Int. J. Appl. Comput.

Math (2017) 3:1677–1688

DOI 10.1007/s40819-016-0253-9

ORIGINAL PAPER

Application of Homotopy Perturbation Method for Heat

and Mass Transfer in the Two-Dimensional Unsteady
Flow Between Parallel Plates

H. Jafari1 · H. Hosseinzadeh1 · M. R. Gholami1 ·

D. D. Ganji2

Published online: 27 September 2016

© Springer India Pvt. Ltd. 2016

Abstract In this paper, heat and mass transfer characteristics in a viscous fluid which is
squeezed between parallel plates is studied analytically using homotopy perturbation method
(HPM). These comparisons between HPM and numerical method reveal that HPM has good
agreement. Effect of active parameters on flow, heat and mass transfer is presented. Results
show that Nusselt number increase with increase of Prandtl number and Eckert number but
it decreases with increase of squeeze number. Also it can be found that Sherwood number
increases as Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter increase.

Keywords Squeezing flow · Viscous fluid · Heat transfer · Mass transfer · Schmidt number ·
Eckert number · Chemical reaction parameter · Homotopy perturbation method

Introduction

The study of unsteady squeezing of a viscous incompressible fluid between two parallel
plates in motion normal to their own surfaces independent of each other and arbitrary with
respect to time has been regarded as one of the most important research topics due to its
wide spectrum of scientific and engineering applications such as hydrodynamical machines,
polymer processing, compression, injection molding and lubrication system. The first work
on the squeezing flow under lubrication approximation was reported by Stefan [1]. In 1886,
Reynolds [2] obtained a solution for elliptic plates. The theoretical and experimental studies
of squeezing flows have been conducted by many researchers [3–5]. The inadequacy of
Reynolds equation in the analysis of porous thrust bearings and squeeze films involving high
velocity has been demonstrated by Ishizawa [6].

B H. Jafari
jafari@umz.ac.ir
1 Department of Mathematics Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Islamic Republic of Iran
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, P.O. Box 484, Babol,
Islamic Republic of Iran

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Recently, due to their applications in many branches of science and engineering, the
interest in the study of heat and mass transfer has been increased. Coincident heat and mass
transfer with chemical reaction effect plays a vital role in design of chemical processing
equipment, formation and dispersion of fog, damage of crops due to freezing, food processing
and cooling towers, distribution of temperature and moisture over grove fields, etc. Mahmood
et al. [7] investigated the heat transfer characteristics in the squeezed flow over a porous
surface. Abd-El Aziz [8] considered the outcome of time-dependent chemical reaction on
the flow of a viscous fluid past an unsteady stretching sheet. Magnetohydrodynamic squeezing
flow of a viscous fluid between parallel disks was analyzed by Domairry and Aziz [9].
Most of engineering problems, especially some heat transfer equations are nonlinear,
therefore some of them are solved using numerical solution and some are solved using
the different analytic method, such as perturbation method, homotopy perturbation method
(HPM), variational iteration method introduced by He. Therefore, many different methods
have recently introduced some ways to eliminate the small parameter. One of the semi-exact
methods which does not need small parameters is the HPM. The HPM, proposed first by
He in 1998 and was further developed and improved by He [10]. The method yields a very
rapid convergence of the solution series in the most cases. The method yields a very rapid
convergence of the solution series in the most cases. The HPM proved its capability to solve
a large class of nonlinear problems efficiently, accurately and easily with approximations
convergency very rapidly to solution. Usually, few iterations lead to high accuracy solution.
This method is employed for many researches in engineering sciences. He’s HPM is applied to
obtain approximate analytical solutions for the motion of a spherical particle in a plane couette
flow by Jalal et al. [11]. Sheikholeslami et al. [12] studied rotating MHD viscous flow and
heat Transfer between Stretching and porous surfaces using HPM. They found that Increasing
magnetic parameter or viscosity parameter lead to decreasing Nu while with increasing of
rotation parameter, blowing velocity parameter and Pr the Nusselt number increases. Ghotbi
et al. [13] used HPM to approximate the solution of the ratio-dependent predator–prey system
with constant effort prey harvesting. Also HPM was used for solving nonlinear MHD Jeffery
Hamel problem by Moghimi et al. [14]. In recent years some researchers used new methods
to solve these kinds of problems [15–24].
The main aim of this study is to apply the HPM to find the approximate solutions of non-
linear differential equations governing the problem of heat and mass transfer in the unsteady
squeezing flow between parallel plates. The temperature and concentration profiles are shown
and the influence of the squeeze number, Prandtl number, Eckert number, Schmidt number
and the chemical reaction parameter on the heat transfer and concentration characteristics
are discussed in detail.

