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Contents
CHAPTER
1 An Introduction to Animal Behavior 2
Natural Selection and the Evolution Approaches to Studying
of Behavior 5 Behavior 13
The Cost–Benefit Approach to The Adaptive Basis of Behavior:
Behavioral Biology 7 Mobbing in Gulls   13
The Levels of Analysis 8 Box 1.2 Phylogenies and the
Box 1.1 Natural selection and comparative method 14
infanticide in primates 9 Box 1.3 The benefit of high nest
The Integrative Study of Animal density for the arctic skua 18
Behavior 11 The Science of Animal Behavior 21

CHAPTER
2 The Integrative Study of Behavior 24
The Development of Song Mechanisms of Song Learning and
Learning 26 the Comparative Approach 42
Box 2.1 Characterizing sounds Human versus Avian Vocal
made by animals 27 Learning 44
Intraspecific Variation and The Adaptive Value of Song
Dialects 28 Learning 44
Social Experience and Song Box 2.4 Why might song learning
Development 33 make males communicate more
Mechanisms of Song Learning 34 effectively with rivals or potential
mates? 45
Box 2.2 Song learning in birds
adoptedby another species 35 Adapting to the Local
Environment 46
The Genetics of Song Learning 36
Recognition: Friends versus
Control of the Avian Song Foes 46
System 36
Sexual Selection: Male–Male
Box 2.3 Proximate mechanisms Competition 50
underlying song preferences in
females 37 Sexual Selection: Female Choice
and Assortative Mating 51
The Evolution of Song Learning 40
The Integrative Study of Bird
An Evolutionary History of Bird Song 56
Song 40
viii  CONTENTS

CHAPTER The Developmental and

3 Genetic Bases of Behavior 58
Behavior Requires Genes The Adaptive Value of Learning 78
and the Environment 60
The Evolutionary Development
The Interactive Theory of Behavior 84
of Development 61
The Evo-Devo Approach to
Box 3.1 Behavioral genetics: Understanding Behavior 84
Identifying the genetic basis of
Box 3.3 The genetics of foraging
differences in behavior 62
behavior in honey bees 85
Environmental Differences Can
Cause Behavioral Differences 68 Early Life Developmental
Conditions 89
Genetic Differences Can Also Cause
Behavioral Differences 69 The Role of the Social
Environment 90
Box 3.2 Migratory
restlessness 71 Developmental Homeostasis versus
Developmental Constraint 91
Learning and Cognition 74
Developmental Switch
Learning Requires Both Genes and Mechanisms 95
Environment 75
Supergenes and Behavioral
Learning in Complex Polymorphisms 100
Environments 76

CHAPTER
4 The Neural Basis of Behavior 104
Responding to Stimuli 106 Responding to Relayed
Complex Responses to Simple Messages 126
Stimuli 107 The Proximate Basis of Stimulus
How Moths Avoid Bats 110 Filtering 129

Box 4.1 Ultrasound detection Box 4.2 Determining how female

in the moth ear 114 parasitoid wasps choose their
singing male bush-cricket
Ultrasonic Hearing in hosts 132
Other Insects 117
Box 4.3 Cortical magnification
Neural Command and Control 118 in mammals 135
Decision Making in the Brain 118 The Evolution of Cognitive
From Ultrasound to Ultraviolet Skills 135
Radiation 120 Box 4.4 Do energetic demands
Selective Relaying of Sensory explain why humans have such
Inputs 124 large brains? 137
 CONTENTS  ix

CHAPTER
5 The Physiological Basis of Behavior 144
Endogenous Rhythms and Changing Social Conditions and
Behavioral Priorities 146 Changing Priorities 165
Mechanisms of Changing Behavioral Hormonal Mechanisms Underlying
Priorities 146 Behavioral Change 166
The Neurobiology of Circadian Organizational versus Activational
Timing 149 Effects of Hormones on Behavior
The Genetics of Circadian and Development 166
Timing 151 Box 5.2 Measuring hormones in
The Physiology of Circadian animals 168
Timing 152 Box 5.3 Do steroid hormones
Seasonal and Annual Cycles modulate male parental behavior
of Behavior 155 in California mice? 171

Cues That Entrain Cycles of Hormones and Reproduction 172

Behavior 156 Testosterone and Reproductive
Predictable Environmental Cues 157 Behavior 174

Box 5.1 Hormonal responses to The Costs of Hormonal

light in birds 160 Regulation 176

Unpredictable Environmental Glucocorticoids and Responding to

Cues 162 Environmental Change 179

CHAPTER
6 Avoiding Predators and Finding Food 184
Avoiding Predators 186 Finding Food 204
Social Defenses 186 Optimality Theory and Foraging
Box 6.1 Evolutionary game Decisions 205
theory 187 Box 6.3 Territoriality and feeding
Game Theory and behavior in golden-winged
Social Defenses 192 sunbirds 206

