Manipal University, Jaipur

Object Oriented Programming

(AI2104)

Lecture 08-10

Data Structure in Python

Dr. Yadvendra Pratap
Singh
Course Details Asst. Professor(SS)
(B. Tech. III Sem) CSE

Object oriented Programming Dr. Y.P.Singh

1
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 Data types

• Every value in Python has a datatype, that are used to

define the operations possible on them and the storage
method for each of them.
• Since everything is an object in Python programming, data
types are classes and variables are instance (object) of
these classes

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 Standard Data types

Data Types Keyword

Text Type str
Numeric Types int, float, complex
Sequence Types list, tuple, range
Mapping Type dict
Set Types set
Boolean Types bool
Binary Types bytes

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 strings

STRINGS

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 Objective of Topic String
• To be aware of basic operations of string in python such as
– Appending, concatenating on strings
– Indexing and slicing of strings
– Comparing Strings

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 Recap

Decision control statements are used for branching and iterate a

set of statements repeatedly.
• For loop
• While loop

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 Introduction to String

In Python, Strings are arrays of bytes representing Unicode

characters.

However, Python does not have a character data type, a single

character is simply a string with a length of 1.
Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.

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 Basic operations
Traversing:
A string can be traversed by accessing character(s) from one index to another.
Concatenating:
Concatenate means joining two strings. We use + operator to concatenate two
given strings.
Appending:
Append means add something to the end of string. We use + = operator to add one
string at the end of another string.
Multiplying:
Means repeating a string n number of times

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 Program to traverse a string using indexing
msg=“Hello!”
index=0;
for i in msg:
print(“msg[“, index,”]=“, i)
index+=1
Output:
msg[0]=H
msg[1]=e
msg[2]=l
msg[3]=l
msg[4]=o
msg[5]=!
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 Program to concatenate two string using + operator
str1=“Hello!”
str2=“world”
str3=str1+str2
print(“Concatenated string is :”, str3)

Output:
Concatenated string is : Hello! world

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 Program to append a string using + operator
str=“Hello!”
Name=input(“\nEnter your name:”)
str+=name
str+= “.Welcome to python.”
print(str)

Output:
Enter your name: Sachin
Hello! Sachin. Welcome to python.

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 Program to repeat a string using * operator
str=“Hello!”
print(str * 3)

Output:
Hello! Hello! Hello!

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 String formatting operator

String formatting operator is one of the exciting features of python.

The % operator takes a format string on the left (%d, %s etc) and
corresponding value in a tuple on the right.

The format operator % allows users to construct strings, replacing

parts of the strings with the data stored in variables.

Syntax:
“<FORMAT>”%(<VALUES>)

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 Program to use format sequences
name ="Abhishek"
Age=9
print("Name = %s and age = %d" %(name, Age))
print("Name = %s and age = %d" %("avi", 8))

Output:
Name= Abhishek and age = 9
Name = avi and age = 8

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 Formatting symbols
Operator Purpose
%c Character
%d or %i Signed decimal integer
%s String
%u Unsigned decimal integer
%o Octal integer
%x or %X Hexadecimal Integer
%e or %E Exponential Notation
%f Floating point number
%g or %G Short numbers in floating point or
exponential notation
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 Indexing
• Individual characters in a string are accessed using the subscript ([])
operator. The expression in bracket is called index.
• The index specifies a member of an ordered set and here it specifies the
character we want to access from the given set of characters in the string.
• the first character has the position 0 and last character has n-1, where n is
number of characters
If you try to exceed the bounds (below 0 or above n-1) an error is raised
Example: Get the character at position 1
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[1])
Output: e

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 Slicing
A substring of a string is called slice. The slice operation is used to refer to
sub-parts of strings.
We use [] operator also called slicing operator to take subset of a string from
original string.

P Y T H O N
0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Fig: Indices in a string

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 slicing
You can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax.
Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a colon, to return a
part of the string.