Governing Equations

We consider the heat and mass transfer analysis in the unsteady two-dimensional squeezing
flow of an incompressible viscous fluid between the infinite parallel plates. The two plates
are placed at z = ±(1 − αt)1/2 = ±h(t). For α > 0 the two plates are squeezed until they
touch t = 1/α and for α < 0 the two plates are separated. The viscous dissipation effect,
the generation of heat due to friction caused by shear in the flow, is retained. This effect
is quite important in the case when the fluid is largely viscous or flowing at a high speed.
This behavior occurs at high Eckert number ( 1). Mass transfer with chemical reaction of
the time dependent reaction rate is accounted. Further the symmetric nature of the flow is

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adopted. The governing equations for mass, momentum, energy and mass transfer in unsteady
two dimensional flow of a viscous fluid are:
∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1)
∂x ∂y
 2 
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ u ∂ 2u
+u +v =− +υ + , (2)
∂t ∂v ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x2 ∂ y2
 2 
∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ∂ v ∂ 2v
+u +v =− +υ + 2 , (3)
∂t ∂v ∂y ρ ∂y ∂x 2 ∂y
 2    2   
∂T ∂T ∂T k ∂ T ∂2T υ ∂u ∂u ∂u 2
+u +v = + + 4 + + ,
∂t ∂x ∂y ρC p ∂ x 2 ∂ y2 Cp ∂x ∂x ∂y
(4)
 
∂C ∂C ∂C ∂ 2C ∂ 2C
+u +v =D + − K 1 (t)C. (5)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂ y2

Here u and v are the velocities in the x and y directions respectively, T is the temperature,
C is the concentration, P is the pressure, ρ is the fluid density, v is the kinematic viscosity,
k is the thermal conductivity, C P is the specific heat, D is the diffusion coefficient of the
diffusing species and k1 (t) = k1 (1 − αt) is the time-dependent reaction rate. The relevant
boundary conditions are:

C = 0, v = vw = dh/dt, T = TH , C = C H at y = h(t),
(6)
v = ∂u/∂v = ∂ T /∂v = ∂C/∂ y = 0 at y = 0.

We introduce these parameters:

y αx
η= , u= f  (η),
[l(1 − αt) ]
1/2 [2(1 − αt)]
αl T
v=− f (η), θ = ,
[2(1 − αt)1/2 ] TH
C
φ= . (7)
CH
Substituting the above variables into (2) and (3) and then eliminating the pressure gradient
from the resulting equations give:
 
f iv − S η f  + 3 f  + f  f  − f f  = 0, (8)

Using (7), Eqs. (4) and (5) reduce to the following differential equations:
   
θ  + Pr S f θ  − ηθ  + Pr Ec f 2 + 4δ 2 f 2 = 0, (9)
 
φ  + ScS f φ  − ηφ  − Scγ φ = 0, (10)

With these boundary conditions:

f (0) = 0, f  (0) = 0, θ  (0) = 0,

φ  (0) = 0, f (1) = 1, f  (1) = 0,
θ (1) = φ (1) = 1, (11)

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where S is the squeeze number, Pr is the Prandtl number, Ec is the Eckert number, Sc is the
Schmidt number and γ is the chemical reaction parameter which are defined as:
 2
αl 2 μC p 1 αx
S= , Pr = , Ec =
2υ k C p 2 (1 − αt)
υ k1 l 2 l
Sc = , γ = , δ= , (12)
D υ x
Physical quantities of interest are the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood
number which are defined as:
  
μ ∂u∂ y y=h(t) −lk ∂T
∂ y y=h(t) −lk ∂C
∂ y y=h(t)
Cf = , Nu = , Sh = (13)
ρvw 2 kTH DC H
In terms of (7), we obtain
2 /x 2 (1 − αt) Re C = f  (1),
l√ x f
1 − αt N u = −θ  (1) , (14)
√ 
1 − αt Sh = −φ (1) .

