Syllabus

14 February 2022

Course Title : OBLIGATIONS & CONTRACTS

Course Credit : Five (5) units
Pre-requisites : None
Pre-requisites to : Sales, Lease, Agency, Partnership & Trust, Credit Transactions
Type of Course : Major Subject
Faculty : Atty. Crisostomo A. Uribe

Course Description :
Obligations and Contracts basically is covered by Book IV, Titles I and II of the Civil Code of the
Philippines. It deals with the nature, sources and kinds of obligations/contracts; the rights and duties
of the parties to such obligations arising from contracts and other sources; remedies in case of breach
and the modes of extinguishment of obligations.

Course Objectives :

1. Understand the basic principles in obligations and contracts

2. Identify the rights and obligations of parties to contracts and other juridical relationships
3. Appreciate and apply the fundamental principles of obligations and contracts to actual
business transactions
4. Encourage diligence and the observance of honesty and fair dealings at all times
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Course Outline

I. Obligations – Arts. 1156-1304

A. In General

1. Definition – Art. 1156

2. Kinds of Obligations as to basis & enforceability – Art. 1423-1430; RA 6809
3. Prescription of Actions- 1139-1155

Ansay v. NDC, G.R. No. L-13667, April 29, 1960 (107 Phil 997)
DBP v. Confessor, G.R. No. L-48889, May 11, 1988 (161 SCRA 307)
Solid Homes v. Spouses Jurado, G.R. No. 219673, September 2, 2019

4. Essential Elements of Obligations

B. Sources of Civil Obligations – Art. 1157

Sagrada Orden v. NACOCO, G.R. No. L-3756, June 30, 1952 (91 Phil 503)
The Metrobank v. Rosales and Yo Yuk To, G.R. No.183204, Jan. 13, 2014

1. Law – Art. 1158

2. Contracts – Arts. 1159, 1305
3. Quasi-contracts – Arts. 1160, 2142-2175

a. Negotiorum Gestio
b. Solutio Indebiti
c. Other Quasi-Contracts

4. Acts or omissions punished by law – Arts. 1161, 2177, Arts. 100 &104 RPC
5. Quasi-delicts – Arts. 1162, 2176, 2180

Saludaga v. FEU, G.R. No. 179337 April 30, 2008

People’s Car v. Commando Security, G.R. No. L-36840, May 22, 1973 (51 SCRA 40)
Andres v. Mantrust, G.R. No. 82670, September 15, 1989 (177 SCRA 618)
Puyat & Sons v. Manila, G.R. No. L-17447, April 30, 1963 (7 SCRA 970)
CBK Power Co. Ltd. v. CIR, G.R. Nos. 198729-30, January 15, 2014
Cangco v. MRR, G.R. No. 12191, October 14, 1918 (38 Phil 768)
Gutierrez v. Gutierrez, G.R. No. 34840, September 23, 1931 (56 Phil 177)
Domestic Petroleum v. MIAA, G.R. No. 210641, March 27, 2019

C. Compliance with Obligations – Arts. 19, 1163-1166, 1244, 1246, 1460, 442, 440
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D. Kinds of Civil Obligations

1. As to Perfection & Extinguishment

a. pure – Arts. 1179, 1197

b. conditional – Arts. 1181-1190
c. with a term or period – Arts. 1180, 1193-1198

Pay v. Palanca, G.R. No. L-29900, June 28, 1974 (57 SCRA 618)
Smith Bell v. Sotelo Matti, G.R. No. L-16570, March 9, 1922 (44 Phil 874)
Chavez v. Gonzales, L-27454, April 30, 1970 (32 SCRA 547)
Encarnacion v. Baldomar, G.R. No. L-264, October 4, 1946 (77 Phil 470)
Eleizegui v. Lawn Tennis Club, G.R. No. 967, May 19, 1903 (2 Phil 309)
Philbanking v. Lui She, G.R. No. L-17587, September 12, 1967 (21 SCRA 53)
Lim v. People, G.R. No. L-34338, November 21, 1984 (133 SCRA 333)
Araneta, Inc. v. Phil. Sugar Estates, G.R. No. L-22558, May 31, 1967 (20 SCRA 330)
Millare v. Hernando, G.R. No. L-55480, June 30, 1987 (151 SCRA 484)

