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Juergen Geiser
Multicomponent
and Multiscale
Systems
Theory, Methods, and Applications in
Engineering
Multicomponent and Multiscale Systems
Juergen Geiser
Multicomponent
and Multiscale Systems
Theory, Methods, and Applications
in Engineering
123
Juergen Geiser
Department of Electrical Engineering
Ruhr University of Bochum
Bochum
Germany
vii
viii Preface
finest scale). Such limiting factors did not allow to solve engineering complexity
and industrial advancement is impossible to obtain. Here, we fill the gap between
numerical methods and their applications to engineering complexities of real-life
problems.
Such engineering complexities are delicate and need extraordinary treatment
with special solver and tools to overcome the difficulties and restrictions of time-
and spatial steps.
Therefore, we discuss the ideas of solving such multi-component and multi-scale
systems with the help of non-iterative and iterative methods. Often such methods
can be related to splitting multi-scale methods to be taken into account to
decompose such problems to simpler ones. Such decomposition allows to treat the
complex systems in simpler ones and skip the restriction of the finest scale to the
solver methods, while we can apply individual scale to the decomposed system.
We discuss analytical and numerical methods in time and space for evolution
equations and also nonlinear evolution equations with respect to their linearization
and relaxation schemes.
All problems are related to engineering problems and their applications. I have
started from reactive flow and transport models, which are related to bioremedia-
tion, combustion and various CFD applications, to delicate electronic models,
which are related to plasma transport and flow processes in technical apparatus.
The main motivation is to embed novel multiscale approaches to complex
engineering problems such that it is possible to apply a model-reduction. Thus, it is
possible that parts of the model can be reduced or for those based on multiscale or
multicomponent approaches, the data-transfer between fine and coarse grid is done,
in a way that each scale is considered.
The outline of the monograph is given as:
1. Introduction (outline of the book)
2. General principles for multi-component and multiscale systems
a. Multi-component Analysis (separating of components)
b. Multiscale analysis (separating of scales)
c. Mathematical methods
3. Theoretical part: functional splitting:
a. Decomposition of a global multi-component problem
b. Decomposition of a global multiscale problem
4. Algorithmic part
a. Iterative methods
b. Additive methods
c. Parallelization
Preface ix
I would like to thank Th. Zacher for programming MULTI-OPERA software and
his help in the numerical experiments. I would also like to acknowledge my col-
leagues and students who helped me to write such a book and gave me hints with
numerical and experimental results.
xi
Contents
1 General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Multicomponent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Multicomponent Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Multicomponent Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Application of Operator Splitting Methods
to Multicomponent Flow and Transport Problems. . . . . . 3
1.2 Multiscale Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Multiscale Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Multiscale Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Application of Different Multiscale Methods
to Multiscale Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Multicomponent Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 Additive and Multiplicative Splitting Methods . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.2 Iterative Splitting Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.3 Application of the Operator Splitting Methods
to Multiscale Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Multiscale Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.1 Analytical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.2 Multiscale Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.3 Perturbation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.4 Computational Singular Perturbation Method . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.5 Alternative Modern Systematic Model Reduction
Methods of Multiscale Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
1.4.6 Multiscale Expansion (Embedding of the Fast Scales). .. 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28
xiii
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xiv Contents
3 Algorithmic Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Iterative Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.1 Iterative Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.2 Reformulation to Waveform Relaxation Scheme. . . . . . . 47
3.3 Additive Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.1 Additive Splitting Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.2 Higher Order Additive Splitting Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.3 Iterative Splitting Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4 Parallelization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.1 Time Parallelization: Parareal Algorithm
as an Iterative Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.2 Operator Parallelization: Operator Splitting Method . . . . 58
3.4.3 Sequential Operator Splitting Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.4.4 Parallel Operator Splitting Method: Version 1 . . . . . . . . 60
3.4.5 Parallel Operator-Splitting Method: Version 2 . . . . . . . . 60