Analysis of the Homotopy Perturbation Method

To illustrate the basic ideas of this method, we consider the following equation:
A (u) − f (r ) = 0 r ∈ (15)
with the boundary condition of:
 
∂u
B u, = 0, r ∈ , (16)
∂n
where A is a general differential operator, B a boundary operator, f (r ) a known analytical
function and Γ is the boundary of the domain Ω.
A can be divided into two parts which are L and N , where L is linear and N is nonlinear.
Equation (17) can therefore be rewritten as follows:
L (u) + N (u) − f (r ) = 0, r ∈ (17)
Homotopy perturbation structure is shown as follows:
H (ν, p) = (1 − p) [L (ν) − L (u 0 )] + p [A (ν) − f (r ) ] = 0 (18)
where,
ν (r, p) : × [0, 1] → R (19)
In Eq. (5), p ∈ [0 , 1] is an embedding parameter and u 0 is the first approximation that
satisfies the boundary condition. We can assume that the solution of Eq. (18) can be written
as a power series in p, as following:
ν = ν0 + pν1 + p 2 ν2 + ... (20)
and the best approximation for solution is:
u = lim p→1 ν = ν0 + ν1 + ν2 + ... (21)

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Implementation of the Method

According to the HPM, we construct a homotopy Suppose the solution of Eq. (18) has the
form:
   
H ( f, p) = (1 − p) f iv − f 0iv + p f iv − S η f  + 3 f  + f  f  − f f  = 0,
(22)
   
H (θ, p) = (1 − p) θ  − θ0 + pθ  + Pr S f θ  − ηθ 
 
+Pr Ec f 2 + 4δ 2 f 2 = 0, (23)
     
H (φ, p) = (1 − p) φ  − φ0 + p φ  + Sc f φ  − ηφ  − Scγ φ = 0. (24)

We consider f, θ and φ as follows:

n
f (η) = f 0 (η) + f 1 (η) + ... = f i (η) (25)
i=0
n
θ (η) = θ0 (η) + θ1 (η) + ... = θi (η) (26)
i=0
n
φ (η) = φ0 (η) + φ1 (η) + ... = φi (η) (27)
i=0

with substituting F from Eqs. (22–27) into and some simplification and rearranging based
on powers of p-terms, we have:

p0 :
f 0iv = 0,
θ0 = 0,
φ0 = 0, (28)

And boundary conditions are:

f 0 (0) = 0, f 0 (0) = 0, θ0 (0) = 0,

φ0 (0) = 0, f 0 (1) = 1, f 0 (1) = 0, (29)
θ0 (1) = φ0 (1) = 1.
p1 :
f 1iv + S f 0 f 0 − 3S f 0 − Sη f 0 + S f 0 − S f 0 f 0 = 0,
 2  2
θ1 + Pr Ec f 0 − Pr Sηθ0 + 4Pr Ecδ 2 f 0 + Pr S f 0 θ0 = 0,
 
φ1 − Scγ φ0 + ScS f 0 φ0 − ηφ0 = 0. (30)

And boundary conditions are:

f 1 (0) = 0, f 1 (0) = 0, θ1 (0) = 0,

φ1 (0) = 0, f 1 (1) = 0, f 1 (1) = 0, (31)
θ1 (1) = φ1 (1) = 0

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Solving Eqs. (28) and (30) with boundary conditions, we have:

f 0 (η) = −0.5η3 + 1.5η,

θ0 (η) = 1,
φ0 (η) = 1. (32)

f 1 (η) = S 0.003571428571η − 0.1η + 0.1892857143η − 0.09285714286η ,
7 5 3

 
θ1 (η) = Pr Ec −0.75η4 − 0.3δ 2 η6 + 1.5δ 2 η4 − 4.5δ 2 η2 + 0.75 + 3.3δ 2 ,
 
φ1 (η) = Scγ 0.5η2 − 0.5 . (33)