Box 6.2 Game theory and Box 6.4 Optimal foraging by pike
the selfish herd 192 cichlid fish 208

Blending In 193 Criticisms of Optimal Foraging

Theory 211
Standing Out 197
Landscapes of Fear 213
Optimality Theory and Antipredator
Behavior 202 Game Theory and Feeding
Behavior 214
x  CONTENTS

CHAPTER
7 Territoriality and Migration 218
Where to Live 220 Box 7.2 Opposite patterns of sex-
Habitat Selection 220 biased dispersal in mammals
and birds 238
Territoriality and Resource-Holding
Potential 222 Migration 240

Box 7.1 How to track migratory The Costs and Benefits of

songbirds 228 Migration 243

Why Give Up Quickly When Fighting Box 7.3 Behaviors to reduce

for a Territory? 229 the costs of flying during
migration 244
The Dear Enemy Effect 235
Variation in Migratory Behavior 250
To Stay or Go 235 Box 7.4 Migratory pathways of
Dispersal 237 Swainson’s thrush 253

CHAPTER
8 Principles of Communication 256
Communication and Box 8.2 Why do female moths
Animal Signals 258 mate with males that produce
Information Use and ultrasonic mimetic signals similar
Animal Signals 259 to those produced by predatory
bats? 275
The Evolution of Animal
Signals 262 The Function of Animal Signals 278

Preexisting Traits and The Adaptive Function of

the Development of a Strange Display 278
a Strange Display 264 Honest Communication and
The Panda Principle and Threat Displays 281
Preexisting Traits 265 Honest Signaling 284
Preexisting Biases and the Evolution Box 8.3 Mechanisms and
of Animal Signals 269 measurement of animal
Box 8.1 Spiders hunting prey coloration 287
at night 271 When Multiple Honest Signals Are
Preexisting Traits versus Better Than One 288
Preexisting Biases 273 Deceitful Signaling 290
Eavesdropping on Others 295
 CONTENTS  xi

CHAPTER
9 Reproductive Behavior 302
Sexual Selection and the Evolution Mate Guarding and Paternity
of Sex Differences 305 Assurance 325
Sex Differences in Reproductive Intersexual Selection and
Behavior 307 Mate Choice 328
Box 9.1 Are sperm always Female Mate Choice for
cheap? 308 Direct Benefits 329
Sex Differences and Parental Female Mate Choice for
Investment 309 Indirect Benefits 334
A Reversal in Sex Differences 310 Box 9.2 Sexual selection in
Intrasexual Selection and the peacock 337
Competition for Mates 313 Runaway versus Chase-away
Competition and Access to Sexual Selection 341
Mates 314 Cryptic Female Choice 343
Coexistence of Conditional Sexual Conflict 344
Mating Tactics 316
The Manipulation of Female
Coexistence of Alternative Choice 344
Mating Strategies 320
Sexual Arms Races 347
Sperm Competition 322

CHAPTER
10 Mating Systems 352
Monogamy: A Lack of Multiple Polyandry and Direct Benefits 377
Mating 355
Polygyny: Multiple Mating by
Why Be Monogamous? 355 Males 380
Monogamy in Species with Female Defense Polygyny 381
Paternal Care 358
Resource Defense Polygyny 383
Monogamy When Paternal Care
Lek Polygyny 386
Is Rare 360
Scramble Competition
Polyandry: Multiple Mating Polygyny 392
by Females 362
Box 10.3 Lekking females in a sex-
Monogamous Males and role reversed pipefish 394
Polyandrous Females 362
Polygynandry and Promiscuity:
Box 10.1 Sexual parasitism, dwarf
Multiple Mating by Both
males, and the evolution of
Sexes 396
gigolos 364
Polygynandry 396
Polyandry and Indirect Genetic
Benefits 367 Promiscuity 397
Box 10.2 Extra-pair paternity and
good genes in birds 371
xii  CONTENTS

CHAPTER
11 Parental Care 400
Offspring Value and Parental Box 11.2 Reactions of nest-
Investment 402 defending bluegill males to
Parental Care Decisions 402 potential egg and fry predators
under two conditions 422
Parental Favoritism in Offspring Care
and Production 407 Discriminating Parental Care 427
Parental Favoritism in Humans 409 Recognizing One’s Own
Offspring 427
Family Conflict 411
Box 11.3 Why do parents in some
To Care or Not to Care 414 species adopt genetic strangers
The Costs and Benefits of of their own species? 430
Parental Care 414 Interspecific Brood Parasitism 430
Sexual Conflict and Parental Care: Choosing the Correct Host 434
Who Cares? 415
Coevolutionary Arms Races 435
Box 11.1 Why do females provide all
of the care in treehoppers? 418 The Evolution of Interspecific Brood
Parasitism 439
Why Do Females Care? 419
Why Do Males Care? 421