3.4.6 Iterative Splitting Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4.7 Spatial Parallelization Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.3.2 Introduction FDTD Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.3.3 Additive Operator Splitting Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.3.4 Application to the Maxwell Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.3.5 Practical Formulation of the 3D-FDTD Method . . . . . . . 103
4.3.6 Explicit Discretization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.7 Combination: Discretization and Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.3.8 Practical Formulation of the 3D-AOS-FDTD Method . . . 107
4.3.9 Discretization of the Equations with the AOS . . . . . . . . 108
4.3.10 Transport Equation Coupled with an Electro-magnetic
Field Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.4 Extensions of Particle in Cell Methods for Nonuniform Grids:
Multiscale Ideas and Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.4.1 Introduction of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.4.2 Introduction of the Extended Particle in Cell Method . . . 117
4.4.3 Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4.4 Discretization of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4.5 2D Adaptive PIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.4.6 Application: Multidimensional Finite
Difference Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.4.7 Application: Shape Functions for the Multidimensional
Finite Difference Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.4.8 Simple Test Example: Plume Computation of Ion
Thruster with 1D PIC Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.4.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Acronyms
xix
xx Acronyms
Symbols
λ Eigenvalue
A In the following A is a matrix in Rm Rm , m 2 Nþ is the
rank
λi i-th eigenvalue of A
ρðAÞ Spectral radius of A
ei i-th eigenvector of matrix A
σðAÞ Spectrum of A
Reðλi Þ i-th real eigenvalue of λ
ut ¼ ou
ot
First-order partial time derivative of c
utt ¼ oot2u
2
Second-order partial time derivative of c
uttt ¼ oot3u
3
Third-order partial time derivative of u
utttt ¼ oot4u
4
Fourth-order partial time derivative of u
u0 ¼ dudt
First-order time derivative of u
u00 ¼ ddt2u
2
Second-order time derivative of u
τ ¼ τn ¼ tnþ1 tn Time step
Acronyms xxi
References
1. R. Hockney, J. Eastwood, Computer Simulation Using Particles (CRC Press, Boca Raton,
1985)
2. M.E. Innocenti, G. Lapenta, S. Markidis, A. Beck, A. Vapirev, A multi level multi domain
method for particle in cell plasma simulations. J. Comput. Phys. 238, 115–140 (2013)
3. S.H. Lam, D.A. Goussis, The CSP method for simplifying kinetics. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 26,
461–486 (1994)
4. A. Taflove, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite Difference Time Domain Method
(Artech House Inc., Boston, 1995)
5. I.G. Kevrekidis, G. Samaey, Equation-free multiscale computation: algorithms and applica-
tions. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 60, 321–344 (2009)
6. E. Weiman Principle of Multiscale Modelling (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
2010)
7. S.J. Liao, On the homotopy analysis method for nonlinear problems. Appl. Math. Comput.
147, 499–513 (2004)
8. Z. Ren, St. B. Pope, A. Vladimirsky, J.M. Guckenheimer, Application of the ICE-PIC method
for the dimension reduction of chemical kinetics coupled with transport. Proc. Combust. Inst.
31, 473–481 (2007)
xxii Acronyms
xxiii
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xxiv Introduction
1
European Commission, Research & Innovation-Key Enabling Technologies, Modelling Material,
http://ec.europa.eu/research/industrial_technologies/modelling-materials_en.html.
Introduction xxv
In the book, we try to close the gap between several available models, e.g. in
material modelling, due to disparate time and spatial scales, and the possibility to
apply multi-scale and multi-component methods to couple such scales.
The use of such truly working multi-scale approaches is important in the case of
engineering complexity; in the book, we present such approaches. Nowadays, if
such methods are not considered or well-studied in the applications, it is a dramatic
limiting factor for today’s industrial advancement, see [1].
Reference
1. L. Rosso, A.F. de Baas, Review of Materials Modelling: What makes a material function? Let
me compute the ways … European Commission, General for Research and Innovation
Directorate, Industrial Technologies, Unit G3 Materials (2014). http://ec.europa.eu/research/
industrial_technologies/modelling-materials_en.html
Chapter 1
General Principles
Abstract In the general principle, we give an overview of the recently used methods
and schemes to solve multicomponent and multiscale systems. While multicompo-
nent systems are evolution equations based on each single species, which are coupled
with the other species, e.g. with reaction-, diffusion-processes, multiscale systems
are evolution equations based on different scales for each species, e.g. macroscopic-
or microscopic scale. We give the general criteria for practically performing the
different splitting and multiscale methods, such that a modification to practical ap-
plications of the splitting schemes to a real-life problem can be done.
see [5]. The chemical species are interacting by chemical reactions and such a result
is a multicomponent reactive flow.
The modelling of such behaviours is important in engineering, e.g. reactor de-
sign (Chemical vapour deposition reactors, see [6]) in chemical engineering. Such
processes are very complex, while different physical processes occur, e.g. injection,
heating, mixturing, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemistry and further, see [7].