The terms f i (η), θi (η) and φi (η) when i ≥ 2 are too large that is mentioned graphically.
The solution of this equation, when p → 1, will be as follows:

f (η) = f 0 (η) + f 1 (η) + ... + f 10 (η)

θ (η) = θ0 (η) + θ1 (η) + ... + θ10 (η)
φ (η) = φ0 (η) + φ1 (η) + ... + φ10 (η) (34)

Results and Discussion

The main objective of this study was to apply the HPM to obtain an explicit analytic solution
of the heat and mass transfer characteristics in a viscous fluid which is squeezed between
parallel plates. Figure 2 shows that the maximum error for the HPM occurs at η = 0. To
validate our present analytically solution we compare our results with those of obtained by
numerical solution (four-order Rung–Kutte method) for different values of active parameter.
HPM offers highly accurate solution as shown in Tables 1 and 2. In these figures and table,
error is introduced as fallow:

Err or = | f (η) N M − f (η) H P M | (35)

This study is completed by depicting the effects of the squeeze number, Prandtl number,
Eckert number, Schmidt number and the chemical reaction parameter on the temperature and
concentration profiles (Fig. 1).
Effect of Prandtl number on the temperature profile and Effects of the squeeze number,
Prandtl number on the Nusselt number profile are shown in Fig. 3. The small values of Prandtl
number (Pr  1) characterize liquid materials, which have high thermal diffusivity but low
viscosity; however high-viscosity oils are represented by large values of Prandtl number
(Pr  1). The thermal boundary layer thickness decreases as Prandtl number increases.
Therefore Nusselt number is increases function of Prandtl number. An increase in the squeeze
number can be related with the decrease in the kinematic viscosity, an increase in the distance
between the plates and an increase in the speed at which the plates move. As the squeeze
number increase Nusselt number decreases and this effect is no significant for low values of
Prandtl number.
Effect of Eckert number on the temperature and Nusselt number is shown in Fig. 4.
Incresing Eckert number leads to decrease thermal boundary layer thickness. So increase in
Eckert number causes Nusselt number to increase. Effect of Schmidt number on concentration
profiles and effects of the squeeze number and Schmidt number on the Sherwood number are
shown in Fig. 5. When Sc > 1, increasing Schmidt number leads to decrease concentration

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 Table 1 Comparison between the numerical results and HPM solution for f (η) , θ (η) and φ (η) when S = 1, Ec = 0.5, δ = 1, γ = 0.1, Sc = 1 and Pr = 0.7

η f (η) θ (η) φ (η)

NM HPM Error NM HPM Error NM HPM Error

0 0 0 0 1.221773632 1.221774 5.38822E−08 0.658171353 0.65817 1.58E−06

0.1 0.141982 0.141982 3.34E−09 1.221619311 1.221619 4.72048E−08 0.661462639 0.661461 1.56E−06
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0.2 0.281844 0.281844 1.04E−10 1.221003211 1.221003 4.14018E−08 0.671341999 0.67134 1.52E−06
0.3 0.41738 0.41738 1.14E−08 1.21944203 1.219442 4.56086E−08 0.687828705 0.687827 1.44E−06
0.4 0.546214 0.546214 5.93E−09 1.216047228 1.216047 4.83749E−08 0.710964259 0.710963 1.32E−06
0.5 0.665708 0.665708 5.18E−09 1.209387953 1.209388 4.3058E−08 0.74082705 0.740826 1.17E−06
0.6 0.772872 0.772872 3.11E−09 1.197272078 1.197272 3.64254E−08 0.777554198 0.777553 9.87E−07
0.7 0.864254 0.864254 1.46E−09 1.176413805 1.176414 3.16065E−08 0.82137233 0.821372 7.73E−07
0.8 0.935839 0.935839 5.19E−10 1.141939719 1.14194 2.25655E−08 0.872640153 0.87264 5.32E−07
0.9 0.982926 0.982926 1.2E−09 1.08666073 1.086661 1.1516E−08 0.931907658 0.931907 2.71E−07
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