CHAPTER
12 Principles of Social Evolution 444
Box 12.1 The major evolutionary Box 12.3 Altruism in
transitions 47 amoebae 455
Altruism and the Levels of Haplodiploidy and the Evolution of
Selection 448 Eusociality 458
Individual versus Group Selection Testing the Haplodiploidy
449 Hypothesis 460
Altruism and the Role of Kin Inclusive Fitness and Monogamy in
Selection 450 Eusocial Insects 461
Box 12.2 Calculating genetic Box 12.4 Division of labor in clonal
relatedness 452 trematode flatworms 463
Sterility and Caste
Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness
Differentiation 467
Theory 453
Challenges to Kin Selection and Social Conflict in Animal
Inclusive Fitness Theory 455 Societies 470
Reproductive Conflict 470
 CONTENTS  xiii

CHAPTER
13 Social Behavior and Sociality 476
The Evolution of Social Reproductive Cooperation and Kin
Behavior 478 Selection 494
Forms of Social Behavior 479 Reproductive Benefits and
Mutual Benefit 479 Cooperative Breeding 495

Box 13.1 How do groups of animals Box 13.3 Mobbing and kinship in
decide where to go? 480 groups of Siberian jays 496

Box 13.2 Social network Reproductive Costs and Cooperative

analysis 485 Breeding 500

Altruism and Reciprocity 487 Reproductive Conflict in

Cooperative Breeders 504
Non-cooperative Social Behaviors:
Selfishness and Spite 491 Reproductive Suppression 504

Individual Differences in Social Reproductive Skew, Extra-

Behavior 491 pair Paternity, and Social
Structure 507
Personalities in Social Species 492
Box 13.4 Why do males and
The Evolution of Cooperative females both have elaborate
Breeding 493 traits in social species? 508

CHAPTER
14 Human Behavior 512
Communication 514 Box 14.3 Human mate choice in an
The Development and Evolutionary online world 528
History of Human Speech 515 Mate Choice by Men 532
Box 14.1 Ethical studies of humans Reproductive and Sexual Conflict in
and other animals 517 Humans 535
The Neurophysiology of Speech 519 Extreme Sexual Conflict in Humans:
The Adaptive Value of Speech 521 Polygamy and
Extramarital Affairs 538
Reproductive Behavior 523 Coercive Sex 540
An Evolutionary Analysis of Human
Mate Choice 524 Practical Applications of Behavioral
Theory 543
Mate Choice by Women 524
Evolutionary Medicine 544
Box 14.2 Female choice and the
features of dominant versus The Triumph of an Evolutionary
attractive men 526 Analysis of Human Behavior 546
Preface
For more than 40 years, Animal Behavior has been the leading textbook for intro-
ducing undergraduate students to the topic of animal behavior. John Alcock
authored the first edition of this book in 1975, and after 9 subsequent versions,
this eleventh edition brings on a new lead author, Dustin Rubenstein. The elev-
enth edition maintains its narrative tone as well as its focus on both evolution-
ary and mechanistic approaches to understanding how and why animals as
different as insects and humans behave the way they do. In an effort to keep up
with the rapidly evolving field of animal behavior, this new version also brings
a more integrative approach to studying behavior, emphasizing the growing
body of research linking behavior to the brain, genes, and hormones, as well as
to the surrounding ecological and social environments. Topics like epigenetics
and collective behaviors are highlighted for the first time. Additionally, the
book covers the growing number of comparative phylogenetic studies in ani-
mal behavior that make use of ever-larger molecular phylogenies to generate
and test new ideas in the evolution of animal behaviors. Ultimately, the book
retains its primary goal of giving students a window into the various level
of analysis that researchers use to explain why all living things—including
humans—behave, often in complex ways.

