Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Main Campus, Sta, Mesa, Manila
College of Architecture Design and Built Environment

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY - 2
WOOD / STEEL AND CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION

Prepared by: MODULE 11

Ar. Maynard M. Muhi, MsCM, UAP
ROOF FRAMING
Learning Objectives:
• Identify the basic roof style.
• Understand the basic terms relating to
roof framing.
• Explain the layout of the roof and
their details.
• Explain how to install roof truss.
The main purpose of a roof is to protect the house
or building in all weather with a minimum
maintenance. The roof must be appropriate for the
climate which the house is being built. The must be
strong and withstand with wind loads, snows loads
and typhoon. The roof should provide a continuous
slope to shed rain water and snows. The parts
must be securely fastened to each other to prevent
them from coming apart in high winds and typhoon.
Roof style also add to the attractiveness of the house or
building. Roof style create a different effects. A house may
have one or more style of roof.
The basic roof styles used for homes or small
buildings are:
1. Gable Roof
2. Hip Roof
3. Low-slope Roof
4. Shed

Variations are associated with architectural style of

different regions or countries. Some of these
include the Gambrel roof, Mansard roof and Dutch
hip roof.
1. Gable Roof – has two sloping sides
that meet at the top to form a gable at
each end. A gable is a triangular wall
enclosed by the sloping ends of the roof.

2. Hip Roof – slopes at the ends of the

building as well as the two sides. The slope
on all sides results in an even overhang all
around the building and gives a low
appearance. Because there is no siding
above the overhang, maintenance needs
are reduced. The hip is also a very strong
roof and is often found in regions where
severe storms are common.
3. Low-slope Roof – sometimes called
a flat roof, a low-slope roof is not
perfectly flat. A rafter is an inclined
framing member that supports the roof.
Sheathing and roofing are applied to the
top of the rafter and it is found most
often in dry climates.

4. Shed Roof – sometimes called lean to

roof, the shed roof is slope in one
direction only. A shed roof is often used
for an addition to an existing structure. In
this case, the roof is attached to the
existing wall or to the wall. But now, this
shed roof is also used as a main roof and
showing a brilliant roof design.
5. Gambrel Roof – is a variation of
the gable roof and has a steep slope
on two sides. A second slope begins a
partway up and continues to the top. It
is commonly used in barn houses. this
is to provide a bigger space for their
attic place. This also can be used as a
second floor.

6. Mansard Roof –a variation of a hip

roof. It has steep slopes on four sides.
Partway up, a shallow second slope is
developed and continues to the top
where it meets the slope from the other
sides. This roof style is used in North
America by french Architects.
7. Hip and valley roof it must be supported
by hip and valley rafters. These rafters are
load-bearing and paced at angles, usually
45 degrees. The rafters meet at a common
ridge and end at common rafters on each
side.

8. Gable and valley roof is a very popular

roofing design. It’s also known as a cross-
gable roof since the home has a cross-
footprint.
ROOF FRAMING ANATOMY
SHINGLES ROOFING ANATOMY
The basic components of a roof are
described below:

1. Flashing:

Strip of impervious material, usually

metal used to exclude water from the
junction between a roof covering and WALL FLASHING
another part of the structure.
Flashings are provided to prevent
moisture from entering the wall and roof
through joint in copings, parapet wall
and other penetrations through the roof
plane.
END FLASHING
2. Hip:

The outer angle (more than 180 degrees) formed by the

inclined ridge between two intersecting roof slopes.

HIP LINES
3. Ridge:

The horizontal intersection at the apex of the two rising

roof surfaces inclined in opposite directions.
4. Purlins:
These are horizontal members laid on principal rafters on wall-to-wall to
support common rafter of a roof when the span is large. Purlins are made
from wood or steel.

The top surfaces of the purlins shall be uniform and plane. They shall be
painted before fixing on top.
5. Fascia Board:

This is wooden board fixed

to the feet of the common
rafter at eaves. The ends
of the lower-most roof
covering material rest
upon it.
6. Pitch:

The slope of the roof is

called a pitch and is
expressed as the ratio
between the rise and
horizontal span of the
roof. It is also
expressed in terms of
angle of inclination.
8. Rafter:

Rafters are sloped

beams that run from
the roof’s ridge to
the eaves. They
provide the support
for the external
roofing material.
7. Valley Rafter:

A valley rafter extends

diagonally at a 45°
angle from the inside
corner of two
intersecting wall plates
up to the ridge of the
roof.
9. Hip Rafter:

A hip rafter extends

from the wall plate to
the ridge in the
angle of a hip roof.
10 . Gutter:

A duct for water

discharge system for
a building.

