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Remuneration Handbook for Africa 1st Edition Mark
Bussin Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Mark Bussin
ISBN(s): 9781869222000, 1869222008
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 13.16 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
THE REMUNERATION HANDBOOK FOR AFRICA
is recognised and rewarded, while poor
performance and under-achievement are
coached and managed. Remuneration is
never a stand-alone management process,
but is rather fully integrated into other man-
agement processes, such as the perfor-
mance management process, and the
overall Human Resources policies.
THE REMUNERATION
• How to Design an Incentive Scheme
which we operate. It aligns at all times to
928
Second Edition
Remuneration
Handbook for Africa
The
Remuneration
Handbook for Africa
2012
Copyright © Knowres Publishing and Dr. Mark Bussin
All reasonable steps have been taken to ensure that the contents of this book do not, directly or indirectly,
infringe any existing copyright of any third person and, further, that all quotations or extracts taken from any
other publication or work have been appropriately acknowledged and referenced. The publisher, editors and
printers take no responsibility for any copyright infringement committed by an author of this work.
Copyright subsists in this work. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without
the written consent of the publisher or the author.
While the publisher, editors and printers have taken all reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of the contents
of this work, they take no responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person as a result of that
person relying on the information contained in this work.
This book would not have been published without the extensive contributions from many very
dedicated people. I am fascinated by the subject of remuneration because it affects everyone in
one way or another.
A number of people were instrumental mentors in setting the base right. Thank you to Martin
Westcott, Jon Cole, Naomi Brehm and Adele Slotar for teaching and sharing their knowledge.
Many more of my colleagues have inspired me and challenged my thinking – thank you to all.
To Janine Lee, Marissa Mackay and Knowledge Resources, thank you for co-ordinating the
production and marketing of this book.
A great thank you to Marina, Daniel, Kate and Genna for your inspiration and patience.
Mark Bussin
Johannesburg, 2012
Foreword
The current range of legislative, corporate and organisational reporting demands; the often critical
media reportage and exposés; stakeholder pressure for moral corporate governance; and demands
for greater transparency increase the need for this book. Remuneration management is a difficult
skill that needs to be mastered as part of the career capital of human resource managers who are
serious about their own futures and credibility. All executives who serve on, or aspire to serve on,
boards of directors and remuneration committees need a sound body of knowledge of remuneration
practices to influence the success of the organisations they serve. This book provides the base for
acquiring the knowledge skills and world view necessary for accountable leadership.
In Africa, remuneration has additional layers of complexity stemming from high GINI coefficients,
over-supply of unskilled labour, under-supply of skilled and executive talent, and the presence of
many expatriate managers. These factors lead to steep pay slopes unknown in more developed
economies. There is a concomitant under-supply of remuneration experts throughout the continent
and thus remuneration management should be a career of choice and point of differentiation for
managers within the human capital domain on our continent. The insights in this book need to be
put to good use and will provide the springboard for career and organisational success.
Mark Bussin has consistently contributed to the development of a host of human resource managers
in the remuneration field in Africa via his corporate and consulting experience, wise counsel,
writings, and hundreds of lectures, TV and radio interviews. He has upskilled a generation of
remuneration experts, helped define the field of practice, and made a significant contribution to
the national level of excellence in the field. As a young postgraduate student, Mark was given an
article to read on “Super-leadership”, in which he learned that to rise to great heights, one has to
give away all that one knows to as many people as possible. This he has done tirelessly. He has
informed the remuneration skills, knowledge and world view of thousands of individuals and
organisations. It is a great pleasure to see the fruits of Mark’s career made available to a wide
audience in this well-written, usable and value-adding book.
i
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
Chapter 4 Broad-banding.........................................................................................................41
4.1 Broad-banding...................................................................................................................41
4.2 Reasons for implementing broad-banding.........................................................................42
4.3 Implementation of the broad-banding strategy..................................................................43
4.4 Paradigm shifts: new versus traditional business models..................................................45
4.5 The customer-driven approach..........................................................................................46
4.6 Broad-banding fundamentals.............................................................................................46
4.7 The mechanics of broad-banding......................................................................................47
4.8 Job family design...............................................................................................................49
4.9 Pay administration.............................................................................................................52
4.10 Benefits of broad-banding.................................................................................................53
4.11 Potential results of broad-banding.....................................................................................53
4.12 Development......................................................................................................................53
4.13 Changes to organisational structure...................................................................................53
4.14 Essentials for implementation of broad-banding...............................................................54
4.15 Readiness matrix example.................................................................................................57
4.16 Practical toolkit to prepare for broad-banding...................................................................58
ii
Contents
6.7 Terminology.......................................................................................................................88
6.8 Different pay structures: applications................................................................................97
6.9 Pay progression policy guidelines.....................................................................................97
6.10 Trends towards pay structure integration..........................................................................99
6.11 Implementation of pay structures: a checklist.................................................................100
Chapter 9 Payroll....................................................................................................................133
9.1 Payroll management........................................................................................................133
9.2 The role of the payroll department..................................................................................133
9.3 The payroll, HR and benefits manager’s role..................................................................134
9.4 Items affecting payroll administration.............................................................................135
9.5 Payroll trends...................................................................................................................136
9.6 Integration of payroll and HR databases.........................................................................137
9.7 Web-based solutions........................................................................................................138
iii
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
iv
Contents
v
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
vi
Contents
vii
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
Toolkits
References ............................................................................................................................439
Index
............................................................................................................................445
viii
About the author
Mark is the Chairperson of 21st Century Pay Solutions Group, a specialist remuneration consultancy.
He has remuneration experience across all industry sectors, and is viewed as a thought leader in the
remuneration arena. He serves on and advises numerous boards and Remuneration Committees on
Executive Remuneration. Mark holds a Doctorate in Commerce. He has published or presented
over 220 articles and papers, and has received awards for his outstanding articles in this field.
He has appeared on television and radio, and in the press, giving expert views on remuneration.
Mark is a guest lecturer at several universities around the country and supervises Masters’ and
Doctoral theses in the Reward area. He is the current President of SARA (South African Reward
Association) and a Commissioner for the remuneration of Public Office Bearers in the Presidency.
ix
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
List of contributors
The following contributors are true experts and have developed world-class methodologies in
remuneration. They are thought leaders who are highly regarded by peers and clients alike.