2. As to Plurality of Prestation

a. conjunctive
b. alternative – Arts. 1199-1205
c. facultative – Art. 1206

Arco Pulp and Paper Co., Inc. and Santos v. Lim, G.R. No. 206806, June 25, 2014

3. As to rights & obligations of multiple parties – Arts. 1207-1222

a. Joint
b. Solidary – Arts. 927, 1824, 1911, 1915, 1945, 2157, 2194, 2146
Arts. 94, 121 FC ; Art. 90 RPC
c. Disjunctive

Ronquillo v. CA, G.R. No. L-55138, September 28, 1984 (132 SCRA 274)
Malayan Insurance v. CA, G.R. No. L-36413, September 26, 1988 (165 SCRA 536)
PNB v. Independent Planters, G.R. No. L-28046, May 16, 1983 (122 SCRA 113)
Calang and Philtranco vs. People, G.R. No. 190696 August 3, 2010
Ruks Konsult and Construction vs. Adworld Sign and Advertising Corp. and
Transworld Media Ads, G.R. No. 204866 January 21, 2015
TMBI v. Feb Mitsui and Manalastas, G.R. No. 194121, July 11, 2016
Sanico and Castro v. Colipano, G.R. No. 209969, 27 Sept 2017
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4. As to performance of prestation – Arts. 1221-1225, 1209-1210

a. Divisible
b. Indivisible
c. Joint indivisible
d. Solidary indivisible

Sps. Lam v. KODAK PHILIPPINES, G.R. No. 167615, January 11, 2016

5. As to the presence of an accessory undertaking in case of breach

a. with a Penal Clause – Arts. 1226-1230

Distinguish from Liquidated Damages

Robes-Francisco v. CFI, G.R. No. L-41093, October 30, 1978 (86 SCRA 59)
Bachrach v. Espiritu, G.R. No. 28497, November 6, 1928 (52 Phil 346)
Pamintuan v. CA, G.R. No. L-26339, December 14, 1979 (94 SCRA 556)
Castillo v. Security Bank, et. al., G.R. No. 196118, July 30, 2014
Sps.Poon v. PRIME SAVINGS BANK, G.R. No. 183794, June 13, 2016

E. Breach of Obligations – Art. 1170

Honrado vs. GMA Network Films, Inc., G.R. No. 204702, January 14, 2015

Manner of Breach
1. fraud – Arts. 1171, 1338, 1344
2. negligence – Arts. 1171-1173
3. delay – Arts. 1169, 1165, 1786, 1788, 1896, 1942
4. any other manner of contravention

Excuses for non-performance

1. Fortuitous Event – Arts. 1174, 552, 1165, 2147, 2159
2. Act of creditor

Cangco v. MRR, G.R. No. 12191, October 14, 1918 (38 Phil 768)
Telefast v. Castro, G.R. No.L-73867, February 29, 1988 (158 SCRA 445)
Meralco v. Ramoy, G.R. No. 158911. March 4, 2008
Mindanao Terminal v. Phoenix Assurance, G.R. No. 162467 May 8, 2009
Jimenez v. City of Manila, 150 SCRA 510
Rivera vs. Spouses Chua, G.R. No. 184458, January 14, 2015
Solar Harvest, Inc. v. Davao Corrugated Carton Corp.,
G.R. No. 176868 July 26, 2010
Agcaoili v. GSIS, G.R. No. L-30056, August 30, 1988 (165 SCRA 1)
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Arrieta v. Naric, G.R. No. L-15645, January 31, 1964 (10 SCRA 79)
Sicam v. Jorge, G.R. No. 159617 August 8, 2007
NPC v. CA, G.R. No. L-47379, May 16, 1988 (161 SCRA 334)
Fil-Estate v. Sps. Ronquillo, G.R. No. 185798, January 13, 2014
TMBI v. Feb Mitsui and Manalastas, G.R. No. 194121, July 11, 2016
BPI v. Quiaoit, G.R. No. 199562, January 16, 2019

F. Remedies for Breach of Obligations – Arts. 1165-1168, 1170, 1177-1178,

1191-1192, 2236, 302, 1708; Arts. 153, 155 FC; Rule 39 Sec. 13

1. Extra-judicial remedies
a. expressly granted by law – Arts. 1786, 1788, 1526
b. stipulated

2. Judicial remedies
a. principal remedies – Arts. 1191, 1170
b. subsidiary remedies – Arts. 1380, 1177
c. ancillary remedies – Rules of Court

