow the gleam along
His trail. Across which lay Ferlie exhausted; himself hesitating above her in
the knowledge that she would yield, inevitably, to the guidance of his
groping hands in the dark.

He had said to her, "I see the truth of the Resurrection," and she had
replied that all else followed; but she had not then meant to signify the
strength for this sacrifice. And he saw, blindingly, that there might be no
half-measures. The ghost of an unborn child barred the way of compromise.

Shaken with pain, mental and physical, Cyprian of the once all-
satisfying ethical agnosticism called with the impotent despair which is akin
to anger upon that Lover who stood between them as lovers, and who was
becoming in conception unwaveringly the same as the God who brooded
over the disciplined Churches.

"Why should Ferlie let them torture her?" he had asked fiercely again
and again of himself in the past, and now that the power lay with him to
stay the hated pressure he found himself weakly refraining instead with the
question, "why should I let them torture me?"

Even if separation had spelt material death for them both, Ferlie's
Church would concentrate only upon the spiritual death their life together
must effect.

Had not the time really come to dismiss as out-worn sentimentality this
talk of a soul's death?

His own, such as it was, and if he might barter, and gladly, for the
fathomable happiness of To-day, despite that secret glimpse of wisdom
imparted during his unconscious hours. But what of Ferlie's soul, such as
That was, and now in his keeping—a stainless loyal Existent?
 He had fought to make it see with material vision and the mastering
Force had fought on his side.

Yes, she had indeed fallen, spent, in the fearful starlessness and it was
his at last exultingly to lead.

Incoherent shreds of forgotten argument worried him. Magi or

shepherds ... the wise with their great responsibilities....

He became contemptuously aware of the aguish shaking of his body.

How did one pray? ... How did one pray? ... The opalescent tropical dawn
found him still at her side, his hold unrelaxed of hands now at rest, the glory
of her hair making a halo about the face of a very tired sleeping child.

Above the dim blue mists still shrouding the patient jungle the sun
floated, a scarlet ball, heralding the resurrection of another day.

Resurrection. That whisper continued with its insistence upon horizons

beyond the vision of all earthly eyes.

Others, like the legendary Er, had proved that the pulsing of the soul
does not cease with the pulsing of the heart; nevertheless it was well-nigh
impossible to rest one's faith in this matter upon the experiences of others.
Just in this matter. One was prepared to believe the incredible statements of
scientists and astronomers without wrestling individually with their proofs.
Why not, therefore, the vision of those who had eyes to see and ears to hear
beyond the grave? His own past contact with that death-state was failing to
inspire now that his body felt, once more, gloriously alive. One had to
remember not to forget.

"Nothing," had said that exasperating duplicate of St. Francis in the

islands, "can take away one's spiritual experiences."

To that slender link with the future he must trust. Many had not so much
and yet walked untroubled.

Was there not some special revelation for those who, not having seen,
were yet ready outside Gethsemane's gates with the bitter admission, "Thou
has conquered, O pale Galilean"? The wraith of the dying Emperor, forced
to accept such defeat, seemed to smile mockingly at him from the distorted
patches of light and shade outside.

Cyprian appreciated afresh that Ferlie would hardly prove courageous

enough to face her own defeat now without waiting on his decision. His to
lead, forward or back.

And with the poignant realization something snapped. He rose stiffly to

his feet to stand a moment at the window, drawing the salt sea-breeze into
his lungs.

The surrender had become suddenly possible.

He lifted tired eyes to the on-stealing light and his lips moved. They
framed the one word which Ferlie, waking, might have recognized as
representing the clarion call of her utter triumph.

"Vicisti," said Cyprian.

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