11.
. Downspout:

The channel that

transports rainwater
from the gutter.
A structural framework designed to provide
support and strength to a roof, a truss is essential
as the roof’s frame. They bridge the space above
rooms and occur at regular intervals, held by
longitudinal posts for support. Basically, they are
triangular wooden structures designed to keep
the integrity of a roof.
A roof truss is comprised of three main
components: top chords, bottom chords, and web
bracing. The framework consists of posts,
struts, and rafters. The sizes of these parts are
determined by load, spacing, and span. A truss is
placed under compression and tension but is designed
not to bend. It can also handle and sustain inclined,
horizontal, and vertical loads. It will stand the test of
time and provide a multitude of structural benefits to
commercial and residential buildings.
Since they function as the roof’s main framework
and reinforcement, they have to be incredibly stable
and strong. Subsequently, they are built from wood
or metal which means they can be custom-built and
moved easily. Weight is distributed equally
throughout the entire structure, so you can be sure
your roof won’t fall or destroy.
1. KING POST TRUSS
Made mainly for smaller-sized
residential homes, a king post
truss can span up to 8 metres.
It is made of one central
vertical post that uses tension
to support a beam below the
apex.
2. QUEEN POST TRUSS

Spanning around 10
metres, these are used
in a wide array of
buildings. It is
considered to be one of
the simpler trusses, but
quite reliable and
versatile.
3. HOWE TRUSS

Made of a combination
of wood and metal, it is
comprised of upper and
lower parts. What’s
notable about a Howe
truss is that is has a
wide coverage of 6 to 30
meters.
 4. SCISSOR TRUSS
These is used mainly in
churches and cathedrals.
The bottom chord posts of
this truss cross each other
and connect to the top
chords at an angle. This has
an appearance similar to an
open pair of scissors, hence
the name. The scissor roof
truss offers support to
vaulted ceilings with other
standard trusses.
5. FINK TRUSS

Fink trusses are the

most common truss
seen in residential roof
construction. The
webbing in fink trusses
has a ‘W’ shape, giving
them a great load-
carrying capacity. Span
up to 14 meters.
6. FAN TRUSS

A fan truss is usually

constructed from steel. It
has a span of 10 to 15
metres and is one of the
simpler roof trusses.
7. ATTIC TRUSS

One downside to many trusses

is that the webbing can often
limit attic space. This can be a
deal breaker for homeowners
looking for additional storage
or living space. Luckily, there
are attic trusses, which are
built to allow for attic space.
Span is up to 25 meters
 STANDARD PARTS OF HOWE TRUSS

1. TOP CHORD – these are the inclined members that form

the upper support of the truss.

2. BOTTOM CHORDS – these are the horizontal members at

the lower edge of the truss. Usually, two pieces are the
bottom chords in most trusses.

3. KING POST - the biggest and the longest among the

vertical members connected to the top and bottom chords.
4. COLLAR PLATES – the two horizontal members at the
peak of the truss which are spiked or bolted to and serve
to hold together the upper ends of the two top chords
and king post.

5. WEB MEMBERS – these are the vertical and diagonal

parts of the truss that are connected to the top and
bottom chords to form the triangular patterns.
Sometimes, iron tension rods instead of wood are used
for vertical web members, including king post.

6. WOOD CONNECTORS – the short pieces of wood

blocks that serve to join the web members to the top
chords.
STANDARD PARTS OF HOWE TRUSS
GUTTER

GUTTER DETAILS
 VALLEY GUTTER

VALLEY GUTTER DETAILS

 FLASHING

FLASHING TO FASCIA AND CLADDING DETAILS

VALLEY GUTTER

RIDGE ROLL DETAILS

 FASCIA BOARD

END FLASHING

WALL

RIDGE ROLL AND END FLASHING DETAILS

 END FLASHING

FASCIA BOARD

SIDE FLASHING DETAILS

 Rigid Metal Frame System

In structural engineering,
a rigid frame is the load-
resisting skeleton constructed
with straight or curved
members interconnected by
mostly rigid connections,
which resist movements
induced at the joints of
members. Its members can
take bending moment, shear,
and axial loads.
The Structural Support System

The Structural Support System of a Pre-engineered steel building is

divided into 3 main parts:

➢ The primary support system

➢ The secondary support system
➢ The bracing system

These 3 structural systems

are engineered to absorb the
loads and forces that are
acting on the building and
they transfer those loads into
the foundation system
1. The Primary Structural Support System
The Primary structural support system is the main support of a pre-engineered
steel building.
It follows that when a frame is at an
Endwall, it is called an Endwall
Frame, and when a frame is within
the building, it is called an Interior
Frame.

