Complete (Ebook PDF) Health Economics: Theory, Insights, and Industry Studies 6th Edition PDF For All Chapters
Complete (Ebook PDF) Health Economics: Theory, Insights, and Industry Studies 6th Edition PDF For All Chapters
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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PREFACE
The health care sector, now representing more than one-sixth of the U.S. economy in
terms of economic activity, continues to change in unimaginable ways. Sweeping
transformations in the organizational arrangements of health care providers, newly
developed medical technologies, the creation of new health insurance products, and
the development and evaluation of various public policy initiatives all make the health
care sector a dynamic and exciting area for applying the lens and tools of economic
analysis. Indeed, not a day goes by without the unfolding of a medical event that
requires the insights of economics to unravel the depths of its implications.
Our textbook, now in its sixth edition, is written expressly to capture the excitement
generated by the health care field. As in the earlier editions, we take a fresh, contem-
porary approach to the study of health economics. We present the material in a lively
and inviting manner by providing numerous and timely real-world examples through-
out the text. At the same time, we resist the temptation of becoming overly encyclope-
dic and avoid purely technical issues that interest only academics and not students.
As a result of the approach taken, our book has wide appeal. Many business
schools; liberal arts colleges; medical schools; and schools of public health, pharmacy,
and health administration, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, have chosen
to use our textbook. The mix of adopters attests to the relevance and practicality of the
material and the consistent and inviting manner in which various principles and con-
cepts of health economics are presented throughout the text.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
vi Preface
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface vii
nursing home industries are covered in great depth, and the analysis is kept as current
as possible. Various health care topics and issues are examined in these chapters.
Finally, Part IV, or Chapter 16, deals with health insurance reform. Some of the
more debated plans for reforming the U.S. health insurance system at the federal and
state levels are discussed and evaluated. The book ends with a glossary.
In most colleges and universities, a course in health economics is offered on a one-
semester basis. Within one semester, it is difficult to cover all of the material in this
text. The business curriculum at the University of Connecticut offers the typical health
economics course in two semesters at both the undergraduate and MBA/MPH levels.
(Not all students always take both courses, however.) The first-semester course is
titled Health Insurance. This first course covers Chapters 4 (Health Care Systems and
Institutions), 6 (The Demand for Medical Insurance), 10 (Government as Health
Insurer), 11 (The Private Health Insurance Industry), and 16 (Health Care Reform).
Parts of Chapter 2 (Health and Medical Care) are also covered before Chapter 6, and
Chapter 8 (Structure, Conduct, Performance, and Market Analysis) is briefly reviewed
before introducing Chapter 11 in this first semester Health Insurance course.
The second-semester course is titled Health Care Economics, which covers Chapters 1
(Introduction), 2 (Health and Medical Care), 3 (Cost and Benefit Analysis), 5 (The
Demand for Medical Services), 7 (Medical Care Production and Costs), 8 (Structure,
Conduct, Performance, and Market Analysis), 9 (Government, Health, and Medical
Care), and the four remaining industry chapters (12–15). Supplemental readings are
assigned in both courses, and typically student presentations or point/counterpoint
debates are assigned. Spreading the material over two courses means less rushing
from topic to topic and provides more time to explore individual issues in greater
detail. The students seem to appreciate the two-course approach and our book is
written in such a manner as to accommodate this approach.
Supplements
Economic Applications: Economic Applications includes South-Western’s dynamic
Web features: EconNews, EconDebate, and EconData Online. Organized by pertinent
economic topics and searchable by topic or feature, these features are easy to integrate
into the classroom. EconNews, EconDebate, and EconData all deepen students’ under-
standing of theoretical concepts through hands-on exploration and analysis of the latest
economic news stories, policy debates, and data. These features are updated on a reg-
ular basis. For more information, visit http://www.cengage.com/economics/infoapps
InfoTrac: With InfoTrac College Edition, students can receive anytime, anywhere
online access to a database of full-text articles from thousands of popular and scholarly
periodicals, such as Newsweek, Fortune, and Nation’s Business. InfoTrac is a great way
to expose students to online research techniques, with the security that the content is
academically based and reliable. For more information, visit http://www.cengage
.com/economics/infoapps
Web Site: The support site for Health Economics can be accessed at www.cengage
.com/economics/santerre and contains chapter-by-chapter web links, term paper tips,
instructor resources, and other teaching and learning resources.
If a 1pass access card came with this book, you can start using many of these
resources right away by following the directions on the card. One username and
password gives you multiple resources. Get started today at www.cengage.com/
economics/santerre/
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
viii Preface
PowerPoint™ Slides: PowerPoint slides are also located on the support site and are
available for use by instructors for enhancing lectures. Each chapter’s slides include a
lecture outline illustrated with key tables and graphs.
Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM: Get quick access to the Instructor’s Manual and
PowerPoint slides from your desktop via one CD-ROM.
Acknowledgments
Our goal is to create the best possible learning device for students and teaching tool for
professors. We are profoundly grateful to all of the reviewers of this textbook and the
talented and dedicated staff at Cengage Learning for helping us bring this goal closer to
fruition.
For reviewing the fifth edition and providing numerous comments and suggestions
for improving the sixth edition, we thank Doris Bennett, Jacksonville State University,
Karen Buhr (University of Maine), Jie Chen (College of Staten Island/CUNY), Joey
Crosby (Armstrong Atlantic State University), Atilla Cseh (Valdosta State University),
Diane Dewar (University at Albany), Debra Dwyer (Stony Brook University), Bianca
Frogner (George Washington University), Warren Greenberg (University of Maryland),
Vivian Ho (Rice University), Latoya Jackson (Albany State University), David Latif
(University of Charleston), Ricky Leung (University of Missouri-Columbia), Haiyong
Liu (East Carolina University), Christina Marsh (University of Georgia), Neil Meredith
(West Texas A&M University), Claudia Pereira (National School of Public Health),
John Perry (Centre College), Jessica Wolpaw Reyes (Amherst College), Patrick Richard
(George Washington University), Katie Showman (Florida State University), Christine
Spencer (University of Baltimore), Karen Travis (Pacific Lutheran University), Yavuz
Yasar (University of Denver), and Mustafa Younis (Jackson State University).
We also appreciate the reviewers of past editions and others who have provided us
with comments for improving the text over the years, including:
Mir Ali Partha Deb Vivian Ho
Steven Andes Derek DeLia Ashley Hodgson
Jay Bae Diane Dewar Robert Jantzen
Mary Ann Bailey Eric Doremus Juan Kelly
Mark Barabas Randall Ellis Donald Kenkel
Laurie Bates Alfredo Esposto Timothy Leslie
Richard Beil Maya Federman Dong Li
Sylvester Berki Andrew Foster Mindy Marks
Jay Bhattacharya A. Mark Freeman Amalia Miller
David Bishai Linda Ghent Frank Musgrave
Stacey Brook Stephan Gohmann John Nyman
Bruce Carpenter Glenn Graham Albert Oriol
Sewin Chan Darren Grant Gabriel Picone
Chris Coombs Dennis Heffley Irene Powell
Guy David Jim Hilliard Keith Rayburn
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface ix
Rex Santerre
rsanterre@business.uconn.edu
Stephen Neun
sneun@antioch.edu
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CONTENTS
C H A PT E R 1 Introduction 3
What Is Health Economics? 4
The Four Basic Questions 4
Production and Allocative Efficiency and the Production
Possibilities Curve 5
The Distribution Question 7
Implications of the Four Basic Questions 8
Taking the Pulse of the Health Economy 9
Medical Care Costs 9
Uses of Medical Funds 10
Sources of Medical Funds 11
Amount of Medical Care Spending 12
Medical Care Access 14
Medical Care Quality 15
A Note on the Relation between System Structure and Performance 16
A Brief Note on the Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act of 2010 18
Summary 18
Review Questions and Problems 19
References 20
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xii Contents
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Contents xiii
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xiv Contents
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents xv
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xvi Contents
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents xvii
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Language: Finnish
Novelleja
Kirj.
KALLE KAJANDER
SISÄLTÖ:
— Ne ovat typeriä!
— Itse tietysti.
— Itse tietysti niin.
— Niin, eihän sillä ole keittäjää. Minua niin huvittaisi keittää sille
kahvia tuossa pannussa, jos se olisi kotona.
— Ja joisit sitten sitä hänen kanssaan tuolla oljilla istuen. Sitä olisi
hauska katsella!
— On hän tietysti nuorena ollut tulinen, sen minä näen nytkin vielä
hänen silmistään. Mutta olihan heissäkin tietysti sekä nuoria että
vanhoja.
Eräänä päivänä sattui sitten, että Matti taas nokisena asteli Tiivelin
kujassa nuorta paria vastaan, kun nämä palasivat aamukävelyltään.
Hän näytti joutuvan hiukan hämilleen, tullessaan niin ahtaassa
paikassa vastatuksin sellaisen hienon herrasväen kanssa, ja koetti
kulkea niin paljon kuin mahdollista aidan puolitse. Mutta hän katseli
heitä kaiken aikaa kulmainsa alta, puolittain salaa, ja niin hartaasti,
että raapasi hihansa vitsan tynkään seiväsparissa, ja hänen
katseensa oli surunvoittoinen ja hänen poskilihaksissaan kävi pieni
väre. Lyhyen hyvänpäivän tehtyään aikoi hän sillä hyvällään rientää
ohitse. Mutta neitonen seisattui ja alkoi puhutella häntä.