Example
Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included):

b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:5])
Output:
llo

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 Program to demonstrate slicing operation
str = “PYTHON”
print(“str [1:5] = ”, str[1:5])
print(“str [:6] = ”, str[:6]) #defaults to start of string
print(“str [1:] = ”, str[1:]) #defaults to end of string
print(“str [:] = ”, str[:]) #defaults to entire string
print(“str [1:20] =”, str[1:20]) #truncates to length of the string

Output:
str [1:5] = YTHO
str [:6] = PYTHON
str [1:] = YTHON
str[ : ] = PYTHON
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str [1:20] = YTHON Object oriented Programming Dr. Y.P.Singh 19
 Slice using Negative Indexing
Use negative indexes to start the slice from the end of the
string:
Example
Get the characters from position 5 to position 1, starting the
count from the end of the string:
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[-5:-2])

Output:
orl

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 Program to demonstrate slicing operation
str = “PYTHON”
print(“str [-1] = “, str[-1]) #last character is accessed
print(“str [-6] = “, str[-6]) #first character is accessed
print(“str [-2:] = “, str[-2:]) #Second last and last characters
print(“str [:-2] = “, str[:-2]) #All except last two
print(“str [-5:-2] = “, str[-5:-2]) #from second upto second last

Output:
str [-1] = N
str [-6] = P
str [-2:] = ON
str[ : -2] = PYTH
str [-5:-2] = YTH

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 Comparing strings
Operator Description Example
== If two strings are equal, it returns true >>> “ABC” == “ABC”
True
!= If two strings are not equal, it returns true >>> “AbC” != “ABC”
True
> If first string is greater than the second, it >>> “aBC” > “ABC”
returns true True
< If first string is smaller than the second, it >>> “ABC” < “aBC”
returns true True
>= If first string is greater than or equal to the >>> “aBC” >= “ABC”
second, it returns true True
<= If first string is smaller than or equal to the >>> “ABC” <= “aBC”
second, it returns true True
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 Escape Character
• An escape character is a backslash \ followed by the character you want
to insert.
• An example of an illegal character is a double quote inside a string that
is surrounded by double quotes:
Example
txt = “Aman asks, \“How are you?\” ”
print(txt)
Output:
Aman asks, “How are you? ”

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 Escape characters

Escape character Description

\' Single Quote
\’’ Double Quote
\\ Backslash
\n New Line
\t Tab

\b Backspace
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 STRING METHODS
Method Description
capitalize() Converts the first character to upper case
casefold() Converts string into lower case
center() Returns a centered string
count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a
string
endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified value
find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found
format() Formats specified values in a string

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 String Formatting
• The format() method formats the specified value(s) and insert them
inside the string's placeholder.
• The placeholder is defined using curly brackets: {}
• The format() method returns the formatted string.
• Syntax: string.format(value1, value2...)
• txt1 = "My name is {fname}, I'm {age}".format(fname = "John", age = 36)
• txt2 = "My name is {0}, I'm {1}".format("John",36)
• txt3 = "My name is {}, I'm {}".format("John",36)

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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 STRING METHODS
Method Description
index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of
where it was found
isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals
isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits
isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier
islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric
upper() Converts a string into upper case

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 STRING METHODS
Method Description
isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case
join() Joins the elements of an iterable to the end of the string
ljust() Returns a left justified version of the string
lower() Converts a string into lower case
lstrip() Returns a left trim version of the string
rjust() Returns a right justified version of the string
rsplit() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
rstrip() Returns a right trim version of the string
split() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
strip() Returns a trimmed version of the string
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 Daily Quiz
(1) Index of first character in string is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) n-1 (d) n
Ans: (a) 0

(2) Which error is generated when index is not an integer

(a) IndexError
(b) NameError() (c) TypeError() (d) BoundError()
Ans: (d) BoundError()

(3) Which operator is used to repeat a string n number of times

(a) + (c) *
(b) [] (d) +=

Ans: *

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 REGULAR EXPRESSION

REGULAR EXPRESSION

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 Objective of Regular expression in String

• To train students on Regular expression for pattern matching

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 Python RegEx

• A RegEx, or Regular Expression, is a special sequence of

characters that defines a search pattern for complex string-
matching mechanism.
• Python has a built-in module re that can be used to work with
Regular Expressions.
• Importing the re module:
Syntax
import re

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 RegEx Functions
Function Description
match() Returns a match object if there is a match in the
beginning of the string
search() Returns a match object if there is a match anywhere
in the string
findall() Returns a list containing all matching pattern string
split() Returns a list where the string has been split at each
matching pattern
sub() Returns a string where each matching string is
replaced by another substring one or more times.

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 RegEx Example
Search the string to see if it starts with “Python":
import re
msg = “Python is an object-oriented language."
x = re.match(“Python", msg)
if (x):
print(“Pattern is matched.")
else:
print("No match")
Output:
Pattern is matched.