Billy De Beer is a Chartered Accountant and Executive Consultant. He is a thought leader in the
area of share schemes and alternative long-term incentive schemes. debeerb@mweb.co.za
Chris Blair is CEO of 21st Century Pay Solutions group. He has consulted nationally and
internationally to several hundred organisations. cblair@21century.co.za
Craig France is a Chartered Accountant and Executive Consultant. He is a thought leader in the
area of incentive schemes and sales commission schemes. craigfrance@21century.co.za
Craig Raath is an Executive Director responsible for Sales and Marketing and is a thought leader
in the area of Employee Engagement. craath@21century.co.za
Hennie Gildenhuys is an Executive Consultant and leading authority on tax and total package
implementations, including the design of package structuring software. hengil@mweb.co.za
Ian McGorian is an Executive Director and thought leader in systems architecture and
remuneration in Africa. imcgorian@21century.co.za
Dr Lukas de Swart has moved from top management positions in large corporates
to consulting. He is a thought leader in Reward, Project Management and Processes.
lukas.deswardt@vodamail.co.za
Morag Phillips is an Executive Director and is responsible for human resource management. She
runs the Survey Benchmarking division and electronic products. mphillips@21century.co.za
Dr Ronél Nienaber is one of the leading HR and Reward practitioners in Africa and has held
some of the largest jobs in Reward and HR Management in South Africa. She is a founder, past
x
List of contributors
president and EXCO member of the South African Reward Association. ronel.nienaber@sasol.
co.za
Thembisile Dladla is the Reward-on-line Manager responsible for sales and marketing.
tdladla@21century.co.za
Sanet de Lange is the Products Manager responsible for developments, sales and marketing.
sanet@21century.co.za
xi
CHAPTER 1
Remuneration Policy and Strategy
1.1 Introduction
The need for the Remuneration Policy, Strategy and Systems to underpin business strategy has
never been greater. Our organisations have been downsized, right-sized, subjected to business
process re-engineering (BPR) and transformed to enable them to compete in the twenty-first
century. Unfortunately, our pay systems have not always responded and often lag behind in
organisation transformation.
This book is a practical guide that can be followed so that the Remuneration Policy and
Strategy “catch up” with the business strategy.
It is the Remuneration Policy and Strategy that underpin business strategy, and not the
other way around. There is no such thing as the “best” policy or strategy, only the one that best
drives the human resources (HR) and business strategy.
Strategy is about making the right choices for any particular situation or circumstance. In
different situations or circumstances, one might choose a different strategy.
1.2 Context
1
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
positive and negative effects on organisations. One needs an appreciation of which remuneration
policy changes have had the greatest positive and negative impacts on organisations in Africa
over the past three years. There is solid evidence that remuneration decisions affect business
performance (Gerhart, 2000). Strategic differences do matter, and organisations need to be
informed when making these choices. It is hoped that this research will shed light on the impact
of remuneration-policy decisions in Africa.
The collapse of major companies and media scrutiny of pay practices in prominent
companies has led to an urgent need for additional information on which to base decisions.
Once an organisation adopts a total reward framework, the next step is to offer employees
flexibility to choose from the different components included in the framework and within the
overall remuneration strategy and policy, at the same total cost for the employer. The total reward
framework allows for the design of different, employee-initiated reward profiles. For example, in
recognition of superior performance, employees may prefer to attend an international conference
instead of receiving five extra days’ leave; or take a 10 per cent reduction in salary in return for
working five hours fewer per week (that is, working 4,5 days instead of five full days).
Although total flexibility in reward offerings may sound appealing to many employees, the
reality is that for large and medium-sized organisations, it is virtually impossible to administer
thousands of different reward profiles on the basis of unique individual preferences. The
administration and governance burden would be onerous. A way of overcoming this difficulty
is to segment the workforce. Workforce segmentation stems from marketing methodologies
where customers are segmented in order to develop more effective marketing strategies (Du Toit,
Erasmus & Strydom, 2007). Reward profiles are different types of rewards clustered according
to the needs of different employee segments. In this way, the reward needs and attitudes of the
different employee segments are determined and responded to without creating an unmanageable
administration burden (Gross & Edelsten, 2006). Reward profiles for different segments of
employees are more manageable than thousands of different individual reward profiles.
For most organisations, the cost associated with salaries, incentives, benefits and perks is
the largest expense on their income statement, from 50 to 65 per cent (Gerhart & Rynes, 2003;
Milkovich & Newman, 1999). However, organisations offer the same reward package to all
employees without differentiating according to individual preferences (Menefee & Murphy, 2004).
This means that organisations are offering benefits, perks, incentives and other types of rewards
to employees at huge expense and receive limited return on their investment, as the offering may
not align to employees’ specific needs (Grant Thornton, 2008). A recent trend that has emerged is
that reward preferences are predictable according to different generations. Giancola (2008) states,
however, that there is a closer correlation between “stage in life cycle” and reward preferences
than between different generations and reward preferences per se. Therefore, younger people
2
Chapter 1: Remuneration policy and strategy
generally have a greater need for additional leave to attend to family responsibilities, and older
workers are less inspired by career aspirations. These preferences are not necessarily linked to
respective generational profiles. Demographic factors such as age are therefore important in
analysing reward preferences.
This view was confirmed in a study conducted by global consulting house Watson
Wyatt Worldwide, where younger respondents preferred bonuses of all types as well as flexible
schedules, compared to older respondents, who also indicated a greater preference for retirement
plans compared to younger workers (Menefee & Murphy, 2004).
Attitudes towards reward programmes are changing. Employers realise today that
remuneration is no longer used only as a currency in exchange for effort, time and skill and reward
programmes are increasingly used to attract, retain and motivate employees (Gross & Friedman,
2007). It has also been proved that where reward processes have been linked to key performance
drivers in an organisation, employee morale, retention, engagement and productivity have
significantly improved. Furthermore, governance and compliance with organisational policies and
regulatory requirements are enhanced (Corsello, 2006). This confirms that although there appears
to be a need for more flexible reward programmes that align to employee needs, these programmes
should still be governed by policies, guidelines and frameworks, and should not lead to total
flexibility at the expense of regulation.
The reward arena is fertile ground for confusion. The same term can have different meanings,
derived from different situations and contexts. It is therefore important to clarify a few related
terms on the basis of the most widely-used interpretations. Some elements of a reward system are
described as follows:
• Policies provide guidelines on managing rewards and include, for example, comparison to
market, internal equity versus external equity, the composition of the total reward offering,
the role of line managers in decision-making, governance concerning pay decisions, and
transparency.
• Practices or systems provide for financial and non-financial rewards and outcomes (for
example, increases) that can be either performance- or non-performance-orientated.
• Processes are concerned with reward, for example, evaluating the relative size of jobs (job
evaluation) and assessing individual performance (performance management).
• Procedures are followed in order to maintain the reward system and to ensure that it operates
efficiently and flexibly and provides value for money.
• Reward criteria refer to the bases on which organisations determine and distribute rewards.
• Reward strategy sets out what the organisation intends to do in the longer term, for example,
to develop and implement reward policies, practices and processes to support the achievement
of business goals and meet individual needs (Armstrong, 2006, Milkovich & Newman, 1999;
Gross & Friedman, 2007; Chiang, 2005).
3
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
The reward strategy of an organisation therefore informs all employees of the direction the
organisation wishes to take on reward management as well as the types of rewards that are
offered to support accomplishment of the organisational strategy (Henderson, 2003). The strategy
provides a well-reasoned and actionable framework for developing reward policies, practices and
processes. It further differentiates the components of total rewards and is based on the needs and
values of the organisation and its employees. The reward strategy ensures that the organisation is
directing its reward investments appropriately to achieve the greatest impact (Armstrong, 2006;
Gross & Edelsten, 2006).
Effective reward strategies positively influence employee behaviour by incorporating
extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. Employees receive tangible and intangible rewards in return for
their performance, while making a meaningful contribution to the organisation. As the organisation
succeeds, so does the employee, and vice versa (Martin, 2004).
The total reward framework evolves from the organisation’s reward strategy. “Total
reward” is defined as the combination of all types of rewards including financial and non-financial
rewards, indirect as well as direct, intrinsic and extrinsic, which are made available to employees.