In the following, we present some typical problems in multicomponent flow prob-
lems:
Remark 1.1 In the different applications, the term multiphase flow is often used.
Here, we define multiphase flows where the phases are immiscible and not chemi-
cally related, see [2, 12]. So each phase has a separately defined volume fraction and
velocity field. Therefore, also the conservation equations for the flow of each species
and their interchange between the phases are different from the multicomponent flow.
Here, one is taken into account to define a common pressure field, while each phase
is related to the gradient of this field and its volume fraction, see [13]. The applica-
tions are two-phase flow problems, Buckley Leverett problems and multiphase heat
transfer, see [2].
article vi.
article vii.
article viii.
First Imposture
They forged letters from the king of Edessa to Jesus, and from
Jesus to this supposed prince. There was no king at Edessa, which
was a town under the Syrian governor; the petty prince of Edessa
never had the title of king. Moreover, it is not said in any of the
gospels that Jesus could write; and if he could, he would have left
some proof of it to his disciples. Hence these letters are now
declared by all scholars to be forgeries.
Fourth Imposture
Fifth Imposture
Eighth Imposture
No one who is acquainted with the history of the Greek and Latin
Churches can be unaware that the metropolitan sees established
their chief rights at the Council of Chalcedon, convoked in the year
451 by the order of the Emperor Marcian and of Pulcheria [his wife],
and composed of six hundred and thirty bishops. The senators who
presided in the emperor’s name had on their right the patriarchs of
Alexandria and Jerusalem, on their left the patriarch of
Constantinople and the deputies of the patriarch of Rome. It was in
virtue of the canons of this Council that the episcopal sees shared
the dignities of the cities in which they were situated. The bishops of
the two imperial cities, Rome and Constantinople, were declared to
be the first bishops, with equal prerogatives, by the celebrated
twenty-eighth canon:
“The fathers have justly granted prerogatives to the see of ancient
Rome, as to a reigning city, and the 150 bishops of the first Council
of Constantinople, very dear to God, have for the same reason given
the same privileges to the new Rome; they have rightly thought that
this city, in which the Emperor and Senate reside, should be equal to
it in all ecclesiastical matters.”
The popes have always contested the authenticity of this canon;
they have twisted and perverted its whole meaning. What did they
do at length to evade this equality and gradually to destroy all the
titles of subjection which placed them under the emperors like all
other men? They forged the famous donation of Constantine, which
has been for many centuries so strictly regarded as genuine that it
was a mortal and unpardonable sin to doubt it, and whoever did so
incurred the greater excommunication by the very fact of doubting.
A very pretty thing was this donation of Constantine to Bishop
Sylvester.
“We,” says the Emperor, “with all our satraps and the whole
Roman people, have thought it good to give to the successors of St.
Peter a greater power than that of our serene majesty.” Do you not
think, Romans, that the word “satrap” comes in very well there?
With equal authenticity, Constantine goes on, in this noble
diploma, to say that he has put the Apostles Peter and Paul in large
amber caskets; that he has built the churches of St. Peter and St.
Paul; that he has given them vast domains in Judæa, Greece,
Thrace, Asia, etc. (to maintain the luminary); that he has given to
the pope his Lateran palace, with chamberlains and guards; and
that, lastly, he gives him, as a pure donation for himself and his
successors, the city of Rome, Italy, and all the western provinces;
and all this is given to thank the Pope Sylvester for having cured him
of leprosy, and having baptised him—though, in point of fact, he was
baptised only on his death-bed, by Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia.
Never was there a document more ridiculous from one end to the
other, yet more accredited in the ignorant ages in which Europe was
so long detained after the fall of your empire.
Ninth Imposture
I pass over the thousand and one little daily impostures to come
at once to the great fraud of the Decretals.
These false Decretals were spread everywhere in the time of
Charlemagne. In these, Romans, the better to rob you of your
liberty, the bishops are deprived of theirs; it is decreed that the
bishop of Rome shall be their only judge. Certainly, if he is the
sovereign of the bishops, he should soon be yours; and that is what
happened. These false Decretals abolished the Councils, and even
abolished your Senate, which became merely a court of justice,
subject to the will of a priest. Here is the real source of the
humiliation you have suffered. Your rights and privileges, so long
maintained by your wisdom, could be wrested from you only by
untruth. Only by lying to God and men did they succeed in making
slaves of you; but they have never extinguished the love of liberty in
your hearts. The greater the tyranny, the greater is that love. The
sacred name of liberty is still heard in your conversations and
gatherings, and in the very antechamber of the pope.