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 RegEx Example
Search the string to see if it starts with "The" and ends with "Spain":
import re
#Check if the string starts with "The" and ends with "Spain":
txt = "The rain in Spain"
x = re.search("^The.*Spain$", txt)
if (x):
print("YES! We have a match!")
else:
print("No match")
Output:
YES! We have a match!
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 The search() Function
• The search() function searches the string for a match and returns a match object
if there is a match.
• If there is more than one match, only the first occurrence of the match will be
returned.
Example: Search for the first white-space character in the string:
import re
txt = "The rain in Spain"
x = re.search("\s", txt)
print("The first white-space character is located in position:", x.start())
Output:
The first white-space character is located in position: 3
Note: If no matches are found, the value None is returned.
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 The search() Function
Example: Make a search that returns no match:

import re
txt = "The rain in Spain"
x = re.search("Portugal", txt)
print(x)

Output:
None

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 sub() function
The sub() function replaces the matches with the text of your choice:
Example: Replace every white-space character with the number 9:
import re
txt = "The rain in Spain"
x = re.sub("\s", "9", txt)
print(x)

Output:
The9rain9in9Spain
Note: You can control the number of replacements by specifying the
count parameter:
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 sub() function
Example: Replace the first 2 occurrences:

import re
txt = "The rain in Spain"
x = re.sub("\s", "9", txt, 2)
print(x)

Output:
The9rain9in Spain

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 findall() function
The findall() function returns a list containing all matches.
Example: Print a list of all matches:

import re
txt = "The rain in Spain"
x = re.findall("ai", txt)
print(x)

Output:
['ai', 'ai']

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 The split() Function
The split() function returns a list where the string has been split at each match:
Example: Split at each white-space character:

import re
txt = "The rain in Spain"
x = re.split("\s", txt)
print(x)
Output:
['The', 'rain', 'in', 'Spain’]

Note: You can control the number of occurrences by specifying the maxsplit
parameter.

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 The split() Function
Example
Split the string only at the first occurrence:

import re
txt = "The rain in Spain"
x = re.split("\s", txt, 1)
print(x)

Output:
['The', 'rain in Spain']

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 Daily Quiz
(1) Which regular expression is not equivalent to others
(a) (a|b|c|d|e) (b) [abcde] (c) [a-f] (d) None of these
Ans: (c)

(2) [a^]* would match, all strings with

(a) zero or more repetition of any character
(b) zero or more repetition of a
(c) zero or more repetition of ^
(d) both b and c

Ans: (b)

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 Weekly Assignment

• Explain various methods on regular expression.

• Write a program to swap two strings.
• differentiate between
• (i) find() and rfind()
• (ii) find() and index()
• Write a python program to demonstrate difference between pass by reference and
value.
• Given a String comprising of many words separated by space, write a Python
program to iterate over these words of the string.
• Python program that takes a text file as input and returns the number of words of a
given text file.

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 Python data structure

Python data structure

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 Content

• Sequence
• Unpacking Sequences
• Mutable Sequences
• Lists
• List Comprehension
• Looping in lists
• Tuples
• Sets
• Dictionaries

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 Recap

• Sets are collection of elements.

• Sets are unordered and does not contains duplicates.
• We use list or tuples whenever need something different from sets

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 Topic Objective

• To Introduce students about various data structures in Python

• To teach students about list, tuple and dictionary data structures
and compare them.

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 Sequence

• In Python, a sequence is the ordered collection of similar or different

data types. It is a generic term for ordered set.
• In sequence, each element has a specific index that starts from 0 and
is automatically incremented for next element in the sequence.
• Sequence Sequences allow storing multiple values in an organized
and efficient fashion. There are several sequence types in Python –
String
List
Tuple

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 Types of Sequence

• Sequence types: strings, Unicode strings, lists, tuples, and range

objects.
• String's literals are written in single or double quotes: 'xyzzy',
"frobozz".
• Lists are constructed with square brackets, separating items with
commas: [a, b, c].
• Tuples are constructed by the comma operator (not within square
brackets), with or without enclosing parentheses, but an empty tuple
must have the enclosing parentheses, e.g., a, b, c or (). A single item
tuple must have a trailing comma, e.g., (d,).
• range objects are used to create a sequence of numeric values.

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 Packing
Packing Sequences
in Python

• Packing is a technique in python with which we put several values into a

single iterator. If we talk of packing in literal terms, Just like we pack
certain items into a box in the real world, In python we pack certain
variables in a single iterable.

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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 How to perform packing
PackingininPython
Python?