The concept of total rewards therefore combines what is referred to as “transactional rewards”
(tangible rewards, including pay and benefits) and “relational rewards” (referring to intangible
rewards such as learning and development, recognition and status, and challenging work)
(Armstrong, 2006:629; Milkovich & Newman, 1999:7).
There are a number of different total reward models described by several authors
(WorldatWork, 2007; Armstrong, 2006; Armstrong & Thompson, 2005; CLC, 2002c; Mercer
Human Resources Consultants, 2007; Gross & Friedman, 2007; Zingheim & Schuster, 2007;
Towers Perrin, 2006). Although these models differ in the detail of the content covered, the key
features in all are similar.
WorldatWork, the largest global not-for-profit professional association dedicated to
knowledge leadership in total rewards, defines total rewards as containing five core reward
categories, which are illustrated in the following model (WorldatWork, 2007:7).
4
Chapter 1: Remuneration policy and strategy
The figure above not only positions the total reward strategy within the context of the business,
human resources strategy and the organisational culture, but also illustrates the five core categories,
these being:
• Remuneration/compensation.
• Benefits.
• Work-life.
• Performance and recognition.
• Development and career opportunities.
Just a note for clarity: “compensation” is frequently used in America, but in Africa we typically
use the word “remuneration”. Where they refer to compensation committees (CompComms),
Africa refers to remuneration committees (RemCos).
A remuneration framework commonly used in Africa comprises four main components of
remuneration and gives examples or processes associated with each component (this is discussed
further in chapter 8).
This understanding of the total rewards model is supported partly by the Corporate
Leadership Council (CLC), which describes the categories of total rewards (philosophy) as
including the following categories (CLC, 2005a:2):
• Base pay.
• Health and wellness benefits.
• Leave benefits.
• Retirement benefits.
• Bonus and incentives.
• Family-friendly benefits.
The CLC does not include performance, recognition, development and career opportunities in
their description of total rewards. The CLC does, however, include these categories as part of
a description of an organisation’s employee value proposition (EVP) (CLC, 2003) which also
illustrates the interchangeable use of the terms EVP and total rewards. The description of family-
friendly benefits is closely linked to the term “work–life balance”, used by WorldatWork (2007).
Armstrong & Brown (2006:22) combine transactional and relational rewards in their
description of total reward. The following table illustrates the model presented by Armstrong &
Brown (2006).
5
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
Base pay
Transactional Total
Contingent pay
rewards remuneration
Employee benefits
Total reward
Learning and development
Relational Non-financial /
rewards intrinsic rewards
The work experience
The models proposed by WorldatWork (2007) and Armstrong & Brown (2006) are similar, with
the exception that “performance and recognition” are not explicitly stated by the latter; they state
“the work experience” as a specific component of total rewards, a term which is not included
in the WorldatWork (2007) model. It is, however, clear from the literature that the terms work–
home (life) balance, work–life quality and workplace quality are sometimes used interchangeably
(CCOHS, 2002; Lawler, Nadler & Camman, 1980; Moen, 2000). Armstrong & Brown (2006)
furthermore expand their model by categorising rewards as transactional and relational rewards
and extrinsic and intrinsic rewards.
Zingheim & Schuster (2007) offer a more cryptic view of total rewards, and categorise the
different types of rewards as follows:
• Total pay.
• Performance management and management of people.
• Total rewards other than pay.
According to this model, work – life balance and learning and development are included in
the component “total rewards other than pay”. The category of performance management and
management of people primarily deals with the performance management of people, while pay,
benefits, recognition and fairness are elements contributing to the “total pay” category of the
model. It is interesting to note that the concept of “fairness”, which essentially refers to employee
values and is typically contained in the reward philosophy (CLC, 1999b), is introduced as a
component of this total reward model.
Mercer Human Resources Consulting defines total rewards as consisting of three main
categories, namely pay, benefits and career (Gross & Friedman, 2007). Work–life balance are
included under “benefits” and “employment stability” and “nature of work” are introduced under
the “career” component. However, according to Black (2008) and CLC (2007a), employment and
organisational stability form part of the organisation’s EVP and not the total rewards model.
Although there appear to be differing opinions around the nomenclature used in the reward
categories, the inherent meanings of the different categories are not too dissimilar. In analysing
6
Chapter 1: Remuneration policy and strategy
the components which underlie the categories, authors appear to have similar views around the
inclusion of core types of financial and non-financial rewards, but differ in terms of where these
are categorised. There also appear to be differing views around the inclusion of components which
are, according to some literature, more related to EVP and not directly with total rewards. In
understanding the reward preferences of employees, the components that underlie the respective
categories will be included in the reward questionnaire. The extent to which there are different
beliefs around the value of the respective components and categories supports the need for this
research.
Previous research on reward preferences includes the study by CLC referred to in the
introductory section of this document. A study undertaken by Gunkel (2006) on reward preferences
of three sets of employees working for one organisation, but located in China, Japan, United States
of America and Germany respectively, reflected distinct differences in reward preferences and
reward motivators between employees in the different countries. The reward categories used in
this survey included:
• Earnings and achievement.
• Family-related rewards.
• Fringe benefits.
• Recognition.
• Training, responsibilities and use of skills.
• Work environment.
Chinese employees found informal recognition significantly more motivating than expected in
comparison with the German sample, which found this type of reward significantly non-motivating.
The German employees viewed the organisation car scheme as significantly more motivating,
in contrast with the Japanese employees, who found this type of reward non-motivating. The
Japanese employees of the study found “improvements in working conditions” to be a motivating
reward in comparison to the United States employees, who found it to be non-motivating. This
study illustrates the differences in reward preferences and motivators of employees working for
the same organisation but in different geographic locations. The results support research conducted
by Hofstede (Chiang, 2005), which confirmed the need that reward practices should be tailored
according to cultural differences. It can be deduced from these studies that there is a need for
differentiation in reward offerings for different employees, and also across different countries and
cultures.
However, Gerhart & Rynes (2003:48) state: “Money is the crucial incentive because, as
a medium of exchange, it is the most instrumental. No other incentive or motivational technique
comes even close to money with respect to its instrumental value.” The value of earnings or salary
in the total reward framework should therefore never be underestimated.
It is also suggested that “[i]f you focus solely on remuneration and change remuneration,
you will get two results: nothing will happen, and you will spend a lot of money getting there”
(Gerhart & Rynes, 2003:49). A study conducted by Sibson & Organisation in collaboration with
Worldatwork in 2000 reflected no difference in the need for cash rewards between older and
7
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
younger workers – all respondents indicated an equal need for financial remuneration (Giancola,
2008). The study conducted by Watson Wyatt Worldwide in 2003, however, reported the opposite
findings, where reward preferences differed according to different age groups (Menefee & Murphy,
2004). The reward preferences for different employee segments, supported by the studies of CLC
(2002a), Gunkel (2006), Hofstede (Chiang, 2005) and Furnham (2003), prove a need for more
uniquely tailored reward offerings, over and above a cash offering.
Finally: “Too often our workplaces are stress factories with huge and unnecessary losses of
productivity. We need to stop and look at how important work is in people’s lives. By paying more
attention to the emotional aspects of the workplace, we can make the work experience much more
meaningful. The organisations that get this right are the ones that will compete successfully in the
global work place” (Stein, 2007).
