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1.
Define the following term :
(i) Neutral Zone· (ii) Control Action
i) Neutral Zone: The range of error in which there is no change in the controller output is called neutral zone. This is designed to reduce excessive cycling of ON-OFF Controller (ii) Control Action: An automatic controller produces the control signal is called control action. There are classified as: Discontinuous controller (on-off) Continuous controller (P,I,D) Composite controller (PI,PD, PID)
2. Draw electronic PID controller and explain operation of its each stage. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of Electronic Controller.
Advantages Electronic Controller:
1)small in size 2)Less noise 3) Fast response 4)More accurate 5)No moving parts Disadvantages of Electronic Controller: 1)Low Power 2)Expensive initial cost 3)Complexity of algorithms/troubleshooting 4)Risk of radio frequency interference 5)Risk of fire hazards due to arcs, sparks 6)Risk of electricution, short circuits, grounds
3. Define following term related to control action:
(i) Controller (ii) Error Signal (iii) OFF Set (iv) Proportional Band
(i) Controller : It generates the correct signal which is then applied to the final control element. Controller output is denoted by “m”. (ii) Error Signal : It is the difference between the set point and actual output (iii) OFF Set :When the load changes, the output deviates from the set point in the proportional controller. Such deviation is called as offset (iv) Proportional Band: The range of error to cover the 0% to 100% controller output is called proportional band. It also specifies the percentage error that results in a100% change in the controller output.
Compare proportional and Integrated controller on the basis of following point:
(i) Equation
(ii) Advantages (iii) Response to Error (iv) Application Describe ON-OFF control action with equation and response curve.
This controller has only two fixed positions such as ON or OFF.
The output signal P of the controller remains either 0%(minimum value) or 100%(maximum value) depending on whether the error is negative or positive. P=100% for e>0 P=0% for e<0
State the classification of control actions.
Explain proportional Integral (PI) controller wit O/P response curve.
1) This is composite control mode obtained by combining the proportional mode and the
integral mode. 2) The mathematical expression for such a composite control is
P(t) = kp e(t) + kp ki ∫ + p(0)
Where, p(0)= Initial value of the o/p at t=0 3) one important advantage of this control is that one to one correspondence of
proportional mode is available while the offset gets eliminated due to integral mode , the integral part of such a composite control provides a reset of the zero error output after a load change occurs.
Sketch the block diagram of process control system and explain the function of each block
Explanation: Process control system consists of process or plant ,sensor, error detector, automatic Controller, actuator or control element. 1) Process or plant- process means some manufacturing sequence. It has one variable or multivariable output. Plant or process is an important element of process control system in which variable of process is to be controlled. 2) Sensor/measuring elements – It is the device that converts the output variable into another suitable variable which can acceptable by error detector Sensor is present in f/b path of close loop system. 3) Error detector – Error detector is summing point whose output is an error signal i.e. e(t) = r(t) - b(t) to controller for comparison & for the corrective action. Error detector compares between actual signal & reference i/p i.e. set point. 4) Automatic controller- Controller detects the actuating error signal, which is usually at a very low power level, and amplifies it to a sufficiently high level .i.e. means automatic controller comprises an error detector and amplifier. 5) Actuator or control element – Actuator is nothing but pneumatic motor or valve, a hydraulic motor or an electric motor, which produces an input to the plant according to the control signal getting from controller Compare between PI and PD controller(any 4 points). Explain why derivative action is not alone. State its one advantage and disadvantage. Derivative control action responds to the rate at which the error is changing. P=KD where, P-controller output KD -Derivative gain Ep-error Derivative action is not used alone because it provides no output when error is constant. Advantages: 1. It improves damping and reduces maximum overshoot. 2. Reduces rise time and settling time. 3. Increases bandwidth.
Disadvantages: 1. Note effective for lightly damped or initially unstable system. 2. May produce noise at higher frequency.
Describe PID control action w.r.t. equation and response to error. State one advantage and one disadvantage of it. Output equation: P=KPEP+ KPKI ∫EPdt+ KPKD +PI (0) Advantages: 1. Most powerful mode of controller. 2. Eliminates offset. 3. Fast response. 4. Produces output depending upon magnitude duration, and rate of change of error. Disadvantages: 1. Complex 2. Tuning of parameters ( KP, KI, KD) is difficult.
Nature of output response to error:
(Note: Response with respect to any other error can be considered) List type of control action. Give one advantage and disadvantage
Advantage of ON-OFF controller
1. It is most simple in construction.
2. It is most economical &cheapest
Disadvantage of ON-OFF controller 1. It is not very suitable for complex system 2. It has a slow response Advantage of PI mode 1. It eliminates offset error i.e improves the steady state accuracy. 2. It decreases bandwidth of the system. Disadvantage of PI model 1. It takes the longer time to stabilize controller gain. 2.It makes the response more oscillatory Advantage of PD mode 1. It improves the damping &reduces overshoot. 2. It reduces the rise time. Disadvantage of PD mode 1. It cannot eliminate offset error. 2. It is not very effective for lightly damped system. Advantage of PID mode 1. It reduce the overshoot which often occurs when integral control action is added to proportional control action . 2. It eliminates the offset introduced by proportional control action. Disadvantage of PID mode 1. Some what complexity in design.