• We can perform packing by using simple syntax for declaration of

iterables like list or tuples or we can use asterisk operator * for packing.
• The * operator is used as an operator for unpacking the iterables into
variables but it allows us to pack a number of variables into a single
variable.
• For example, suppose we have three variables num1, num2,num3. We
can pack them into a tuple as follows.
num1=1
num2=2
num3=3
myTuple=(num1,num2,num3)
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 How to perform packing
PackingininPython
Python?

• Or we can pack them into a list as follows.

num1=1
num2=2
num3=3
myList=[num1,num2,num3]

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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 How to perform packing
PackingininPython
Python?

Alternatively, we can use * operator to pack the numbers together as

follows.
num1=1
num2=2
num3=3
*num,=num1,num2,num3

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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 How to perform packing
PackingininPython
Python?

• We have used a comma “,” after the *num because the left hand side of
the assignment operation must be a tuple or list otherwise error will be
encountered.
• In the left side, when we use * operator, we can also have other variables
which can be assigned the values.
• For example, we can pack two numbers into a variable and a third
number can be assigned to another variable as follows.
num1=1
num2=2
num3=3
*num,myNum=num1,num2,num3
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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 How to perform packing
PackingininPython
Python?

In the above example, we have to remember that myNum is a mandatory

variable and it must be assigned some value whereas *num can be assigned
no value.

Here, num3 will be assigned to myNum and num1 and num2 will be
packed in the list num.

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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 Unpacking Sequences
• Let we have a function that receives four arguments. Also, we
have a list of size 4 that has all arguments for the function. When
we make call to this function and simply pass list to the function,
the call doesn’t work.

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 Python program to understand need of unpacking
# A sample function that takes 4 arguments and prints
them.
def func(a, b, c, d):
print(a, b, c, d)

#driver Code
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
func(my_list) # This doesn't work

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 Python program to understand need of unpacking
Unpacking
We can use * to unpack the list so that all elements of it can
be passed as different parameters.
# A sample function that takes 4 arguments and prints them
def fun(a, b, c, d):
print(a, b, c, d)
Output
# Driver Code
1234
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
fun(*my_list) # Unpacking list into four arguments

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 Mutable Sequences

• Mutable Sequences:
Sequence that can change their state or contents are called mutable
sequence.
These are of type list, dict, set . Custom classes are generally
mutable.

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 Mutable Sequences

# Python code to test that lists are mutable

color = ["red", "blue", "green"]
print(color) Output
['red', 'blue', 'green']
color[0] = "pink"
color[-1] = "orange"
print(color) Output
['pink', 'blue', 'orange']

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 Lists

• Lists are like arrays, declared in other languages.

• A single list may contain data types such as Integers, Strings or
Objects.
• The elements in a list are indexed according to a definite
sequence.
• indexing of a list is done with 0 being the first index. It is
represented by list class.

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 Python program to understand Creation of List
# Creating a List
List = [ ]
Output
print(List)
[]

# Creating a list of strings

List = ['Python Programming', 'Python']
print(List) Output
['Python Programming', 'Python']
# Creating a Multi-Dimensional List
List = [['Python', 'For'], ['Beginners']]
print(List)
Output
[['Python', 'For'], ['Beginners']]
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 Python program to Access elements from the List
Use the index operator [ ] to access an item in a list. In Python, negative
sequence indexes represent positions from the end of the array. Instead of
having to compute the offset as in List[len(List)-3], it is enough to just write
List[-3].

List = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Output
# accessing a element
1
print(List[0])
3
print(List[2]) Output
# Negative indexing
6
print(List[-1]) # print the last element of list 4
print(List[-3]) # print the third last element of list
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 List methods
Method Description Syntax Example output

append() Appends an list.append(obj) list=[1,2,3,4,5] [1,2,3,4,5,8]

element to the list list.append(8)
print(list)

count() count number of list.count(obj) list=[1,2,3,4,5] 1

times element print(list.count(3))
appears in the list

index() Returns lowest list.index(obj) list=[1,2,3,4,5] 2

index of element in print(list.index(3))
list

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 List methods
Method Description Syntax Example output

insert() Insert object list.insert(index,obj) list=[1,2,3,4,5] [1,2,3,10,4,5]

at the list.insert(3, 10)
specified print(list)
index in the
list
pop() Removes list.pop(index) list=[1,2,3,4,5] 5
element at print(list.pop()) [1,2,3,4]
specified print(list)
index from
list(by default
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 List methods
Method Description Syntax Example output

remove() removes the list.remove(obj) list=[1,2,3,4,5] [2,3,4,5]

elements in list.remove(1)
the list print(list)

reverse() reverse the list.reverse() list=[1,2,3,4,5] [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

elements in list.reverse()
the list print(list)