The needs of employees are an important consideration in designing the total reward
strategy. Understanding employees’ reward preferences will therefore influence the reward
strategy and in turn the total rewards framework (Giancola, 2008). Menefee and Murphy (2004:16,
adapted) corroborate this belief through the following quotation: “The employee value rankings of
the monetary and non-monetary rewards provide a blueprint for total reward packages offered to
employees.”
The total rewards strategy and framework are integral parts of an organisation’s EVP
(CLC, 2005a). In designing the framework, the components offered by competitor organisations
should be considered as well as the value that employees attach to the respective components
(Harris & Clements, 2007). A sound reward framework positively influences the EVP, enhances
the employer brand, and builds the organisation’s reputation as an “Employer of Choice” for
current and prospective employees (Corsello, 2006).
There are several methods that can be used to assist organisations to develop a remuneration
strategy. The most common methods are linked below and should be used in conjunction with
each other.
The figure below shows the strategy process from business strategy filtering down to remuneration
strategy, and some of the strategic choices that need to be made. Use this as a guide to setting your
strategy.
8
Chapter 1: Remuneration policy and strategy
Vision
Mission
Strategic objectives
HR strategy
Industry or product growth rate has a significant impact on the next remuneration strategy adopted.
Figure 1.3, below, shows an example of industry growth. The table following figure 1.3 shows the
most appropriate remuneration strategy for each.
9
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
Industry maturity
Once one has identified where the organisation is on the curve, one can then identify the most
appropriate remuneration strategy.
10
Chapter 1: Remuneration policy and strategy
The figure below shows the pay continuum, which may assist with the design of remuneration
strategy.
There is no right or wrong answer, just a much better strategy than competitors. The way
to use this model is to assess where your organisation is predominantly, and where it would like to
be. The strategy involves closing this gap.
Stage 1
Pay is centrally managed, emphasis on internal equity. Salary increases may
have moved from time-based increases to merit pay increases. Pay is fair,
competitive and based on historical practice.
Stage 2
Pay is decentralised, emphasis more on external market. Some variable pay
for non-supervisory or non-sales employees with diminished role of merit
pay. Benefits cost-contained.
Stage 3
Pay system communicates importance of performance. Team business
unit or company performance measure introduced. Variable pay present in
form of gain sharing/goal sharing. Skills-based pay and choice in benefits
introduced. Some involvement of people in pay design.
11
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
A strategic remuneration plan must support the organisation’s objectives. The plan should include:
•• Base pay.
•• Short- and long-term incentives.
•• Fringe benefits.
•• Growth opportunities.
•• Recognition.
This helps to ensure that the remuneration system will support the organisation’s long and short-
term objectives without overlap (there should not be more than one pay plan driving the same
objectives). Not all the tools from Toolkit 1: Sample Remuneration Policy and Philosophy should
be used, only those that give you a return on pay investment and best underpin the business
strategy.
The ultimate objectives of these schemes are to ensure that the organisation attracts and
retains the right employees and that it motivates them to do those things that support the business
plan. Recognition for outstanding achievement is also an important part of the process. The steps
involved are:
12
Chapter 1: Remuneration policy and strategy
These themes are articulated through the strategies and the initiatives associated with them, which
may be refined from time to time as the business develops. This is one of the most compelling
reasons to review the remuneration planning process regularly.
The measures of Organisation X’s strategy are currently expressed as strategic targets and
performance goals. These are:
• Return on shareholders’ funds.
• Return on capital employed.
• Cash generation.
• Employee knowledge and skills growth.
Given the above, it is necessary to re-evaluate the current remuneration system regularly, within
the context of the HR strategy, and, if there are any gaps of alignment, works out strategies to
close the gaps.
Ideally, the business objectives should be well supported by the symbol √√, indicating that the
current system produces the desired result. Where there is not enough support, the remuneration
system should be strengthened.
13
The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
14
Chapter 1: Remuneration policy and strategy
Many organisations want to know what is happening nationally and sometimes internationally as input
to the strategy and policy process. Figure 1.5 below gives a breakdown of key national trends.
FROM: TO:
PAY
• Traditional add-on Total package
• Fixed pay Variable pay
• Little or no shareholding Bigger stake in business
• Board decides Non-executive remuneration committees
• Board disclosure More disclosure
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT
• Activities
• Executive bonus Outputs/results
Workforce bonus
WORK
• Duty sheet, rigid work
• Job descriptions Flexible, adaptive
• Guaranteed employment Role descriptions
• Hierarchical structure Staying relevant, contract
Broader bands
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The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
Individual salaries are protected by law. Some companies do, however, disclose pay scales and
remuneration guidelines. An exception may be directors’ salaries, a performance bonus scheme,
and share options, which are disclosed in the annual financial statements. However, the following
should be disclosed:
• Remuneration mix.
• Philosophy of guaranteed pay (GP).
• Philosophy of variable pay (VP).
• Comparative benchmarking.
• Annual remuneration reviews.
• Remuneration committee.
See Toolkit 1: Sample Remuneration Policy and Philosophy for an example of a remuneration
policy.
Membership of committee
The members of the committee, including the chairman, will be appointed by the board of directors,
and will continue to act until they resign or are removed from office. The committee will comprise
not fewer than three serving directors of the organisation, of whom the majority, including the
chairman, will be non-executive directors.
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Chapter 1: Remuneration policy and strategy
Powers of committee
The members of the committee will have full access to all financial information contained in the
books and records of the organisation, including the personnel records of an employee for whom
the committee will be making pay recommendations.
The committee may appoint external consultants for the purpose of obtaining salary survey
information and for assisting in the conduct of the peer review. The committee may also consult
with the organisation’s attorneys and its auditors where necessary. In addition, the committee is
empowered to obtain the assistance of the human resources executive or department in obtaining
the relevant information.
Proceedings of committee
The chairman will be responsible for the convening of the committee, maintaining minutes and
copies of all reports and data which have been utilised by the committee in reaching its decisions,
as well as the communication of decisions to the board, where applicable.
1.8 Conclusion
In this opening chapter we covered the various elements of a remuneration policy and several
frameworks on how to set a remuneration strategy. The important point is that the remuneration
policy and strategy needs to underpin the HR and organisation strategy, as depicted in figure 1.6
below. The figure illustrates how to link total remuneration to the business strategy.
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The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
Step 4
Determine how
remuneration benefits Step 1
programmes support Articulate the business
and encourage key value strategy for the
creators. Assemble different organisation
components together to
create philosophy
Step 2
Step 3 Communicate the link
Identify longer-tern value between performance
creators: select key and pay: emphasise that
competencies or behaviours increased organisation
that enable organisation performance translates into
access increased pay
The next chapter, dealing with job roles and competence, could be seen as the “foundation” of the
remuneration “house”.
18
CHAPTER 2
Job Roles and Competence
2.1 Overview
In this chapter, we discuss how job roles and competence may be seen as the “foundations” of
remuneration.