article ix.
p r ay e r
God of all the globes and stars, the one prayer that it is meet to
offer to you is submission. How can we ask anything of him who
arranged and enchained all things from the beginning? Yet if it is
permitted to expose our needs to a father, preserve in our hearts
this feeling of submission and a pure religion. Keep from us all
superstition. Since there are those who insult you with unworthy
sacrifices, abolish those infamous mysteries. Since there are those
who dishonour the divinity with absurd fables, may those fables
perish for ever. If the days of the prince and the magistrate were not
numbered from all eternity, give them length of days. Preserve the
purity of our ways, the friendship of our brethren for each other,
their goodwill towards all men, their obedience to the laws, and their
wisdom in private life. Let them live and die in the worship of one
God, the rewarder of good, the punisher of evil; a God that could
not be born or die, nor have associates, but who has too many
rebellious children in this world.
sermon
First Point
O God, if thou thyself didst descend upon the earth, and didst
command me to believe this tissue of murders, thefts,
assassinations, and incests committed by thy order and in thy name,
I should say to thee: No; thy sanctity cannot ask me to acquiesce in
these horrible things that outrage thee. Thou seekest, no doubt, to
try me.
How, then, my virtuous and enlightened hearers, could we accept
this frightful story on the wretched evidence which is offered in
support of it?
Run briefly over the books that have been falsely attributed to
Moses. I say falsely, since it is not possible for Moses to have written
about things that happened long after his time. None of us would
believe that the memoirs of William, Prince of Orange, were written
with his own hand if there were allusions in these memoirs to things
that happened after his death. Let us see what is narrated in the
name of Moses. First, God created the light, which he calls “day”;
then the darkness, which he calls “night,” and it was the first day.
Thus there were days before the sun was made.
On the sixth day God makes man and woman; but the author,
forgetting that woman has been made already, afterwards derives
her from one of Adam’s ribs. Adam and Eve are put in a garden from
which four rivers issue; and of these rivers there are two, the
Euphrates and the Nile, which have their sources a thousand miles
from each other. The serpent then spoke like a man; it was the most
cunning of animals. It persuades the woman to eat an apple, and so
has her driven from paradise. The human race increases, and the
children of God fall in love with the daughters of men. There were
giants on the earth, and God was sorry that he had made man. He
determined to exterminate him by a flood; but wished to save Noah,
and ordered him to make a vessel of poplar wood, three hundred
cubits in length. Into this vessel were to be brought seven pairs of
all the clean animals, and two pairs of the unclean. It was necessary
to feed them during the ten months that the water covered the
earth. You can imagine what would be needed to feed fourteen
elephants, fourteen camels, fourteen buffaloes, and as many horses,
asses, deer, serpents, ostriches—in a word, more than two thousand
species.[62] You will ask me whence came the water to cover the
whole earth and rise fifteen cubits above the highest mountains?
The text replies that it came from the cataracts of heaven. Heaven
knows where these cataracts are. After the deluge God enters into
an alliance with Noah and with all the animals; and in confirmation
of this alliance he institutes the rainbow.
Those who wrote these things were not, as you perceive, great
physicists. However, here is Noah with a religion given to him by
God, and this religion is neither Jewish nor Christian. The posterity
of Noah seeks to build a tower that shall reach to heaven. A fine
enterprise! But God fears it, and causes the workers suddenly to
speak several different tongues, and they disperse. The whole is
written in this ancient oriental vein.
A rain of fire converts towns into a lake; Lot’s wife is changed into
a salt statue; Jacob fights all night with an angel, and is hurt in the
leg; Joseph, sold as a slave into Egypt, is made first minister
because he explains a dream. Seventy members of the family settle
in Egypt, and in two hundred and fifteen years, as we saw, multiply
into two millions. It is these two million Hebrews who fly from Egypt,
and go the longest way in order to have the pleasure of crossing the
sea dry-shod.
But there is nothing surprising about this miracle. Pharaoh’s
magicians performed some very fine miracles. Like Moses, they
changed a rod into a serpent, which is a very simple matter. When
Moses changed water into blood, they did the same. When he
brought frogs into existence, they imitated him. But they were
beaten when it came to the plague of lice; on that subject the Jews
knew more than other nations.