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 List methods

Method Description Syntax Example output

sort() sorts the list.sort() list=[5,2,4,1,3] [1,2,3,4,5]

elements in the list.sort()
list print(list)

extend() adds the list1.extend(list2) list1=[1,2,3,4,5] [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]

elements in a list2=[6,7]
list to the end list1.extend(list2)
of another list print(list1)

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 Python program to demonstrate Addition of elements in a List
Using append(), insert() and extend()
# Creating a List
List = []
# Using append()
List.append(5) Output
List.append(6)
print(List) [5, 6]

# Using insert()
List.insert(3, 12) Output
List.insert(0, 'Begin')
print(List) ['Begin', 5, 6, 12]

# Using extend() Output

List.extend([18, 'keep', 'smiling'])
print(List) ['Begin', 5, 6, 12, 18, 'Keep', 'smiling']
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 Program to demonstrate removal of elements from a List
Using remove() and pop()

# Creating a List
List = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
# using Remove() method
List.remove(5)
Output
List.remove(6)
print(List)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]

# using pop() Output

List.pop() [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
print(List)

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 List Comprehension
• Python supports computed lists called list comprehensions having
following syntax:
• List =[expression for variable in sequence]
• Where the expression is evaluated once, for every item in the sequence.
• List comprehension help programmers to create list in a concise way.
• This is mainly beneficial to make new lists where each element is
obtained by applying some operations to each member of another
sequence or iterable.
• List comprehension is also used to create a subsequence of those
elements that satisfy a certain condition.

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 Program to make a list of cubes
cubes = [ ]
for i in range (11):
cubes.append(i**3)
print(“cubes of numbers from 1-10: ”, cubes)

Output:
cubes of numbers from 1-10 :
[0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000]

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 Program to make a list of cubes using iterable
Iterable:
An iterable is an object that can be used repeatedly in subsequent
loop statements, e.g. for loop

Rewriting program to make list of cubes using iterable:

>> cubes = [i**3 for i in range(11)]
>> print(cubes)

Output:
[0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000]

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 Program to combine and print elements of two list

print([(x, y) for x in [10, 20, 30] for y in [30, 10, 40] if x!=y])

Output:
[(10, 30), (10, 40), (20, 30), (20, 10), (20, 40), (30, 10), (30, 40)]

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 Looping in lists
#using for loop

There are multiple ways to iterate over a list in Python.

Method #1: Using For loop
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Output
for i in list: 1
print(i) 2
3
4
5

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 Looping in lists
Method #2: For loop and range()

Using traditional for loop that iterates from number x to

number y.
# iterating over a list
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
length = len(list) Output
for i in range(length):
1
print(list[i]) 2
3
4
5

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 Looping in lists
Method #3: Using while loop

list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
length = len (list)
i=0
while i < length:
print(list[i]) Output
i += 1 1
2
3
4
5

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 Looping in lists
Method #4: Using list comprehension

list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[print(i) for i in list]
Output
1
2
3
4
5

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 Looping in lists
Method #5: Using enumerate

list = [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]

for i, val in enumerate(list): Output
print (i, ",",val)
0 , 11
1 , 12
2 , 13
3 , 14
4 , 15

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 Program to find sum and mean of elements in a list
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
sum=0
for i in list:
sum+= i
print (”sum of elements in list=”, sum)
length=len(list)
print ( ”mean of elements in list=”, sum/length)
Output
sum of elements in list= 55
mean of elements in list= 5.5

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 Daily Quiz
What will be the output of the following Python code?
a=[10,23,56,[78]]
b=list(a)
a[3][0]=95
a[1]=34
print(b)

a) [10,34,56,[95]]
b) [10,23,56,[78]]
c) [10,23,56,[95]]
d) [10,34,56,[78]]
Answer: c

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 Daily Quiz
What will be the output of the following Python code?
import copy
a=[10,23,56,[78]]
b=copy.deepcopy(a)
a[3][0]=95
a[1]=34
print(b)

a) [10,34,56,[95]]
b) [10,23,56,[78]]
c) [10,23,56,[95]]
d) [10,34,56,[78]]
Answer: b
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 Tuples
Tuple
• A tuple is a collection which is ordered and
unchangeable. In Python tuples are written with round
brackets.
• A tuple is an immutable sequence of Python objects.