A job description is the accurate, realistic, current picture of what tasks go to make up a job. It
outlines the job’s location, purpose, responsibilities, authority levels, and supervisory relationships
as well as the interrelationships between the job and others in the same area. It serves as a dynamic
document which takes account of organisational change, is unambiguous, and can be understood
and interpreted similarly by both the incumbent and his or her supervisor. It does not include
incidental or trivial tasks
Role descriptions refer to broader aspects of behaviour for example, working flexibility, working
with others, interrelated tasks, and styles of management. They describe the part to be played
by individuals in fulfilling their job requirements. Often they incorporate the results of skills or
competence analysis and sometimes performance standards.
For example, a job may be to water the garden. A role or output would be maintaining a
healthy garden (a role or output is broader than a job).
2.2 Terminology
A job consists of a collection of duties and responsibilities which can be further divided into
specific tasks and even further into task elements. The table below summarise the terms used in
the process of writing job descriptions.
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The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
Task elements These are the smallest work elements Inserting a piece of paper into a printer
Tasks Task elements combine to form a task Typing the minutes of a particular
with a defined outcome meeting
Duties Specific requirements of the job Needing to maintain a record of those
minutes from a series of meetings
Responsibilities What the employee is held Having accountability for the
accountable for recording, typing, dissemination and
maintenance of the record
Position Where there are enough duties Executive secretary to the MD versus
and responsibilities to require the the executive secretary job.
employment of a worker, a position When two workers are employed
exists as secretaries and their duties and
Job Where more than one worker is responsibilities are the same, there are
employed in the same or similar two secretarial positions but only one
position(s), a job exists secretarial job
This topic highlights the specific purposes of the job description writing process. The goal of this
topic is to assist the reader to use the process and to sell it (where required) to an organisation.
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Chapter 2: Job roles and competence
Job descriptions provide detailed information for recruitment and assist with:
• Developing accurate job specifications through meaningful advertising.
• Better screening for short-lists.
• Structuring the interview.
• Providing the prospective employee with details of what is required in the job.
• Meaningful induction training.
Motivations for carrying out a job description writing process are to enable:
• Job evaluation – the information on which the job will be graded.
• Creation of the information needed for organisational review.
• Detailed information for recruitment.
• Development of job procedures and performance standards.
• Development of a framework for performance and progress reviews.
• Detailed information for skills development, the development of training programmes, career
pathing, and manpower planning.
• Development of specific plans for individual induction training.
• Assessment of how competent incumbents are in the job.
There are two types of factors influencing jobs, namely non-discretionary for the individual, and
variable and discretionary for the individual.
Factors which are non-discretionary for the individual include the following:
• Organisation: structure and policy.
• Legal requirements.
• Division of labour.
• Design of equipment.
• Physical arrangement.
• Methods, procedures, traditional practices.
• Job standards.
• Work environment.
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The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
Factors which are variable and discretionary for the individual include:
• Skills.
• Experience.
• Personality.
• Performance.
The analysis and job description writing process is often conducted by supervisors, job, incumbents,
Human Resource specialists, or outside consultants, or a combination of the above. The best
results come from directly involving supervisors and incumbents. Involvement of key participants
implies that each job description will be simple, clear, and based on accurate information. This can
be ensured by establishing what is expected from employees. Before being signed off as correct,
the accuracy of the description should be agreed on by the:
• Supervisor.
• Employee.
• Head of department, and, where appropriate.
• Trade union.
It is not the role of the employer or trade union to “sign off” the job description. It is management’s
role. If an incumbent refuses to sign the job description, it is still valid.
There are certain skills required for writing of job descriptions. The individuals or groups
chosen to do the analysis should possess the following skills:
• Good interpersonal skills.
• Good writing skills.
• Knowledge of how the organisation functions.
• An inquisitive nature.
• Objectivity in their business dealings.
One does not have to be an expert at doing the job; one has to know how to write a job description.
For example, a football team or boxer’s coach does not necessarily have to be young and fit
and a first league player – they have to know how to coach. It is therefore quite feasible for a
good job description writer to write the job description of an astronaut, for example, by careful
interviewing.
As the longest and most vulnerable in terms of time loss, the job writing phase should be carefully
planned. A project manager should be appointed to make the following decisions:
• How many job descriptions should be written?
• How many job analysts are needed to complete the task in time to allow for the grading
committee to be trained, all jobs to be graded, and the pay review (if there is one) to be
completed?
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Chapter 2: Job roles and competence
The timetable must allow for a “job description writing course” to train nominated job analysts where
necessary. The project managers should also help the job analysts to plan their writing programme.
Although competent job analysts are versatile and capable of writing any job description, it is
good practice for them to start with a training course, or to have an understanding of the work
already. The following requirements should be discussed with the relevant supervisors:
• Selection of employees to be interviewed.
• Competence of employees to be interviewed.
• Interviews to be conducted as “ one-on-one”, with a small group of employees in the same
job or with the employee and a shop steward (if appropriate).
• Provision of an interview room.
• An opportunity to observe the incumbent in operation (if necessary).
• Gathering previous job descriptions and other information to facilitate the analyst.
It is often more expedient to interview the managers regarding the job in their department and
writing the job descriptions directly from this interview. Follow these tips to ensure effective
planning of the job description writing process:
• Asking for an organogram of the division or department in advance helps with understanding
the big picture. It makes it easier to get a feel for when incumbents inadvertently include
duties of their manager in their own job description.
• The programme should progress from lower level jobs upwards. This enables analysts to
work on easier jobs first, gaining confidence for the writing of more complex descriptions,
and allows a clearer view of the organisation’s operations and hierarchy.
• Details of the interview are to be timeously dispatched. If it is not possible to interview all
employees, make it clear that representatives of certain job categories were chosen.
• Monitor the quality and checking process for each job description. All completed descriptions
should be signed off by the employees, supervisor, shop steward where appropriate, and head
of department.
• Discuss reproduction of job descriptions for the grading committee.
The following headings and tips will help in documenting a job or role that can be used for nearly
all systems of job evaluation. (See also Toolkit 3: Sample Job Description Form.)
In one sentence, the primary purpose of the job tells us why the job exists. This should be unique
to this job and not generic so that it fits other jobs in the organisation.
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The REMUNERATION Handbook for Africa
Major task headings should match the headings in section 5 of Toolkit 3, which detail the key
performance areas. These are the major outputs of the job.
This is important for recruitment or special monetary allowances that may need to be paid. For
example, working near a furnace, or frequent travelling and the need to spend nights away, may
be considered adverse working conditions.
This is useful for showing parameters such as budget size, sales, units serviced, billing, turnover,
tonnes per annum, and so on. This also gives one a feel for the size of a job. For example, one may
get sales representatives selling R100 000 per month, and those selling R5 000 per month – the
parameters would be totally different in each of these cases.
The detailed description should match the headings in section 2 of Toolkit 3, which lists the key
performance areas (KPAs).
The table below sets out guidelines which can be used when conducting interviews.