Rigid Frames and Endwall Frames

are laid out in a carefully engineered
pattern to provide the primary
support for the building. The
distances between the centerline of
each of the frames is called
a Bay. Bay Spacing is an important
factor in determining the design of
your structure.
 a. Rigid Frame Support
a.1 Clear Span Rigid Frames
By far the most frequently used primary framing in a Pre-Engineered Steel
building is the Clear-Span Rigid Frame. We call these frames “Clear-Span”
simply because they have no interior columns or support between the exterior
columns. An amazing thing for all customers looking to achieve 100% usable
interior space! In fact, it is the Clear-Span Rigid Frame that revolutionized
construction and made metal buildings such an incredibly versatile and innovative
investment.
 a.2 Modular Rigid Frames
Modular frames are simply Rigid Frames with intermediary columns,
and the spacing between the intermediary columns does not have to
be equal. What is important here is the understanding that these
extra columns provide strength and integrity to the rigid frame,
redistributing the load of the force exerted on the haunch.
c. The Haunch

Typically, the rigid frame is

thickest in the area where the
column is connected to the
rafter beam. We call this area,
the Haunch. The haunch is
the thickest part of a Metal
Building system simply
because it is a load bearing
spot in the building – it must
support great force, and so, we
must reinforce that area with
steel.
2. The Secondary Structural Support System

When we refer to the secondary structural support systems in a

pre-engineered metal building, we are talking about Purlins and
Girts. These are steel components that run horizontally across the
roof and walls and span the primary structural support systems.
Girts and Purlins are similar, except for the difference in where
each is located on the structure.

These structural members have 2 main functions:

• to provide surfaces onto which the roof and wall panels

are screwed, and
• to transfer loads to the primary framing.
 a. The Purlins
Purlins run horizontally between the frames
of the roof. They are all-steel, z-
shaped members. The purlins on a rigid
frame steel building are typically 8 and 10
inches deep, but are available in 12 and 14
inches when loading conditions require
thicker reinforcement. The depth of the purlin
as well as the spacing, is determined by the
engineering itself and is dictated by both the Types of Purlins
design of the structure as well as its location.

The job of the purlins is to transfer roof

loads to the primary structural support
system, which in turn transfers the loads to
the foundation.
CEE Purlins ZEE Purlins
 2. The Girts
Girts run horizontally between the frames of
the walls and are attached to the columns.
They are Z-shaped, similar to the purlins on
the roof, and also come in C-shape which
can be used around framed openings. The
Girts take the loads imposed on the covering
system and transfer them to the frames,
which in turn, transfer them to the foundation.

Endwall Girts: The Girts on the Endwalls are Inset within the post and beam framing.
This means that the girt is flush with the primary framing and does not take away any
clear space from the interior of the structure.

Sidewall Girts: On the Sidewalls of the structure, standard practice is to provide bypass
girts. All software design programs default to this type of girt. This means that the girt
bypasses the frames and is attached on the outside of the primary frame line. In many
cases, you have the option to recess, or inset the Girts within the framing. When
customers are trying to maximize interior space, we use flush or inset girts as opposed to
bypass girts.
Girt Connections
• Flush Girt: where no space is provided
between the columns and exterior
panels, offering maximum floor space.

• Inset Girt: where minimum air space is

provided between the columns and
exterior panels.

• Bypass Girt: makes a continuous run

around the outside of a building’s
columns, providing an air space equal to
girt depth between the columns and
exterior panels.
3. The Bracing System
The bracing system is the final structural support system of Rigid
Frame Steel Buildings that we’ll examine here. As its name
implies, the bracing system functions to resist the forces of the
elements and to transfer these loads to the secondary and
primary framing systems. Pre-engineered Steel Frame Buildings
use different types of bracing systems according to the needs of
the project.

The most common types are:

a. Rod Bracing;
b. Portal Frames and
c. Diaphragm Bracing.
 a. Rod Bracing
Rod bracing or X-Bracing, is by far the most common type of bracing used
to brace the building against forces from the elements, on a steel building
system. The rod bracing in a steel structure is found in the roof between the
rafters, and in the walls between the columns.
 b. Portal Frames

Where it is not an option to use X-

Bracing in a steel building, or when we
require more strength in order to
provide rigidity and structural stability
to the metal building, a portal frame is
used.

Typically, if there is a portal frame on

one side of the building, there is also a
corresponding portal frame directly
across from it, on the other side of the
structure.
 c. Diaphragm Bracing

Another type of bracing that is used

to establish structural integrity in a
pre-engineered steel building is
Diaphragm Bracing. Diaphragm
Bracing is inherent in most metal
building systems, and results from
the presence of the cladding – the
exterior panels, that cover the
primary and secondary framing of
the steel building.
COMPONENTS OF RIGID STEEL FRAMING SYSTEM