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 Tuples vs lists
• Tuples are sequences, just like lists.
• The differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be
changed unlike lists.
• Tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.
• Creating a tuple is as simple as putting different comma-
separated values.

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 Creating Tuple
For creating a tuple, one need to just put the different comma separated
values within a parentheses.

Tup = (val1, val2, …….) where val can be integer, floating number, character
or a string.

Example
tup = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(tup)
Output:
('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
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 Access Tuple Items
You can access tuple items by referring to the index number, inside square brackets:
Example
print the second item in the tuple:
tup1 = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) Output
print(tup1[1]) banana
print(tup2[3:6]) (4, 5, 6)
print(tup2[:4]) (1, 2, 3, 4)
print(tup2[4:]) (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
print(tup2[:]) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
print(tup2[-1]) // beginning from end 10
print(tup2[-3:-1]) (8, 9)

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 Change Tuple Values
Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its values. Tuples are unchangeable, or
immutable as it also is called.
But there is a workaround. You can convert the tuple into a list, change the list, and
convert the list back into a tuple.

Example: Convert the tuple into a list to be able to change it:

x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(x)
y[1] = "kiwi"
x = tuple(y)
print(x)
Output:
("apple", "kiwi", "cherry")
9/12/2022 Object oriented Programming Dr. Y.P.Singh 87
 Loop Through a Tuple
You can loop through the tuple items by using a for loop.

Example: Iterate through the items and print the values:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

for x in thistuple:
print(x)

Output:
apple
banana
cherry
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 Tuple Assignment
It allows tuple of variables on left hand side of the assignment operator to be
assigned values from a tuple on the right hand side of the assignment operator.
Each value is assigned to its respective variable.

Example:
(a, b, c)= (1, 2, 3)
print (a, b, c)
Output
Tup1=(100, 200, 300)
(a, b, c)= Tup1 123
100 200 300
print (a, b, c)
7 6.333333 3
(a, b, c) = (3 + 4, 7 / 3 + 4, 9 % 6)
print (a, b, c)

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 Check if Item Exists In Tuples
To determine if a specified item is present in a tuple use the in
keyword:

Example: Check if "apple" is present in the tuple:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

if "apple" in thistuple:
print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits tuple")

output:
Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits tuple
9/12/2022 Object oriented Programming Dr. Y.P.Singh 90
 Tuple Length
To determine how many items a tuple has, use the len() function:

Example
Print the number of items in the tuple:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(len(thistuple))

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 Tuple Methods
Python has two built-in methods that you can use on tuples.
count(): returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple
Tup=(1,2,3,3,5,6,3,8) Output
print(Tup.count(3))
3

index(): Searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position
of where it was found
Tup=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
print(Tup.index(4)) Output
3

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 Join Two Tuples
To join two or more tuples, you can use the + operator:
Example
Join two tuples:
tuple1 = ("a", "b" , "c")
tuple2 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
print(tuple3)
Output
('a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3)

9/12/2022 Object oriented Programming Dr. Y.P.Singh 93

 Tuples returning multiple values
A function can return only a single value. But when we need to return
more than one value from a function, we group them as tuple and return
def max_min(*vals):
x = max(vals)
y = min(vals)
return (x, y)
Output
a, b = max_min(23,45,78,12,34,91)
91 12
print(a, b)

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 Nesting of Tuples
Process of defining a tuple inside another tuple is called Nesting of
tuple.
# Code for creating nested tuples
tuple1 = (0, 1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = ('python', 'programming')
tuple3 = (tuple1, tuple2)
print(tuple3)

Output :
((0, 1, 2, 3), ('python', 'programming'))

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 Daily Quiz
1. Which of the following is a Python tuple?
a) [1, 2, 3]
b) (1, 2, 3)
c) {1, 2, 3}
d) {}
Answer: b

2. Suppose t = (1, 2, 4, 3), which of the following is incorrect?

a) print(t[3])
b) t[3] = 45
c) print(max(t))
d) print(len(t))
Answer: b

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 Daily Quiz
What will be the output of the following Python code?
>>>t=(1,2,4,3)
>>>t[1:3]
a) (1, 2)
b) (1, 2, 4)
c) (2, 4)
d) (2, 4, 3)
Answer: c
What will be the output of the following Python code?
>>>t=(1,2,4,3)
>>>t[1:-1]
a) (1, 2)
b) (1, 2, 4)
c) (2, 4)
d) (2, 4, 3)
Answer: c
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 Weekly Assignment
1. How are tuples important data structures?
2. Create a tuple that has just one element which in turn may have three
elements ‘a’, ‘b’,’c’. Also print the length of tuple.
3. How can you return more than one values from a function. Explain
with the help of program.
4. What do you understand by variable length arguments?
5. Python program to create an instance of an Ordered Dict using a given
dictionary. Sort the dictionary during the creation and print the
members of the dictionary in reverse order.
6. Explain Sets and Dictionaries with built-in methods.