Universal Food Corp. v. CA, G.R. No. L-29155, May 13, 1970 (33 SCRA 1)
Magdalena Estate v. Myrick, G.R. No.47774, March 14, 1941 (71 Phil 344)
UP v. de los Angeles, G.R. No.L-28602, September, 29, 1970 (35 SCRA 102)
Unlad Resources Development v. Dragon, G.R. No. 149338, July 28, 2008
Swire Realty Dev’t Corp. vs. Jayne Yu, G.R. No. 207133, March 9, 2015
Olivarez Realty v. Castillo, G.R. No. 196251, July 9, 2014
NCLPI v. Lica and PROTON, G.R. No. 176986; January 13, 2016
Sps. Batalla v. Prudential Bank, G.R. No. 200676, March 25, 2019
Saddul v. Losloso, G.R. No. 205093, January 30, 2019

G. Modes of Extinguishment of Obligations – Art. 1231,

Other Modes:

Citizens Surety v. CA, G.R. No. L-48958, June 28, 1988 (162 SCRA 738)
Saura v. DBP, G.R. No.L-24968, April 27,1972 (44 SCRA 445)

1. Payment or performance – Arts. 1232-1244, 1246-1251, 1302;

RA 529, RA 8183; PD 72, Secs. 31-32

NPC v. Ibrahim, et al., G.R. No. 175863, February 18, 2015

J.M. Tuason v. Javier, G.R. No. L-28569, February 27, 1970 (31 SCRA 829)
Legarda v. Saldaña, G.R. No. L-26578, January 28, 1974 (55 SCRA 324)
Azcona v. Jamandre, G.R. No. L-30597, June 30, 1987 (151 SCRA 317)
Arañas v. Tutaan, G.R. No. L-52807, February 29, 1984 (127 SCRA 828)
Ponce v. CA, G.R. No. L-49494, May 31, 1979 (90 SCRA 533)
New Pacific Timber v. Señeris, G.R. No. L-41764, December 19, 1980 (101 SCRA 686)
Roman Catholic Bishop of Malolos, Inc. v. IAC, 191 SCRA 411, Nov. 16, 1990
Tibajia, Jr. v. CA, 223 SCRA 163, January 4, 1993
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Velasco v. Meralco, G.R. No. L-18390, August 6, 1971 (42 SCRA 556)
Commissioner v. Burgos, G.R. No. L-36706, March 31, 1980 (96 SCRA 831)
Filipino Pipe & Foundry Corp. v. NAWASA, G.R. No. L-43446, May 3, 1988 (161 SCRA 32)
Del Rosario v. Shell, G.R. No. L-28776, August 19, 1988 (164 SCRA 556)

Special Forms of Payment

a. Dation in Payment – Art. 1245
b. Application of Payments – Arts. 1252-1254, 1248
c. Payment by Cession or assignment – Art. 1255
d. Tender of Payment and Consignation – Arts. 1256 - 1261

Filinvest v. Phil Acetylene, G.R. No. L-50449, January 30, 1982 (111 SCRA 421)
Citizens Surety v. CA, G.R. No. L-48958, June 28, 1988 (162 SCRA 738)
PNB v. DEE, Antipolo Properties, Inc., (now Prime East Properties, Inc.) and AFP-
RSBS, Inc., G.R. No. 182128, February 19, 2014
Soco v. Militante, G.R. No. L-58961, June 28, 1983 (123 SCRA 160)
Immaculata v. Navarro, G.R. No. L-42230, April 15, 1988 (160 SCRA 211)
Dalton v. FGR Realty, G.R. No. 172577, January 19, 2011

2. Loss of the thing due or Impossibility of Performance – Arts. 1262-1269, 1189,

1174, 1165, 1268, 1942, 1979, 2147, 2159

People v. Franklin, G.R. No. L-21507, June 7, 1971 (39 SCRA 363)
Laguna v. Manabat, G.R. No. L-23546, August 29, 1974 (58 SCRA 650)
Occeña v. Jabson, G.R. No. L-44349, October 29, 1976 (73 SCRA 637)