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Table 2 Comparison between the numerical results and HPM solution for f (η) , θ (η) and φ (η) when S = 0.5, Ec = 0.5, δ = 1, γ = 1, Sc = 0.5 and Pr = 2

η f (η) θ (η) φ (η)

NM HPM Error NM HPM Error NM HPM Error

0 0 0 0 1.684181 1.684181126 6.11151E−09 0.795208 0.795208 5.5986E−11

0.1 0.145385 0.145385 1.00287E−10 1.683705 1.683705434 5.34244E−09 0.797196 0.797196 9.7236E−11
0.2 0.28826 0.28826 3.00561E−10 1.681667 1.681666619 5.26312E−09 0.803167 0.803167 4.6103E−11
0.3 0.426066 0.426066 1.66475E−10 1.676189 1.676188593 5.77011E−09 0.813137 0.813137 4.6718E−11
0.4 0.556143 0.556143 1.52796E−10 1.664003 1.664003364 4.04872E−09 0.827137 0.827137 4.674E−11
0.5 0.675682 0.675682 4.16214E−10 1.640221 1.640221411 3.16502E−09 0.845211 0.845211 3.9639E−11
0.6 0.781671 0.781671 4.42174E−10 1.597972 1.597972155 3.75178E−09 0.867425 0.867425 4.0301E−13
0.7 0.870846 0.870846 5.44215E−10 1.52787 1.527870192 2.94335E−09 0.893868 0.893868 4.1363E−11
0.8 0.93964 0.93964 3.66934E−10 1.417239 1.417239464 2.38968E−09 0.924662 0.924662 7.2692E−11
0.9 0.984134 0.984134 4.33295E−10 1.248992 1.248991868 9.8415E−10 0.959968 0.959968 8.8114E−11
1 1 1 2E-09 1 1 3.99999E−10 1 1 9.992E−16
Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2017) 3:1677–1688
Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math (2017) 3:1677–1688 1685

Fig. 1 Geometry of problem

Fig. 2 Error for f (η) , θ (η) and

φ (η) versus η when S = 1, Ec =
0.5, δ = 1, γ = 0.1, Sc = 1 and
Pr = 0.7

Fig. 3 a Effect of Prandtl number on the temperature profile when Ec = 0.5, S = 1; b effects of the squeeze
number, Prandtl number on the Nusselt number profile when Ec = 0.5

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Fig. 4 a Effect of Eckert number on the temperature profile when Pr = 0.7, S = 1 and δ = 0.1; b effect of
the squeeze number and Eckert number on the Nusselt number when Pr = 0.7

Fig. 5 a Effect of Schmidt number on concentration profiles when S = 1, γ = 1; b effects of the squeeze
number and Schmidt number on the Sherwood number when γ = 1

in centerline but opposite behavior is observed when Sc < 1. Sherwood number increases
with increase of Schmidt number.
Figure 6 shows the Effect of chemical reaction parameter on concentration profiles and
Sherwood number. It is worth mentioning here that γ > 0 represents the destructive chemical
reaction and γ < 0 characterizes the generative chemical reaction. Concentration field is a
decreasing function of destructive chemical reaction parameter and an increasing function
of generative chemical reaction parameter.

Conclusion

In this study, heat and mass transfer in the unsteady squeezing flow between parallel plates is
investigated analytically using HPM. HPM is a powerful approach for solving this problem

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Fig. 6 a Effect of chemical reaction parameter on concentration profiles when S = 1, Sc = 1; b effects of the squeeze number and chemical reaction parameter on the Sherwood
number when Sc = 1

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also it can be observed that there is a good agreement between the present and numerical
result. Nusselt number has direct relationship with Prandtl number and Eckert number but it
has reverse relationship with the squeeze number.

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