Step Action
1 Meet with incumbent.
2 Explain the purpose of the interview and put incumbent at ease.
24
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Mon père rentrait de ses affaires tous les jours à la même heure. Il dînait à quatre
heures et demie dans le salon du devant. Ma mère, assise à ses côtés, se faisait
raconter les événements de la journée, donnant son avis, l'encourageant, car mon père
était de nature inquiète et toujours prêt à se décourager dès que les commandes de
vin de Xérès faiblissaient le moins du monde. À cette époque je restais confiné dans la
nursery, je n'ai donc pas entendu les conversations de mon père et de ma mère, mais
je les imagine facilement; car, entre quatre ans et six ans, j'eusse commis la plus grave
inconvenance si je m'étais seulement approché de la porte du salon! Plus tard, le dîner
achevé, en été, nous restions au jardin jusqu'à la nuit, et nous prenions le thé sous le
cerisier; en hiver, ou quand il faisait mauvais, on servait le thé à six heures dans le
salon. On m'apportait, à moi, une tasse de lait et une tartine de pain et de beurre que
je mangeais dans un petit renfoncement à côté de la cheminée, devant lequel on
plaçait une table; c'était mon sanctuaire. Je restais là toute la soirée, comme une idole
dans sa niche, pendant que ma mère tricotait et que mon père faisait la lecture pour
elle et pour moi, s'il me plaisait d'écouter.
La série des romans de Waverley, qui touchait alors à sa fin, faisait les délices de tous
les milieux quelque peu littéraires; je ne puis pas plus me souvenir du temps où je ne
les connaissais pas que du temps où je ne lisais pas la Bible; et je vois aussi nettement
que si c'était hier l'expression à la fois chagrine et dédaigneuse avec laquelle mon père
laissa tomber le Comte Robert de Paris, après en avoir lu les trois ou quatre premières
pages, disant: «C'est la fin de Walter Scott»; sentiment très complexe chez mon père
et très amer: mépris pour le livre lui-même, mais surtout pour les misérables qui
tourmentaient et trafiquaient du pauvre cerveau malade; mépris aussi, s'il faut tout
dire, pour l'improbité, cause première de cette ruine. Mon père n'a jamais pu
pardonner à Scott de n'avoir pas avoué son association avec Ballantyne.
Tels étaient les purs plaisirs de Herne Hill. Mais il me faut dire aussi toute la
reconnaissance que je dois à ma mère pour ses leçons inexorables, grâce auxquelles
les moindres mots de la Sainte Écriture chantaient familièrement dans mon cœur,
musique respectée en dépit de cette familiarité, comme devant dominer toute pensée
et régler toute action[5].
Ma mère avait obtenu ce résultat non par des discours ou en usant de son autorité
personnelle, mais en m'obligeant à lire le livre à fond, moi-même. Aussitôt que je sus
lire couramment, nous commençâmes une série de lectures de la Bible qui ne furent
jamais interrompues, jusqu'au jour de mon entrée à Oxford. Alternativement, elle et
moi lisions un verset; elle veillait sur ma façon de dire, corrigeant chaque intonation
fausse jusqu'à ce que j'aie compris le sens du verset s'il était à ma portée, que j'en aie
bien senti toute la force. Il se pouvait que cela passât au-dessus de ma tête, elle ne
s'en inquiétait pas, elle savait que le jour où je comprendrais, ce serait compris comme
cela devait l'être.
Nous commençâmes par la Genèse, allant d'un bout à l'autre jusqu'aux derniers
versets de l'Apocalypse—mots barbares, chiffres, loi Lévitique, et le reste—
recommençant par la Genèse dès le jour suivant, sans prendre le temps de respirer. Si
on se heurtait à un nom terrible, tant mieux, c'était un excellent exercice de
prononciation; si le chapitre était ennuyeux, quelle admirable leçon de patience! S'il
était répugnant, quelle occasion d'exercer sa foi et de dire: tout est préférable au
mensonge. Après la lecture des chapitres (deux ou trois par jour selon leur longueur,
séance qui avait lieu tout de suite après le déjeuner, et que les domestiques ne
devaient interrompre sous aucun prétexte; s'il venait des amis à cette heure, ils
devaient se résigner à écouter ou attendre dans le salon; en voyage seulement, le
règlement changeait) je devais aussi apprendre quelques versets par cœur, et repasser
ce que j'avais déjà appris afin de ne pas l'oublier. En même temps, il me fallait me
mettre dans la tête toutes les belles et vieilles paraphrases écossaises, de bons vers,
sonores et puissants, auxquels, sans parler de la Bible elle-même, je dois l'éducation
première de mon oreille au point de vue du son.
Ce qui est extraordinaire, c'est qu'entre toutes les parties de la Bible que j'appris ainsi
avec ma mère, celle que j'eus le plus de peine à retenir, celle qui choquait le plus mon
imagination d'enfant—le CXVIIIe psaume—est celle qui m'est devenue la plus précieuse
en raison de cet amour pour la Loi de Dieu dont il est plein, en opposition avec l'abus
que font les prédicateurs modernes de ce qu'ils se figurent être Son évangile.
Ce n'est que par un effort de volonté que j'évoque le souvenir de ces longues matinées
de travail, aussi régulières que le lever du soleil, de travail très dur de part et d'autre,
pendant lesquelles, années après années, ma mère me forçait à apprendre
paraphrases et chapitres (le huitième du Premier des Rois entre autres; essayez-en,
cher lecteur, un jour que vous aurez une heure de loisir!) sans qu'il fût permis de
changer fût-ce une syllabe; me faisant répéter et répéter chaque phrase jusqu'à ce que
l'intonation lui donnât complète satisfaction. Je me souviens d'une lutte entre nous qui
dura plus de trois semaines, à propos de l'accent sur le «of» de ces vers:
Je voulais par entêtement, mais poussé aussi par mon instinct naturel (sans attacher
d'ailleurs la moindre importance aux urnes, ni à leur contenu), mettre l'accent sur de,
et ce ne fut, comme je l'ai dit, qu'au bout de trois semaines d'efforts que ma mère
réussit à me le faire alléger sur de et renforcer sur cendres. Mais eût-il fallu trois ans,
elle y fût parvenue. Ne l'eût-elle pas fait, je ne sais trop ce qui serait arrivé; en tous
cas, je lui suis très reconnaissant de sa persévérance.
Je viens d'ouvrir ma Bible, la plus vieille, celle dont je me sers de temps immémorial;
c'est un petit volume imprimé très fin, très serré, édité à Édimbourg par Sir D. Hunter
Blair[7] et J. Bruce, imprimeurs du Roi, en 1816. Toute jaunie maintenant par l'usage,
elle n'est ni salie, ni déchirée; seuls les coins de pages du huitième chapitre du Premier
Livre des Rois et du XXXIIe du Deutéronome, un peu noircis et affinés, témoignent de
la peine que j'ai eue à me mettre ces deux chapitres dans la tête. La liste des chapitres
que j'ai appris ainsi par cœur, et sur lesquels ma mère posait les fondements de ma vie
morale[8], vient de s'échapper des feuillets jaunis du vieux livre.
Je demande au lecteur, que cela l'intéresse ou non, la permission de transcrire cette
liste, que le hasard remet ainsi sous mes yeux:
[7]Cet éditeur étant devenu Lord Provost (maire) d'Édimbourg, reçut le titre de
Baronet (Note du traducteur).
[8]Cette expression dans Fors a paru signifier à quelques lecteurs que ma mère
m'avait rendu très évangéliquement religieux. Il n'en était rien. J'ai voulu dire
simplement qu'elle avait posé les fondements de ma vie à venir, fondements
pratiques aussi bien que spirituels. (Voir le paragraphe suivant.)
[9]Remarquez que je parle ici de l'action, car en pensée je n'étais que trop
indépendant, comme on a pu le voir plus haut.