New to the Eleventh Edition

In addition to a new lead author, the eleventh edition features several new
approaches and features that support both student learning and instructor
teaching. After extensive research concluded that most users prefer the classic
organizational structure from early editions, rather than the changes that were
made in the tenth edition, the book returns to its classic organizational struc-
ture, with proximate mechanisms introduced early in the book and before an
extended discussion of the ultimate factors underlying behavior. Yet, each chap-
ter attempts to highlight both proximate and ultimate explanations throughout,
illustrating the integrative nature of the field today. This edition also includes a
refined organizational structure within each chapter that makes material more
accessible to students and instructors alike. Figures and photos throughout the
book have been updated and revised as well, providing a fresher look that,
along with the addition of error bars on most graphical figures, makes it easier
for students to learn how to interpret data. The addition of new pedagogi-
cal features also makes it easier for students to learn complex concepts and
apply behavioral and evolutionary thinking to thought-provoking questions
and problems. Found in every chapter, these new boxes and tables emphasize
hypothesis testing, data interpretation, and problem solving. Finally, since most
students are drawn to animal behavior out of a fascination with something they
have seen on TV or in nature, in each chapter we use QR codes offset in the
margins to give students rapid access to high-definition video and audio clips
of the behaviors discussed in the text.
 Preface  xv

Focus on Integration
This book provides a comparative and integrative overview of animal behavior,
linking a diversity of behaviors and their adaptive functions to the brain, genes,
and hormones, as well as to the surrounding ecological and social environ-
ments. Just as so many modern studies in animal behavior are taking advan-
tage of new neurobiological or molecular approaches, this book introduces
these and other cutting-edge techniques to its readers, all while maintaining
a focus on the theoretical aspects of the field in an explicit hypothesis-testing
framework. Ultimately, the book highlights both the evolutionary and mecha-
nistic approaches to studying animal behavior, as well as the interdisciplinary
approaches that emphasize the neural, genetic, and physiological mechanisms
underlying adaptive behaviors. Because this new edition of the book is more
integrative than previous versions, we have dropped the book’s subtitle, An
Evolutionary Approach, and now simply call it Animal Behavior. The concept of
evolution by natural selection remains our guide as we expand in new and
exciting directions.
In addition to the focus on integrative approaches, this edition features an
update of specific topics such as how new technologies are revolutionizing the
way we study animal movements and the genetic architecture of behavior, as
well as new and expanded coverage of animal social behavior, animal com-
munication, and human behavior, in addition to other topics. New empiri-
cal examples have been added to each chapter, some of which extend classic
examples in new and exciting directions.

New Pedagogical Approach

Built upon the foundation of rich content and discussion topics from previ-
ous editions, we’ve applied more modern pedagogical tools and added new
features in the eleventh edition. Found in every chapter, these new boxes and
tables emphasize hypothesis testing, data interpretation, and problem solving.
These features are designed to engage students, both inside and outside of the
classroom, and aid instructors in developing their courses and delivering their
lectures. New features include:
• INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES: Focusing attention on cutting-edge
tools in the study of animal behavior, these boxes cover tools for study-
ing birdsong, animal coloration, behavioral genetics, hormones, and
how to conduct ethical studies of humans, among other topics.
• HYPOTHESES TABLES: In brief summaries, alternative or non-
mutually exclusive hypotheses for specific animal behaviors are pre-
sented side-by-side.
• EXPLORING BEHAVIOR BY INTERPRETING DATA: In these boxes,
we explore a concept in data analysis, such as analyzing spectrograms
to show how song learning in birds can be adopted by other species, or
drawing conclusions and generating new hypotheses from empirical
data figures.
Visit https://testbankfan.com
now to explore a rich
collection of testbank or
solution manual and enjoy
exciting offers!
xvi  Preface

• DARWINIAN PUZZLES: Adapted from this popular feature in the

tenth edition, these boxes deal specifically with unresolved “puzzles”
in behavioral research, such as why females in some species have what
looks like a penis but males don’t.
In most boxes, students are challenged to “Think Outside the Box” by
answering a series of thought-provoking questions related to the content and
figures inside the box. These have been designed to foster in-class discus-
sion between instructors and students. This feature complements Discussion
Questions, which have now been consolidated online for easier student and
instructor access.

QR Codes/Direct Web Links for Audio and Video Clips

Students taking a course on animal behavior want to see and hear animals
behaving, and in this edition, we’ve integrated that directly into the text in
an easily accessible manner. Using QR codes (and short URLs), students can
immediately access audio and video directly related to the text in real-time,
without having to wade through a large collection of resources on a companion
website.

ABOUT THE TECHNOLOGY. On many iPhones and some Android phones,

QR codes no longer require a QR reader app. (Any iPhone running iOS 11 or
newer can read QR codes directly.) Simply open the camera, hold the phone
over the QR code, and the audio/video link will appear. Other smartphones
may require that you download a mobile app. For those who don’t want to
scan the QR codes, short URLs are provided for each individual audio and
video clip (e.g., ab11e.sinauer.com/a2.1).