3. Condonation or remission of the debt – Arts. 1270-1274, 748, 749

4. Confusion or Merger of Rights – Arts. 1275-1277, 1215, 1217

5. Compensation – Arts. 1278-1290, 1243, 1215

Kinds of Compensation
a. legal
b. conventional
facultative
c. judicial

Gan Tion v. CA, G.R. No. L-22490, May 21, 1969 (28 SCRA 235)
PNB v. Ong Acero, G.R. No. L-69255, February 27,1987 (148 SCRA 166)
Francia v. IAC, G.R. No. L-67649, June 28, 1988 (162 SCRA 753)
Solinap v. del Rosario, G.R. No. L-50638, July 25, 1983 (123 SCRA 640)
Sycip v. CA, G.R. No. L-38711, January 31, 1985 (134 SCRA 317)
Int’l. Corporate Bank v. IAC, G.R. No. 69560, June 30, 1988 (163 SCRA 296)
Mindanao Portland Cement v. CA, G.R. No. L-62169, February 28, 1983 (120 SCRA 930)
Union Bank v. DBP, G.R. No.191555, January 20, 2014
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6. Novation – Arts. 1291-1304, 1215

Kinds of Novation
a. As to its nature
i) subjective or personal
ii) objective or real

b. As to its form
i) express
ii) implied

Fua v. Yap, G.R. No. L-48797, July 30, 1943 (74 Phil 287)
Japan Airlines v. Simangan, G.R. No. 170141, April 2008
Arco Pulp and Paper Co., Inc. and Santos v. Lim, G.R. No. 206806, June 25, 2014
Millar v. CA, G.R. No. L-29981 April 30, 1971 (38 SCRA 642)
Cochingyan v. R & B Surety, G.R. No. L-47369, June 30, 1987 (151 SCRA 339)
Odiamar v. Odiamar Valencia, G.R. No. 213582, June 28, 2017
Food Fest Land v. Siapno, G.R. No. 226088, February 27, 2019

II. Contracts – Arts. 1305-1422

A. In General

1. Definition – Arts. 1305

Auto-contract – Arts. 1491, 1646, 1890

2. Elements of Contracts
a. essential
b. natural
c. accidental

Batchelder v. CB, G.R. No. L-25071, March 29, 1972 (44 SCRA 45)

B. Fundamental Characteristics/Principles of Contracts

1. Consensuality of Contracts – Arts. 1305, 1317

Contract of Adhesion

Republic v. PLDT, G.R. No. L-18841, January 27, 1969 (26 SCRA 620)
Ejercito, et.al. v. Oriental Assurance Corp., G.R. No. 192099 July 8, 2015
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2. Autonomy of Contracts – Arts. 1306, 1799, 2088, 2130

Daisy Tiu v. Platinum Plans, G.R. No. 163512 February 28, 2007
Cui v. Arellano University, G.R. No. L-15127, May 30, 1961 (2 SCRA 205)
Saura v. Sindico, G.R. No. L-13403, March 23, 196 (107 Phil 336)
Father Saturninos Urios University v. Catholic Educational Assoc., G.R. No.
223621, June 10, 2020 [Leonen, J.]

3. Mutuality of Contracts – Arts. 1308-1310, 1182

Acceleration Clause
Escalation Clause

Banco Filipino Savings V. Navarro, G.R. No. L-46591, July 28, 1987 (152 SCRA 346) (1987)
Florendo v. CA, G.R. No. 101771, December 17, 1996 (265 SCRA 678) (1996)

4. Obligatory Force of Contracts – Arts. 1159, 1315-1316, 749

New World v. AMA CLC, G.R. No. 187930, February 23, 2015

5. Relativity of Contracts – Arts. 1311-1314, 1177-1178, 1381(3)

Privity of Contracts

Saludo, Jr. vs. Security Bank Corp., G.R. No. 184041, October 13, 2010
Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company vs. Reynado and Adrandea,
G.R. No. 164538 August 9, 2010
Asian Cathay Finance and Leasing Corporation vs. Spouses Cesario Gravador and
Norma de Vera,et. al, G.R. No. 186550 July 5, 2010
Velasco v. CA, G.R. No. L-47544, January 28, 1980 (95 SCRA 616)
Kauffman v. PNB, G.R. No. 16454, September 19, 1921 (42 Phil 182)
Bonifacio Bros. v. Mora, G.R. No. L-20853, May 29, 1967 (20 SCRA 261)
Florentino v. Encarnacion, G.R. No. L-27696, September 30, 1977 (79 SCRA 192)
Bank of America v. IAC, G.R. No. 74521, November 11, 1986 (145 SCRA 419)
Daywalt v. Corp de PP Agustinos, G.R. No. L-13505, February 4, 1919 (39 Phil 587)
Gilchrist v. Cuddy, G.R. No. 9356, February 18, 1915 (29 Phil 542) (1915)
Estate of K.H. Hemady v. Luzon Surety, G.R. No. L-8437, November 28, 1956 (100
Phil 389) (1956)
Sanico and Castro v. Colipano, G.R. No. 209969, 27 Sept 2017