In the end Adonai causes the death of each first-born in Egypt in
order to allow his people to leave in peace. The sea divides to let
them pass; it was the least that could be done on such an occasion.
The remainer is on the same level. The people cry out in the desert.
Some of the husbands complain of their wives; at once a water is
found which causes any woman who has forfeited her honour to
swell and burst. They have neither bread nor paste; quails and
manna are rained on them. Their garments last forty years, and
grow with the children. Apparently clothes descend from heaven for
the new-born children.
A prophet of the district seeks to curse the people, but his ass
opposes the project, together with an angel, and the ass speaks
very reasonably and at great length to the prophet.
When they attack a town, the walls fall at the sound of trumpets;
just as Amphion built walls to the sound of the flute. But the finest
miracle is when five Amorite kings—that is to say, five village sheiks
—attempt to oppose the ravages of Joshua. They are not merely
vanquished and cut to pieces, but the Lord sends a great rain of
stones upon the fugitives. Even that is not enough. A few escape,
and, in order to give the Israelites time to pursue them, nature
suspends its eternal laws. The sun halts at Gibeon, and the moon at
Aijalon. We do not quite understand how the moon comes in, but
the books of Joshua leave no room for doubt as to the fact. Now let
us pass to other miracles, and go on to Samson, who is depicted as
a famous plunderer, a friend of God. Samson routs a thousand
Philistines with the jawbone of an ass, because he is not shaved,
and ties by the tails three hundred foxes which he found in a certain
place.
There is hardly a page that does not contain similar stories. In one
place it is the shade of Samuel appearing in response to the voice of
a witch; in another it is the shadow on a sun-dial (assuming that
these miserable folk had sun-dials) receding ten degrees at the
prayer of Hezekiah, who prudently asks for this sign. God gives him
the alternatives of advancing or retarding the hour, and Dr. Hezekiah
thinks that it is not difficult to put the shadow on, but very difficult
to put it back.
Elias rises to heaven in a fiery chariot; children sing in a fiery
furnace. I should never come to an end if I wished to enter into all
the details of the unheard-of extravagances that swarm in this book.
Never was common-sense assailed with such indecency and fury.
Such is, from one end to the other, the Old Testament, the father
of the New, a father who disavows his child and regards it as a
rebellious bastard; for the Jews, faithful to the law of Moses, regard
with detestation the Christianity that has been reared on the ruins of
their law. The Christians, however, have with great subtlety sought
to justify the New Testament by the Old. The two religions thus fight
each other with the same weapons; they invoke the same prophets
and appeal to the same predictions.
Will the ages to come, which will have seen the passing of these
follies, yet may, unhappily, witness the rise of others not less
unworthy of God and men, believe that Judaism and Christianity
based their claims on such foundations and such prophecies? What
prophecies! Listen. The prophet Isaiah is summoned by Ahaz, king
of Judah, to make certain predictions to him, in the vain and
superstitious manner of the East. These prophets were, as you
know, men who earned more or less of a living by divination; there
were many like them in Europe in the last century, especially among
the common people. King Ahaz, besieged in Jerusalem by
Shalmaneser, who had taken Samaria, demanded of the soothsayer
a prophecy and a sign. Isaiah said to him: This is the sign:
“A girl will conceive, and will bear a child who shall be called
Emmanuel. He shall eat butter and honey until the day when he
shall reject evil and choose good; and before this child is of age, the
land which thou detestest shall be forsaken by its two kings; and the
Lord shall hiss for the flies that are on the banks of the streams of
Egypt and Assyria; and the Lord will take a razor, and shave the King
of Assyria; he will shave his head and the hair of his feet.”
After this splendid prophecy, recorded in Isaiah, but of which there
is not a word in Kings, the prophet orders him first to write on a
large roll, which they hasten to seal. He urges the king to press to
the plunder of his enemies, and then ensures the birth of the
predicted child. Instead of calling it Emmanuel, however, he gives it
the name of Maher Salabas. This, my brethren, is the passage which
Christians have distorted in favour of their Christ; this is the
prophecy that set up Christianity. The girl to whom the prophet
ascribes a child is incontestably the Virgin Mary.[63] Maher Salabas is
Jesus Christ. As to the butter and honey, I am unaware what it
means. Each soothsayer promises the Jews deliverance when they
are captive; and this deliverance is, according to the Christians, the
heavenly Jerusalem, and the Church of our time. Prophecy is
everything with the Jews; with the Christians miracle is everything,
and all the prophecies are figures of Jesus Christ.