ABOUT THE AUDIO AND VIDEO LINKS. Most of the audio and video links
in the book are provided by researchers whose examples appear in the text, or
by the Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, drawing from their
extensive collection of nearly 7,000,000 pictures, videos, and animal sounds.
Author Biographies
Dustin Rubenstein, an Associate Professor of Ecology, Evolution, and Envi-
ronmental Biology at Columbia University, has studied animal behavior in
birds, reptiles, mammals, insects, and crustaceans for nearly 20 years through-
out Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. As a leading
expert in animal social behavior and evolution, his research has been pub-
lished in top journals like Science, Nature, and PNAS, and he is co-editor of
the book Comparative Social Evolution, published in 2017. In recognition of his
research accomplishments, he has received young investigator awards from
the Animal Behavior Society, the American Ornithologists’ Union, the Society
for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, and the University of Michigan, and been
made a Fellow of the American Ornithological Society. He was also recognized
by the National Academy of Sciences as both a Kavli Fellow for his research
accomplishments and an Education Fellow in the Sciences for his innovations
in STEM teaching.
Throughout his education and training at Dartmouth College, Cornell Uni-
versity, and the University of California, Berkeley, Rubenstein has used Animal
Behavior in his courses since its fifth edition. He seems to have learned a thing
or two, having met his wife in his undergraduate animal behavior class. From
his own work using stable isotopes to study avian migration, to studying
stress hormones and breeding behavior in birds and lizards, to examining the
genetic and epigenetic bases of reproductive behavior in insects and birds,
Rubenstein approaches the study of animal behavior in an integrative and
interdisciplinary manner. Over the past few years, he has helped lead a series
of workshops and symposia about the integrative study of behavior, a topic of
great emphasis in this new edition. His goal in taking over this classic textbook
was to highlight the modern approach to animal behavior, while maintaining
the book’s timeless writing style and structure. Rubenstein thanks his wife
Kate and two children, Renna and Ian, for their patience and support over the
past few years of book writing. Many mentors helped teach and train Dustin
in animal behavior over the years, but none were more important than his
father, Daniel Rubenstein, a fellow behavioral biologist who has inspired him
since his earliest days, together observing spiders in the backyard or zebras
in Africa.
John Alcock retired in 2009 after having had an academic life full of rewards,
such as trips to Australia on sabbaticals and during leaves of absence. His
research focused on insect reproductive behavior and the many puzzles it
provides for behavioral biologists, both in his home state of Arizona as well
as in Costa Rica and Australia. Although retired, he continues to study insects,
especially in Virginia, where he lives on the family farm in the spring and
summer months. Alcock has written a number of natural history books for
a general audience, such as Sonoran Desert Spring and his most recent effort
along these lines, After the Wildfire. This book describes the account of the
environmental recovery that occurred in the ten years that followed an intense
wildfire in the mountains about an hour to the north of his home in Tempe,
xviii  Author Biographies

Arizona. Now 75, Alcock enjoys being a grandfather, thanks to a son Nick and
his wife Sara who have produced two grandchildren for him (and others). His
other son Joe and his wife Satkirin are both doctors, and Joe is deeply inter-
ested in evolutionary medicine. This version of the textbook that Alcock first
wrote long, long ago has been revised by Dustin Rubenstein, a good choice to
carry the book forward as the readers of this text will shortly learn.
Acknowledgements
For over four decades, this book has greatly benefitted from the generosity
of many colleagues who have contributed reviews, photographs, videos, and
other means of support. We are especially grateful to the reviewers for this
eleventh edition, whose suggestions improved the structure, content, and tone
of many of the chapters. The reviewers for this edition include:

Patrick Abbot Vanderbilt University

Andres Bendesky Columbia University
Kirsten M. Bohn Johns Hopkins University
Jennifer S. Borgo Coker College
Patty L.R. Brennan Mount Holyoke College
Molly Cummings The University of Texas at Austin
Ben Dantzer University of Michigan
Harold Gouzoules Emory University
Sarah Guindre-Parker University of Guelph
Kristina M. Hannam State University of NY-Geneseo
Margret I. Hatch Penn State Worthington Scranton
Mark E. Hauber City University of New York
Hans Hofmann University of Texas at Austin
Victoria Ingalls Marist College
Roland Kays North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
Darcy Kelley Columbia University
Walt Koenig Cornell University
Rafael Maia Columbia University
Heather Masonjones University of Tampa
Ronald L. Mumme Allegheny College
Wiline M. Pangle Central Michigan University
Kimberly N. Russell Rutgers University
D. Kim Sawrey University of North Carolina Wilmington
Joseph Sisneros University of Washington
Nancy G. Solomon Miami University
Elizabeth Tibbetts University of Michigan
Sarah Woolley Columbia University
Tim Wright New Mexico State University
Ken Yasukawa Beloit College