[10]«To no one will We sell, to no one will We deny or defer, Right or Justice.»
(On ne vendra, on ne refusera, on ne déniera à personne le droit ou la justice.)
CHAPITRE III
Le lecteur a remarqué, je l'espère, que, dans mon récit, j'ai surtout insisté sur les
circonstances favorables qui ont entouré l'enfant dont j'ai entrepris de raconter
l'histoire, et sur la docilité, la tranquillité de son tempérament pourtant très
impressionnable.
Je ne lui ai attribué aucun talent, aucun don particulier; car, en réalité, il n'en possédait
pas, en dehors de cette patience dans l'observation, de cette précision dans la
sensation qui, plus tard, avec le travail, a constitué ma faculté d'analyse. En dehors de
ces dispositions, je n'avais aucune de celles qui sont la condition du génie. Ma mémoire
n'était que moyenne et je n'ai jamais vu un enfant plus incapable de jouer la comédie,
ou de raconter une histoire; d'autre part, je n'en ai jamais connu un dont le goût pour
le fait, la chose vue, fût à la fois aussi ardent et aussi méthodique.
Mais je m'aperçois que, dans le récit qui précède, et que j'aurais voulu extrêmement
modeste, je me vante assez sottement de mon goût pour la grande littérature comme
si elle avait été exclusivement l'objet de mes premières études. J'aurais dû dire que
l'Iliade et ce qui était à ma portée dans la Genèse et dans l'Exode ne m'ont guère
occupé avant l'âge de dix ans. Ma littérature de lait, si l'on peut dire, n'était pas
toujours aussi austère. Je lisais la Dame Wiggins of Lee, The Peacock at Home et
autres contes pour les enfants, ou encore le Frank et Harry et Lucy de Miss Edgeworth,
ou les Dialogues scientifiques de Joyce. Les premières tentatives, marquant un
mouvement quelconque des molécules de mon cerveau, sont six «poèmes» qui m'ont
été inspirés par ces lectures; entre le quatrième et le cinquième, ma mère a écrit:
janvier 1826. Cet opuscule, commencé au mois de septembre ou d'octobre 1826, a été
terminé en janvier 1827. Il était écrit en caractères d'imprimerie: j'étais alors dans ma
septième année. Je vois encore le petit cahier rouge réglé en bleu, et ses quarante ou
cinquante pages écrites au crayon de chaque côté; le titre, qui a été assez exactement
reproduit à la page suivante, était écrit à l'intérieur sur le cartonnage même. Des
quatre volumes annoncés, il semble bien (selon une habitude à laquelle je suis resté
fidèle jusqu'ici) que je n'en aie écrit qu'un seul. Sur les quarante pages, il y en avait
deux consacrées aux «gravures», dont celle qui avait la prétention de représenter la
«nouvelle route d'Harry». C'est, je crois, la première fois que j'aie essayé de dessiner
une montagne. Le dernier paragraphe de ce premier volume me semble, pour
différentes raisons, mériter d'être conservé. Je l'imprime tel que, avec ses interlignes et
ses différents caractères.
Quant à la ponctuation, nous la laisserons aux soins du lecteur. Les espaces, on voudra
bien le remarquer, étaient destinés à égaliser les lignes, non que l'on y soit jamais
arrivé; et les interlignes inégaux concourent au même effet.
FIN
DERNIÈRE PARTIE
DE
PREMIÈRES LEÇONS
en quatre volumes
vol I
avec gravures
Les raisons que j'ai données, et qui m'ont décidé à réimprimer ce morceau qui était
trop littéralement une «composition» sont: la première, que c'est un assez bon
échantillon de mon orthographe à l'âge de sept ans; je dis assez bon, car il était rare
que je fisse des fautes et qu'ici il y en a deux (takeing et unintelligable) que je ne peux
m'expliquer que par la très grande hâte où j'étais de terminer mon volume; la seconde,
que l'idée d'utiliser dans mon histoire des matériaux tirés à la fois des Dialogues
scientifiques de Joyce[13] et du Manfred de Byron est un exemple excellent du mélange
bizarre que présentait mon cerveau et qu'il a conservé; ce qui fait que les lecteurs
sottement entichés de science ont toujours tenu mes livres en suspicion parce qu'ils y
rencontraient l'amour du beau, et que les lecteurs sottement épris d'esthétique ne les
prenaient pas au sérieux parce qu'ils y rencontraient l'amour de la science; la
troisième, enfin, que la méthode de tout point raisonnable, du jugement définitif, au
nom de laquelle je demande au lecteur sensé d'excuser ces fragments incohérents, ne
peut trouver une meilleure démonstration que dans le fait qu'à sept ans, aucune
histoire, si séduisante qu'elle fût, ne pouvait faire d'impression sur Harry, tant qu'il
n'avait pas vu—dans les nuages ou ailleurs—quelque chose qui y ressemblât. Des six
poèmes, le premier célèbre une machine à vapeur et débute ainsi:
et le dernier, sur l'Arc-en-ciel, en vers blancs, non rimés en raison de son caractère
didactique, est accompagné de réflexions sur l'ignorance et la légèreté de certains
individus:
L'année de mes sept ans accomplie, ma mère joignit une leçon de latin à la lecture de
la Bible et régla définitivement les occupations que j'ai énumérées dans le chapitre
précédent. Mais, ce qui m'étonne quand j'essaie pour mon propre plaisir, si ce n'est
pour celui du lecteur, de mettre ces souvenirs au point, c'est de ne pas me rappeler
comment se passait la matinée. Je sais seulement que je déjeunais dans la nursery et
que lorsque Bridget, ma cousine de Croydon, était à la maison, nous nous querellions à
qui aurait les parties les plus rôties du pain grillé. Ceci même doit être postérieur, car, à
l'époque qui nous occupe, je ne devais pas être promu à l'honneur de manger du pain
grillé. Je n'ai de souvenirs très précis sur les événements de la journée qu'à partir du
moment où papa partait pour la Cité. Il prenait la diligence, et ma mère, après avoir
rapidement donné ses ordres, m'appelait. Nous commencions nos leçons à neuf heures
et demie par la lecture de la Bible, comme je l'ai dit plus haut, après quoi j'apprenais
par cœur deux ou trois versets, plus un verset de paraphrase; et encore une
déclinaison latine ou un temps de verbe et huit mots du vocabulaire de la grammaire
latine d'Adam, la meilleure qu'il y ait jamais eu. Ceci fait, j'étais libre le reste de la
journée. Pour l'arithmétique, elle fut salutairement remise à beaucoup plus tard; quant
à la géographie, je l'appris très facilement moi-même à ma façon; mes notions
d'histoire, je les ai puisées dans les Contes racontés par un grand-père, de Scott. Donc,
vers midi, je descendais au jardin quand il faisait beau; quand il pleuvait, je passais le
temps comme je pouvais. J'ai déjà parlé des fameux cubes de bois qui, dès que je pus
me traînera quatre pattes, furent mes compagnons de tous les instants; et je suis
impardonnable d'avoir oublié à quel généreux ami (je soupçonne fort ma tante de
Croydon) je dus, un peu plus tard, un pont à deux arches, impeccable quant aux
voussures, aux clefs de voûte, et à l'ajustement de la maçonnerie taillée en biseau et
assemblée en queue d'aronde sur le modèle du pont Waterloo. Les cintres très bien
faits, et une suite de marches en marqueterie qui descendaient jusqu'à la rivière,
faisaient de ce petit modèle quelque chose de vraiment instructif; je ne me lassais pas
de le bâtir, de le débâtir (il était trop bien établi pour qu'on pût le jeter bas, il fallait
toujours le démonter) et de le rebâtir. Le plaisir que j'avais à faire et à refaire les
mêmes choses, à lire et à relire les mêmes livres, a beaucoup contribué à développer
cette faculté, qui m'a été si précieuse, d'aller au fond des choses.