Here, my brethren, is one of these fine and striking prophecies.
The great prophet Ezekiel sees a wind from the north, and four
animals, and wheels of chrysolite full of eyes; and the Lord says to
him: “Rise, eat a book, and then depart.”
The Lord orders him to sleep three hundred and ninety days on
the left side, and then forty on the right side. The Lord binds him
with cords; he was certainly a man that needed binding. What
follows in Ezekiel is very distasteful.
But we need not waste our time in assailing all the disgusting and
abominable dreams which are the subject of controversy between
the Jews and Christians. We will be content to deplore the most
pitiful blindness that has ever darkened the mind of man. Let us
hope that this blindness will pass like so many others, and let us
proceed to the New Testament, a worthy sequel to what has gone
before.
Third Point
Vain was it that the Jews were a little more enlightened in the
time of Augustus than in the barbaric ages of which we have
spoken. Vainly did the Jews begin to recognise the immortality of the
soul, a dogma unknown to Moses, and the idea of God rewarding
the just after death and punishing the wicked, a dogma equally
unknown to Moses. Reason none the less penetrated this miserable
people, from whom issued the Christian religion, which has proved
the source of so many divisions, civil wars, and crimes; which has
caused so much blood to flow; and which is broken into so many
sects in the corner of the earth where it rules.
There were at all times among the Jews people of the lowest
order, who made prophecies in order to distinguish themselves from
the populace. We deal here with the one who has become best
known, and has been turned into a god; we give a brief account of
his career, as it is described in the books called the gospels. We need
not seek to determine when these books were written; it is evident
that they were written after the fall of Jerusalem. You know how
absurdly the four authors contradict each other. It is a demonstrative
proof that they are wrong. We do not, however, need many proofs to
demolish this miserable structure. We will be content with a short
and faithful account.
In the first place, Jesus is described as a descendant of Abraham
and David, and the writer Matthew counts forty-two generations in
two thousand years. In his list, however, we find only forty-one, and
in the genealogical tree which he borrows from Kings he blunders
clumsily in making Josiah the father of Jechoniah.
Luke also gives a genealogy, but he assigns forty-nine generations
after Abraham, and they are entirely different generations. To
complete the absurdity, these generations belong to Joseph, and the
evangelists assure us that Jesus was not the son of Joseph. Would
one be received in a German chapter on such proofs of nobility? Yet
there is question here of the son of God, and God himself is the
author of the book!
Matthew says that when Jesus, King of the Jews, was born in a
stable in the town of Bethlehem, three magi or kings saw his star in
the east, and followed it, until it halted over Bethlehem; and that
King Herod, hearing these things, caused all the children under two
years of age to be put to death. Could any horror be more
ridiculous? Matthew adds that the father and mother took the child
into Egypt, and remained there until the death of Herod. Luke says
precisely the contrary; he observes that Joseph and Mary remained
peacefully at Bethlehem for six weeks, then went to Jerusalem, and
from there to Nazareth; and that they went every year to Jerusalem.
The evangelists contradict each other in regard to the time of the
life of Jesus, his miracles, the night of the supper, and the day of his
death—in a word, in regard to nearly all the facts. There were forty-
nine gospels composed by the Christians of the first few centuries,
and these were still more flagrant in their contradictions. In the end,
the four which we have were selected. Even if they were in harmony,
what folly, what misery, what puerile and odious things they contain!
The first adventure of Jesus, son of God, is to be taken up by the
devil; the devil, who makes no appearance in the books of Moses,
plays a great part in the gospels. The devil, then, takes God up a
mountain in the desert. From there he shows him all the kingdoms
of the earth. Where is this mountain from which one can see so
many lands? We do not know.
John records that Jesus goes to a marriage-feast, and changes
water into wine; and that he drives from the precincts of the temple
those who were selling the animals of the sacrifices ordered in the
Jewish law.
All diseases were at that time regarded as possession by the devil,
and Jesus makes it the mission of his apostles to expel devils. As he
goes along, he delivers one who was possessed by a legion of devils,
and he makes these devils enter a herd of swine, which cast
themselves into the sea of Tiberias. We may suppose that the
owners of the swine, who were not Jews apparently, were not
pleased with this comedy. He heals a blind man, and the blind man
sees men as if they were trees. He wishes to eat figs in winter, and,
not finding any on a tree, he curses the tree and causes it to wither;
the text prudently adds: “For it was not the season of figs.”