We are also indebted to our wonderful colleagues at Sinauer Associates. With-

out their dedication, patience, and careful oversight (and occasional prodding),
this book—as well as the ten previous editions—would never have made it to
print. The team that worked on this edition included:

Andrew D. Sinauer, Publisher Joanne Delphia, Book Designer

Rachel Meyers, Acquisitions Editor Mark Siddall, Photo Researcher
Martha Lorantos, Production Editor Elizabeth Pierson, Copy Editor
Chris Small, Production Manager
Beth Roberge Friedrichs, Production
Specialist
Media and
Supplements
to accompany Animal Behavior,
Eleventh Edition

eBook
(ISBN 9-781-60535-770-6)
Animal Behavior, Eleventh Edition, is available as an eBook, in several different
formats, including RedShelf, VitalSource, and Chegg. All major mobile devices
are supported.

For the Student

Companion Website (oup.com/us/rubenstein11e)
The Animal Behavior, Eleventh Edition, Companion Website includes a vari-
ety of study and review aids—all available at no cost to the student. The site
includes the following:
• Chapter Summaries give the student a thorough review of each
chapter’s content.
• Audio and Video Links provide a set of online sites and resources
relevant to each chapter.
• The Glossary provides definitions for all textbook bolded terms.

Student Lab Manual

This electronic lab manual walks students through the scientific process to
improve their fluency with hypothesis development, observing and quantify-
ing animal behavior, statistical analysis, and data presentation.

For the Instructor

Ancillary Resource Center (oup-arc.com)
The Ancillary Resource Center provides instructors using Animal Behavior with
a wealth of resources for use in course planning, lecture development, and
assessment. Contents include:

TEXTBOOK FIGURES AND TABLES

All the figures and tables from the textbook are provided in JPEG format,
reformatted for optimal readability, with complex figures provided in both
whole and split formats.
Exploring the Variety of Random
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Title: The war of the Carolinas

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THOMPSON’S PROGRESS. C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne.
LOVE AND MR. LEWISHAM. H. G. Wells.
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She loosed his horse’s rein, and led it rapidly towards
her own horse.
 The War
of the
Carolinas
By
MEREDITH
NICHOLSON

THOMAS NELSON
AND SONS
Oh, for you that I never knew,
Only in dreams that bind you!—
By Spring’s own grace I shall know your face
When under the may I find you!

H. C. Bunner.
 TO YOU AT THE GATE.
There was a daisy-meadow, that flowed brimming to the stone wall
at the roadside, and on the wooded crest beyond a lamp twinkled in
a house round which stole softly the unhurried, eddyless dusk. You
stood at the gate, your arms folded on the top bar, your face uplifted,
watching the stars and the young moon of June. I was not so old but
that I marked your gown of white, your dark head, your eyes like the
blue of mid-ocean sea-water in the shadow of marching billows. As
my step sounded you looked up startled, a little disdainful, maybe;
then you smiled gravely; but a certain dejection of attitude, a sweet
wistfulness of lips and eyes, arrested and touched me; and I stole on
guiltily, for who was I to intrude upon a picture so perfect, to which
moon and stars were glad contributors? As I reached the crown of
the road, where it dipped down to a brook that whispered your name,
I paused and looked back, and you waved your hand as though
dismissing me to the noisy world of men.
In other Junes I have kept tryst with moon and stars beside your
gate, where daisies flow still across the meadow, and insect voices
blur the twilight peace; but I have never seen again your house of
shadows among the trees, or found you dreaming there at the gate
with uplifted face and wistful eyes. But from the ridge, where the
road steals down into the hollow with its fireflies and murmuring
water, I for ever look back to the star- and moon-hung gate in the
wall, and see your slim, girlish figure, and can swear that you wave
your hand.
Katonah, June 30, 1908. M. N.
 CONTENTS.
I. Two Gentlemen say Good-Bye 7
II. The Absence of Governor Osborne 29
III. The Jug and Mr. Ardmore 40
IV. Duty and the Jug 55
V. Mr. Ardmore Officially Recognized 71
VI. Mr. Griswold Forsakes the Academic Life 89
VII. An Affair at the State House 100
VIII. The Labours of Mr. Ardmore 115
IX. The Land of the Little Brown Jug 129
X. Professor Griswold Takes the Field 138
XI. Two Ladies on a Balcony 149
XII. The Embarrassments of the Duke of Ballywinkle 160
XIII. Miss Dangerfield Takes a Prisoner 175
XIV. A Meeting of Old Friends 191
XV. The Prisoner in the Corn-Crib 209
XVI. The Flight of Gillingwater 228
XVII. On the Road to Turner’s 237
XVIII. The Battle of the Raccoon 246
XIX. In the Red Bungalow 255
XX. Rosæ Mundi 269
XXI. Good-Bye to Jerry Dangerfield 281
 THE
WAR OF THE CAROLINAS.
 CHAPTER I.
TWO GENTLEMEN SAY GOOD-BYE.