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 SETS

SETS

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 Topic Objective

• To teach students how to work with sets in python.

• To help in understanding various methods that works on
sets.

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 SETS

Definition:
• A set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed. In Python
sets are written with curly brackets.
• A set is mutable i.e., we can easily add or remove items from a set
• Set are same as list but with a difference that sets are list with no
duplicate entries.

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 Creating a SET

A set is created by placing all the elements inside curly brackets.

Example
Create a Set:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print(thisset)

{'cherry', 'apple', 'banana'}

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 Access Items in a SET
• Items in a set can’t be accessed by referring to an index, since sets
are unordered the items has no index.
• Using for loop the items in the set can be iterated.
• Example

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

for x in thisset: Output
print(x)
cherry
banana
apple

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 SETS
Change Items
Once a set is created, items of the set can’t be changed but
a new item can be added.

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 Add Items to a SET
• To add one item to a set, use the add() method.
• To add more than one item to a set use the update() method.
• Example
Add an item to a set, using the add() method:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.add("orange")
print(thisset)
Output:
{'apple', 'orange', 'cherry', 'banana'}

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 Add Multiple Items to a SET

Example:
Add multiple items to a set, using the update() method:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.update(["orange", "mango", "grapes"])
print(thisset)
Output:
{'banana', 'apple', 'cherry', 'orange', 'grapes', 'mango'}

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 Get the Length of a Set

To determine how many items a set has, use the len()

method.
Example
Get the number of items in a set:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(len(thisset))

Output:
3

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 Remove Item from a Set
To remove an item in a set, use the remove(), or the discard()
method.
Example: Remove "banana" by using the remove() method:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.remove("banana") # thisset.discard("banana")
print(thisset)
Output:
{'cherry', 'apple’}
Note: If the item to remove does not exist, remove() will raise an
error while discard does not give error

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 Join Two Sets
• You can use the union() method that returns a new set containing
all items from both sets, or
• the update() method that inserts all the items from one set into
another:
Example
The union() method returns a new set with all items from both sets:
set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}
Output
set2 = {1, 2, 3}
set3 = set1.union(set2) {'c', 'b', 2, 3, 1, 'a'}
print(set3)

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 Join Two Sets

The update() method inserts the items in set2 into set1:

set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}

Output
set2 = {1, 2, 3}
set1.update(set2) {'c', 3, 'a', 'b', 1, 2}
print(set1)

Note: Both union() and update() will exclude any duplicate

items.
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 SETS
Method Description
add() Adds an element to the set
clear() Removes all the elements from the set
copy() Returns a copy of the set
difference() Returns a set containing the difference between two or more sets

difference_update() Removes the items in this set that are also included in another,
specified set
discard() Remove the specified item
intersection() Returns a set, that is the intersection of two other sets

intersection_update() Removes the items in this set that are not present in other,
specified set(s)
isdisjoint() Returns whether two sets have an intersection or not
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 SETS
Method Description
issubset() Returns whether another set contains this set or not

issuperset() Returns whether this set contains another set or not

pop() Removes an element from the set

remove() Removes the specified element
symmetric_difference() Returns a set with the symmetric differences of two sets

symmetric_difference_update() inserts the symmetric differences from this set and

another
union() Return a set containing the union of sets

update() Update the set with the union of this set and others
9/12/2022 Object oriented Programming Dr. Y.P.Singh 112
 Daily Quiz
Which of these about a set is not true?
a) Mutable data type
b) Allows duplicate values
c) Data type with unordered values
d) Immutable data type
Answer: d

2. Which of the following is not the correct syntax for creating a set?
a) set([[1,2],[3,4]])
b) set([1,2,2,3,4])
c) set((1,2,3,4))
d) {1,2,3,4}
Answer: a

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 Daily Quiz

What will be the output of the following Python code?

nums = set([1,1,2,3,3,3,4,4])
print(len(nums))
a) 7
b) Error, invalid syntax for formation of set
c) 4
d) 8
Answer: c

Which of the following statements is used to create an empty set?

a) { }
b) set()
c) [ ]
d) ( )
9/12/2022
Answer: b Object oriented Programming Dr. Y.P.Singh 114
 Weekly Assignment

Q1 Make two sets of random integers and apply all set

operations on them.
Q2 Write a program that generates a set of prime numbers
and another set of odd numbers. Demonstrate the result of
union, intersection, difference and symmetric difference
operations on these sets.
Q3 Explain any 5 methods on set.