— Kyllähän se maksaa.
*****
Mutta viime aikoina, ja varsinkin juuri tänä kesänä oli hän usein
painunut mietteihinsä, ollut alakuloisen ja surumielisen näköinen, ja
silloin aina lopulta syvään ja hiljalleen huokaissut sekä pyyhkäissyt
vitkalleen päätänsä, otsasta alkaen korvan taitse aina niskaan
saakka, ja viimeksi vielä kyhnäissyt niskaansa. Tämä tapahtui vaan
silloin kun hän oli yksinään, sillä joukossa ollen oli hän niinkuin
ennenkin. Jos kysyttiin, kuinka hän jaksoi, sanoi hän elämän aina
vaan olevan kuin silkkiä. — Mitä häneltä puuttuisi, niinkauvan kuin
sysiä maailmassa tarvitaan — ja tarvituinhan niitä nyt vielä ainakin
hänen elinaikansa.
Matti katsoi pitkään sekä herraa että neitiä, aivan kuin olisi
miettinyt, että vastatako vai ei, mutta vihdoin hän hitaasti, matalalla
ja surunvoittoisella äänellä vastasi:
— Hui hai, niin vanha asia! Mahtoi olla katkera tapaus Matille?
— Miksei tähän voisi tottua, sanoi neiti. — Jos minä olisin Matin
emäntä, niin olisin tässä miilulla Matin levätessä. Mutta miksei Matti
todellakaan ole nainut? Ettekö ole koskaan tuntenut edes kaipuuta
siihen, ettekö ole koskaan tuntenut edes rakkautta?
Sana »rakkautta» lausuttiin niin hempeästi sorahtavalla äänellä,
että Matin ryppyinen suupieli vavahti, ja hän jäi katselemaan neitiä.
Mutta kun hän ei vastannut mitään, niin jatkoi neitonen
kysymyksiään, innostui vaan yhä, leperteli ja leperteli, niinkuin
niitten on tapa päästyään lempi-aineeseensa käsiksi. — Oliko Mattia
petetty, vai itsekö ei ollut huolinut. Olihan hänen tietysti täytynyt olla
jossain tekemisissä naisten kanssa. — Eihän sellaista miestä voinut
olla olemassakaan, joka ei nuoruudessaan olisi niitä edes jotakuta
kertaa lähennellyt.
*****
Hän oli silloin vielä varsin nuori mies, karski ja rivakka sekä liukas
liikkeissään, mutta muuten juro, sekä hidas kulkemaan kisoissa ja
karkelopaikoissa. Tyttöjä hän kyllä aina katseli, mutta salaa ja
arastellen, ja jos ne puolestaan sattuivat heittämään häneen
hiukankin pitemmän katseen, käänsi hän tavallisesti päänsä pois,
niinkuin ei olisi kestänyt niitten katsetta. Ja jos hän joskus sattui
tanssipaikkaan, meni hän johonkuhun pimeään nurkkaan istumaan,
uunin taa tai johonkin sellaiseen, tai jäi ovenpieleen, ja katsella
kyyräili sieltä toisten tanssia, kuitenkin suuri osanoton ilme
kasvoillaan. Vaan jos silloin sattui joku pari pyörähtämään hänen
ohitsensa niin läheltä, että naisen hameen helmat pyyhkäsivät hänen
polviaan, vetäytyi hän vielä taemmaksi tai lähti kokonaan pois, aivan
kuin hän itse mielestään olisi ollut toisten tiellä.
— Matti!
— Mitä kummaa!
— Eikö saisi tulla, kysyi Matti seisten ovella ja pitäen vielä rimasta
kiinni?
Aluksi oli Matti kömmähtänyt, niin ettei tiennyt mitä tehdä. Hän
istui siinä matalalla jakkaralla kuin salaman lyömänä, kädet
hervottomina sivuilla, niska taapäin vääntyneenä seinään kiinni.
Mutta äkkiä kävi kautta koko hänen vankan ruumiinsa omituinen
tunne. Se puistatti kaikkia jäseniä, sai sydämmen kiihkeästi
jyskyttämään, pani jokaisen hermon kärjen outoon liikkeeseen ja vei
hänen jäntereisen käsivartensa tiukasti Matleenan vyötäreille,
samalla kun toinen käsi kohosi hänen helmaansa, vaikka Matti itse ei
ajatellut mitään, eikä tahtonut mitään, ei oikeastaan nähnyt eikä
kuullutkaan mitään.