“IF anything really interesting should happen to me I think I should

drop dead,” declared Ardmore, as he stood talking to Griswold in the
railway station at Atlanta. “I entered upon this life under false
pretenses, thinking that money would make the game easy, but here
I am, twenty-seven years old, stalled at the end of a blind alley, with
no light ahead; and to be quite frank, old man, I don’t believe you
have the advantage of me. What’s the matter with us, anyhow?”
“The mistake we make,” replied Griswold, “is in failing to seize
opportunities when they offer. You and I have talked ourselves
hoarse a thousand times planning schemes we never pull off. We
are cursed with indecision, that’s the trouble with us. We never see
the handwriting on the wall, or if we do, it’s just a streak of
hieroglyphics, and we don’t know what it means until we read about
it in the newspapers. But I thought you were satisfied with the thrills
you got running as a reform candidate for alderman in New York last
year. It was a large stage, and the lime-light struck you pretty often.
Didn’t you get enough? No doubt they’d be glad to run you again.”
Ardmore glanced hastily about and laid his hand heavily on his
friend’s shoulder.
“Don’t mention it—don’t think of it! No more politics in mine. The
world may go hang if it waits for me to set it right. What I want is
something different, a real adventure—something with spice in it. I
have bought everything money can buy, and now I’m looking for
something that can’t be tagged with a price.”
“There’s your yacht and the open sea,” suggested Griswold.
“Sick of it! Sick to death of it!”
“You’re difficult, old man, and mighty hard to please. Why don’t you
turn explorer and go in for the North Pole?”
“Perfectly bully! I’ve thought of it a lot, but I want to be sure I’ve
cleaned up everything else first. It’s always up there waiting—on ice,
so to speak—but when it’s done once there will be nothing left. I
want to save that for the last call.”
“You said about the same thing when we talked of Thibet that first
evening we met at the University Club, and now the Grand Lama
sings in all the phonographs, and for a penny you can see him in a
kinetoscope, eating his luncheon. I remember very well that night.
We were facing each other at a writing-table, and you looked up
timidly from your letter and asked me whether there were two g’s in
aggravate; and I answered that it depended on the meaning—one g
for a mild case, two for a severe one—and you laughed, and we
began talking. Then we found out how lonesome we both were, and
you asked me to dinner, and then took me to that big house of yours
up there in Fifth Avenue and showed me the pictures in your art
gallery, and we found out that we needed each other.”
“Yes, I had needed you all right!” And Ardmore sniffed dolefully, and
complained of the smoke that was drifting in upon them from the
train sheds. “I wish you wouldn’t always be leaving me. You ought to
give up your job and amuse me. You’re the only chap I know who
doesn’t talk horse or automobile or yacht, or who doesn’t want to
spend whole evenings discussing champagne vintages; but you’re
too good a man to be wasted on a college professorship. Better let
me endow an institution that will make you president—there might be
something in that.”
“It would make me too prominent, so that when we really make up
our minds to go in for adventures I should be embarrassed by my
high position. As a mere lecturer on ‘The Libelling of Sunken Ships’
in a law school, I’m the most obscure person in the world. And for
another thing, we couldn’t risk the scandal of tainted money. It would
be nasty to have your great-grandfather’s whisky deals with the
Mohawk Indians chanted in a college yell.”
The crowd surged past them to the Washington express, and a
waiting porter picked up Griswold’s bags.
“Wish you wouldn’t go. I have three hours to wait,” said Ardmore,
looking at his watch, “and the only Atlanta man I know is out of
town.”
“What did you say you were going to New Orleans for?” demanded
Griswold, taking out his ticket and moving towards the gate. “I
thought you exhausted the Creole restaurants long ago.”
“The fact is,” faltered Ardmore, colouring, “I’m looking for some one.”
“Out with it—out with it!” commanded his friend.
“I’m looking for a girl I saw from a car window day before yesterday. I
had started north, and my train stopped to let a south-bound train
pass somewhere in North Carolina. The girl was on the south-bound
sleeper, and her window was opposite mine. She put aside the
magazine she was reading and looked me over rather coolly.”
“And you glanced carelessly in the opposite direction and pulled
down your shade, of course, like the well-bred man you are——”
interrupted Griswold, holding fast to Ardmore’s arm as they walked
down the platform.
“I did no such thing. I looked at her and she looked at me. And then
my train started——”