C. Classification of Contracts

1. according to degree of dependence

a. preparatory – Arts. 1479, 1767, 1868
b. principal – Arts. 1458, 1638, 1642, 1933, 1962
c. accessory – Arts. 2047, 2085
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2. according to perfection
a. consensual – Arts.1315, 1475
b. real – Arts. 1316, 1934
c. formal – Arts. 1356

3. according to solemnity or form – Arts. 1356

a. any form
b. special form

4. according to purpose
a. transfer of ownership – Arts. 725, 1458, 1638
b. conveyance of use – Arts. 562, 1642, 1933
c. rendition of service – Arts. 1642, 1868

5. according to nature of obligation produced

a. bilateral – Arts. 1642, 1458
b. unilateral – Arts. 2047, 2093

6. according to cause – Arts. 1350

a. onerous – Arts. 1458, 1638, 1642
b. gratuitous or lucrative – Arts. 725, 1933
c. remuneratory

7. according to risk
a. commutative
b. aleatory – Arts. 2010

8. according to name
a. nominate
b. Innominate – Arts. 1307

9. according to subject matter

a. thing
b. right
c. service

D. Stages of Contracts

1. Negotiation

Contract of Option – Arts. 1324, 1479, 1482

Sanchez v. Rigos, G.R. No. L-25494, June 14, 1972 (45 SCRA 368)
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2. Perfection

Tong Brothers Co. v. IAC, G.R. No. L-73918, December 21, 1987 (156 SCRA 726)
Velasco v. CA, G.R. No. L-31018, June 29, 1973 (51 SCRA 439)

3. Performance
4. Consummation

E. Essential Elements of Contracts – Arts. 1318

1. consent of the contracting parties –
Arts. 1319-1346, 37-42, 739, 1476(4), 1490-1491, 1533(5), 1646, 1782, 1409(7)
Arts. 87, 124, 234 FC; RA 6809; Art. XII, Secs. 7 & 8 1987 Constitution

Cognition Theory
Manifestation Theory

2. object certain which is the subject matter of the contract –

Arts. 1347-1349, 1311, 1178
3. cause of the obligation_– Arts. 1350-1355
4. Delivery
5. Due observance of prescribed formalities

Clemente v. CA, Jalandoon, GR No. 175483, October 14, 2015

Pentacapital Investment Corp. vs. Mahinay, G.R. No. 171736 July 5, 2010
Ong Yiu v. CA, G.R. No. L-40597, June 29, 1979 (91 SCRA 223)
Weldon v. CA, G.R. No. L-35721, October 12, 1987 (154 SCRA 618)
C & C Commercial Corp. v. Menor, G.R. No. L-28360, January 27, 1983 (120 SCRA 112)
Tang v. CA, G.R. No. L-48563, May 25, 1979 (90 SCRA 236)
Cariño v. CA, G.R. No. L-47661, July 31, 1987 (152 SCRA 529)
Lagunzad v. Gonzales, G.R. No. L-32066, August 6, 1979 (92 SCRA 476)
Law v. Olympic Sawmill, G.R. No. L-30771, May 28, 1984 (129 SCRA 439)

F. Form of Contracts – Arts. 1356-1358

1. any form – oral

2. special form
a. validity – Arts. 748, 749, 1744, 1773, 1874, 1956, 2134,
Act 1147, Sec. 22
b. enforceability – Arts. 1403, 1878
c. greater efficacy or convenience – Arts. 1358

Lao Sok v. Sabaysabay, G.R. No. L-61898, August 9, 1985 (138 SCRA 134)
Gallardo v. IAC, G.R. No. L-67742, October 29, 1987 (155 SCRA 248)
Paredes v. Espino, G.R. No. L-23351, March 13, 1968 (22 SCRA 1000)
Sps. Aguinaldo v. TORRES, G.R. No. 225808, 11 September 2017
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G. Reformation of Contracts – Arts. 1359-1369

H. Interpretation of Contracts – Arts. 1370-1379

Lim v. CA, G.R. No. L-40258, September 11, 1980 (99 SCRA 668)
Republic v. Castellvi, G.R. No. L-20620, August 15, 1974 (58 SCRA 336)
Eastern Shipping v. Margarina-Verkaufs, G.R. No. L-31087, September 27, 1979 (93 SCRA 256)