Quelques personnes diront certainement que ces joujoux, donnés par hasard,
décidèrent de mon goût pour l'architecture; mais je n'ai jamais entendu parler d'un
autre enfant si passionnément épris de ses bois de construction, si ce n'est le Frank de
Miss Edgeworth. Il est vrai qu'à l'époque où nous vivons—âge d'universelle briqueterie
s'il en fut—on ne donne plus aux enfants pour jouer de modestes morceaux de bois,
mais des locomotives; et ces petits êtres sont toujours à prendre des billets, à monter
et descendre aux stations sans jamais chercher à s'expliquer le principe du puff-puff! À
quoi cela leur servirait-il d'ailleurs, à moins qu'ils ne puissent apprendre en même
temps que jamais le principe du puff-puff ne remplacera celui de la vie? Moi, au
contraire, avec Harry et Lucy non seulement j'ai compris le système moteur du puff-
puff, mais, grâce à mes briques de bois, je connus bientôt les lois de la stabilité en
matière de tours et d'arceaux. J'étais aidé dans ces études par le goût passionné que
j'avais de voir travailler des ouvriers; je pouvais rester des heures à regarder maçons,
briquetiers, tailleurs de pierre, paveurs, quand ma bonne me permettait de m'arrêter
pendant nos promenades; j'étais au comble du bonheur si, de la fenêtre de l'auberge
ou de l'hôtel, quand nous voyagions, je pouvais voir des ouvriers travailler; la journée
dans ce cas ne me paraissait jamais assez longue, je restais là des heures, en extase,
et rien ne pouvait me distraire. Le plus souvent, au jardin, quand le temps le
permettait, j'observais les habitudes des plantes, sans qu'il me vînt l'idée de les cultiver
ou de les soigner; je n'aimais pas plus à m'occuper des fleurs que des oiseaux, des
arbres, du ciel ou de la mer, mais je passais des heures à les regarder, à les fouiller.
Sans la moindre curiosité morbide, mais avec une admiration étonnée, j'arrachais leurs
pétales jusqu'à ce qu'elles m'eussent livré leurs secrets, du moins les secrets qui
pouvaient intéresser un enfant; je faisais des collections de graines—elles me tenaient
lieu de perles ou de billes—sans qu'il me vînt jamais la pensée de les semer. Un vieux
jardinier venait une fois par semaine ratisser les allées, enlever les mauvaises herbes;
je n'aurais pas mieux demandé que de l'aider, mais je fus découragé et humilié un jour
où, sans rien dire, je le vis revenir sur les endroits déjà nettoyés par moi. Mais ce que
j'aimais par-dessus tout, c'était de creuser des trous, forme de jardinage qui, hélas!
n'avait pas l'approbation maternelle. Alors, tout naturellement, je retombais dans mes
habitudes de contemplation; à neuf ans, je commençai un poème intitulé Eudosia—
d'où me venait ce nom, que me représentait-il?—poème sur l'Univers. Une ou deux
strophes qui rappellent le début à la fois de mon Deucalion et de ma Proserpine ne
seront peut-être pas déplacées au milieu de ces graves souvenirs, d'autant que j'en
puis donner la date exacte: 28 septembre 1828. Le «livre Premier» commence ainsi:
En 220 vers de cette valeur, le premier livre s'élève de la rose au chêne. Le second
débute—à ma grande surprise et contrairement à toutes mes habitudes—par une
apostrophe extatique à quelque chose que je n'avais jamais vu:
[11]Ruskin avait ici commis deux fautes en écrivant takeing pour taking (prenant).
Note du traducteur.
[12]Ruskin avait ici commis deux fautes en écrivant unintelligable pour unintelligible
(inintelligible). Note du traducteur.
[13]Le passage original est comme suit, vol. VI, édit. 1821, p. 138:
«Le Dr Franklin parle d'un phénomène très remarquable que Mr Wilke, le célèbre
électricien, a eu l'occasion d'observer. Le 20 juillet 1758, à trois heures de l'après-
midi, il remarqua un gros nuage de poussière qui s'élevait de terre; ce nuage
couvrait la plaine et une partie de la ville qu'il habitait alors. Il n'y avait pas un
souffle de vent et la poussière flottait doucement vers l'est, où l'on apercevait une
nuée noire qui impressionnait, très nettement, son appareil électrique dans le sens
positif. Cette nuée se dirigeait vers l'ouest, le nuage de poussière la suivit et
continua de monter plus haut, toujours plus haut, jusqu'à former une épaisse
colonne ayant la forme d'un pain de sucre, qui, à la fin, sembla prendre contact
avec la nuée. À quelque distance, venait un autre gros nuage, suivi de plus petits,
qui électrisa son appareil au négatif; lorsque ces nuages se trouvèrent en contact
avec le nuage positif, on vit un éclair traverser le nuage de poussière; après quoi
les nuages négatifs couvrirent le ciel et se fondirent en pluie, ce qui éclaircit
l'atmosphère.»
[14]
Quand furieuse, venant des mines, l'eau s'échappe
Et débarrasse de ses scories le minerai.
[15]
[16]Étrange manière, par besoin de la rime, de dire que les roses sont souvent trop
lourdes pour leurs tiges.
[17]
[19]Par opposition avec les yeux dont l'iris seul est noir, ce qui les
fait ressembler à des cerises noires.
[20]Rien ne prouve mieux la dégénérescence du puritanisme
moderne que l'incapacité où il est de comprendre les admirables
portraits que Scott nous a laissés des Covenantaires. Rien que
dans les Puritains, il y en a quatre d'absolument parfaits: le plus
typique, Elspeth, pure et sublime; le second, Ephraïm Macbriar,
qui met en lumière le côté le plus connu du caractère:
l'exagération et la folie ascétique; le troisième, Mause, si vivant,
qui prête un peu à rire, mais qui est si absolument sincère et pur.
Enfin le dernier, Balfour, d'un si puissant intérêt, où se révèle la foi
puritaine dans toute sa sincérité, greffée sur une disposition
naturellement cruelle et basse. Si l'on ajoute à ces quatre
portraits, dans ce seul roman, ceux du Heart of Midlothian et ceux
de Nicol Jarvie et d'Andrew Fairservice dans Rob Roy, on aura une
série d'analyses théologiques qui dépassent de beaucoup en
portée philosophique tout ce qui a jamais été écrit, à ma
connaissance, à n'importe quelle époque.
[21]Dodone, en Epire, sanctuaire de Zeus dont les prêtresses
étaient appelées: πελείαδες; (colombes) (Note du traducteur).
[22]Je me représente toujours la Tay comme une déesse et la
Greta comme une nymphe.
CHAPITRE IV