“Well, trains have a way of starting. Does the romance end here?”
“Then, just at the last moment, she winked at me!”
“It was a cinder, Ardy. The use of soft coal on railways is one of the
saddest facts of American transportation. I need hardly remind you,
Mr. Ardmore, that nice girls don’t wink at strange young men. It isn’t
done!”
“I would have you know, Professor, that this girl is a lady.”
“Don’t be so irritable, and let me summarize briefly on your own
hypothesis. You stared at a strange girl, and she winked at you, safe
in the consciousness that she would never see you again. And now
you are going to New Orleans to look for her. She will probably meet
you at the station, with her bridesmaids and wedding cake all ready
for you. And you think this will lead to an adventure—you defer
finding the North Pole for this—for this? Poor Ardy! But did she toss
her card from the window? Why New Orleans? Why not Minneapolis,
or Bangor, Maine?”
“I’m not an ass, Grissy. I caught the name of the sleeper—you know
they’re all named, like yachts and tall buildings—the name of her car
was the Alexandra. I asked our conductor where it was bound for,
and he said it was the New Orleans car. So I took the first train back,
ran into you here, and that’s the whole story to date.”
“I admire your spirit. New Orleans is much pleasanter than the polar
ice, and a girl with a winking eye isn’t to be overlooked in this vale of
tears. What did this alleviating balm for tired eyes look like, if you
remember anything besides the wicked wink?”
“She was bareheaded, and her hair was wonderfully light and fluffy,
and it was parted in the middle and tied behind with a black ribbon in
a great bow. She rested her cheek on her hand—her elbow on the
window-sill, you know—and she smiled a little as the car moved off,
and winked—do you understand? Her eyes were blue, Grissy, big
and blue—and she was perfectly stunning.”
“There are winks and winks, Ardy,” observed Griswold, with a judicial
air. “There is the wink inadvertent, to which no meaning can be
attached. There is the wink deceptive, usually given behind the back
of a third person, and a vulgar thing which we will not associate with
your girl of the Alexandra. And then, to be brief, there is the wink of
mischief, which is observed occasionally in persons of exceptional
bringing up. There are moments in the lives of all of us when we lose
our grip on conventions—on morality, even. The psychology of this
matter is very subtle. Here you are, a gentleman of austerely correct
life; here is a delightful girl, on whom you flash in an out-of-the-way
corner of the world. And she, not wholly displeased by the frank
admiration in your eyes—for you may as well concede that you
stared at her——”
“Well, I suppose I did look at her,” admitted Ardmore reluctantly.
“Pardonably, no doubt, just as you would look at a portrait in a
picture gallery, of course. This boarding-school miss, who had never
before lapsed from absolute propriety, felt the conventional world
crumble beneath her as the train started. She could no more have
resisted the temptation to wink than she could have refused a
caramel or an invitation to appear as best girl at a church wedding.
Thus wireless communication is established between soul and soul
for an instant only, and then you are cut off for ever. Perhaps, in the
next world, Ardy——”
Griswold and Ardmore had often idealized themselves as hopeless
pursuers of the elusive, the unattainable, the impossible; or at least
Ardmore had, and Griswold had entered into the spirit of this sort of
thing for the joy it gave Ardmore. They had discussed frequently the
call of soul to soul—the quick glance passing between perfect
strangers in crowded thoroughfares—and had fruitlessly speculated
as to their proper course in the event the call seemed imperative. A
glance of the eye is one thing, but it is quite another to address a
stranger and offer eternal friendship. The two had agreed that, while,
soul-call or no soul-call, a gentleman must keep clear of steamer
flirtations, and avoid even the most casual remarks to strange young
women in any circumstances, a gentleman of breeding and
character may nevertheless follow the world’s long trails in search of
a never-to-be-forgotten face.
The fact is that Ardmore was exceedingly shy, and a considerable
experience of fashionable society had not diminished this
shortcoming. Griswold, on the other hand, had the Virginian’s natural
social instinct, but he suffered from a widely-diffused impression that
much learning had made him either indifferent or extremely critical
where women are concerned.
Ardmore shrugged his shoulders and fumbled in his coat pockets as
though searching for ideas. An austere composure marked his
countenance at all times, and emphasized the real distinction of his
clean-cut features. His way of tilting back his head and staring
dreamily into vacancy had established for him a reputation for
stupidity that was wholly undeserved.