I. Kinds of Contracts as to Validity

1. Valid
a. Valid and without defects
b. Valid but defective
i) Rescissible Contracts – Arts. 1380-1389, 1191
ii) Voidable Contracts – Arts. 1390-1402, 1327-1328, 1330
iii) Unenforceable Contracts – Arts. 1403-1408, 1317, 1878
2. Void or Inexistent – Arts. 1409-1422, 1318, 1353, 1378, 1491, 1898

Rescissible Contracts
Cabaliw v. Sadorra, G.R. No. L-25650, June 11, 1975 (64 SCRA 310)
Hongkong & Shanghai Bank v. Pauli, G.R. No. L-38303, May 30, 1988 (161 SCRA 634)

Voidable Contracts
Felipe v. Heirs of Aldon, G.R. No. L-60174, February 16, 1983 (120 SCRA 628)
House Int’l. v. IAC, G.R. No. 75287, June 30, 1987 (151 SCRA 703)
Poole-Blunden v. Union Bank, G.R. No. 205838, 29 November 2017
Ciriaco Oberes v. Oberes, G.R. No. 211422, October 16, 2019

Unenforceable Contracts
Ortega v. Leonardo, G.R. No. L-11311, May 28, 1958 (103 Phil 870)
Carbonel v. Poncio, G.R. No. L-11231, May 12, 1958 (103 Phil 655)
Babao v. Perez, G.R. No. L-8334, December 28, 1957 (102 Phil 756)
Cabague v. Auxilio, G.R. No. L-5028, November 26, 1952 (92 Phil 294)
Yuvienco v. Dacuycuy, G.R. No. L-55048, May 27, 1981 (104 SCRA 668)
Clarin v. Rulona, G.R. No. L-30786, February 20, 1984 (127 SCRA 512)
Bisaya Land Transportation v. Sanchez, G.R No. L-74623, August 31, 1987 (153 SCRA 532)

Void or Inexistent
Hernandez v. CA, G.R No. 41132, April 27, 1988 (160 SCRA 821)
Rubias v. Batiller, G.R No. 35702, May 29, 1973 (51 SCRA 120)
Javier v. vda. De Cruz, G.R No. L-25891, November 29, 1977 (80 SCRA 343)
Menil v. CA, G.R No. L-43668-69, July 31, 1978 (84 SCRA 413)
Director of Lands v. Alba, G.R No. L-26096, February 27, 1979 (88 SCRA 513)
Tongoy v. CA, G.R No. L-45645, June 28, 1983 (123 SCRA 99)
Lita Enterprises v. IAC, G.R No. 64693, April 27, 1984 (129 SCRA 79)
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Arsenal v. IAC, G.R No. L-66696, July 14, 1986 (143 SCRA 40)
Manotok Realty v. IAC, G.R No. L-45038, April 30, 1987 (149 SCRA 372)
Yanas v. Acaylar, G.R. No. L-54538, April 25, 1985 (136 SCRA 52)
Barsobia v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-33048, April 16, 1982 (113 SCRA 547)
Godinez v. Fong, G.R. No. L-36731, January 27, 1983 (120 SCRA 223)
Liguez v. CA, G.R. No. L-11240, December 18, 1957 (102 Phil 577)
Philbanking v. Lui She, G.R. No. L-17587, September 12, 1967 (21 SCRA 52)
Teja Marketing v. IAC, G.R. No. L-65510, March 9, 1987 (148 SCRA 347)
Briones v. Cammayo, G.R. No. L-23559, October 4, 1971 (41 SCRA 404)

Prescribed Textbooks:

Arturo M. Tolentino, Commentaries & Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of the Philippines, Vol. 4,
Central LawBook Pub., 1987

Balane, Ruben F, Jottings and Jurisprudence in Civil Law (Obligations and Contracts), Central Book
Supply, 2018 Edition

References:

1. Melencio S. Sta. Maria, Obligations and Contracts, Texts and Cases, Rex Book Store., 2003
2. D. P. Jurado, Comments & Jurisprudence on Obligations and Contracts, Rex Bookstore,
Twelfth Revised Edition 2009

Teaching Methods/Strategies

A question-and-answer format will basically be employed to determine whether the student read and
understood the provisions of the law and the decisions of the Supreme Court. Quizzes will also be
administered to check knowledge, understanding and the analyzing skills of the students. Lectures,
group discussions and visual aids may be used when applicable.

Grading Criteria:

MidTerm Exam 20%

Recitation & Quizzes 30%
Final Exam 50%