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 Dictionaries

Dictionaries

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 Topic Objective

• To Introduce students about dictionaries in Python

• To train about methods of Directories and how to buid
applications using them

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 Recap

• Sets are collection of elements.

• Sets are unordered and are not indexed
• We use dictionaries as they are unordered, changeable and indexed

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 Dictionaries
Dictionary
• A dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and
indexed. In Python dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and
they have keys and values.
• Each key is separated from its value by a colon (:) and consecutive
items are separated by commas.
• Entire items in dictionary are enclosed in curly brackets ({}).

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 Dictionaries
Syntax:
dictionary_name = {key1:value1, key2:value2, key3:value3}

Value of key can be of any type

Dictionary keys are case sensitive. Two keys with same name but
in different case are not same in Python.

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 Dictionaries
• Creating an empty dictionary
dict = {}
Output
print(dict)
{}
• Create and print a dictionary:
thisdict = {"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964 }
print(thisdict)
Output
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}

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 Accessing Items in Dictionaries
You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name, inside square
brackets:
Example: Get the value of the "model" key:

thisdict ={
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = thisdict["model"]
print(x)
Output:
Mustang

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 Accessing Items in Dictionaries
There is also a method called get() that will give you the same result:
Example: Get the value of the "model" key:
thisdict ={"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964 }
x = thisdict.get("model")
print(x)

Mustang

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 Modifying an item in Dictionary
• The value of a specific item can be changed by referring to its key
name:
Example
Change the "year" to 2018:

thisdict = {"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964 }

thisdict["year"] = 2018
print(thisdict)
Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2018}

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 Loop Through a Dictionary
• When looping through a dictionary, the return value are the keys of the
dictionary, but there are methods to return the values as well.
Example:
Print all key names in the dictionary, one by one:

thisdict ={ "brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964}

for x in thisdict: Output
print(x) brand
model
year

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 Check if Key Exists
• To determine if a specified key is present in a dictionary use the in
keyword.
• Check if "model" is present in the dictionary:

thisdict = {"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964 }

if "model" in thisdict:
print("Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary")
Output:
Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary

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 Adding Items
• Adding an item to the dictionary is done by using a new index
key and assigning a value to it:
• Example
thisdict = {"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964 }
thisdict["color"] = "red"
print(thisdict)

Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964, 'color': 'red'}

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 Removing Items from Dictionaries
Method1
The pop() method removes the item with the specified key name:

thisdict = {"brand": "Ford","model": "Mustang","year": 1964}

thisdict.pop("model")
print(thisdict)

Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}

Object oriented Programming

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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 Removing Items from Dictionaries
Method 2
The del keyword removes the item with the specified key name:

thisdict = {"brand": "Ford","model": "Mustang","year": 1964}

del thisdict["model"]
print(thisdict)

Output:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}

Object oriented Programming

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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 Removing Items from Dictionaries
Method 3
The del keyword can also delete the dictionary completely:

thisdict = {"brand": "Ford","model": "Mustang","year": 1964}

del thisdict
print(thisdict)

Output:
#print statement will cause an error because "thisdict" no longer exists.

Object oriented Programming

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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 Removing Items from Dictionaries
Method 4
The clear() method empties the dictionary:

thisdict = {"brand": "Ford","model": "Mustang","year": 1964 }

thisdict.clear()
print(thisdict)

Output:
{}

Object oriented Programming

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Dr. Y.P.Singh
 Nested Dictionaries
Example: Create a dictionary that contain three dictionaries:
myfamily = {
"child1" : {
"name" : "Emil", A dictionary can also
"year" : 2004 contain many dictionaries,
},
this is called nested
"child2" : {
dictionaries.
"name" : "Tobias",
"year" : 2007
},
"child3" : { Output
"name" : "Linus",
"year" : 2011 {'child1': {'name': 'Emil', 'year': 2004}, 'child2': {'name':
} 'Tobias', 'year': 2007}, 'child3': {'name': 'Linus', 'year': 2011}}
}
print(myfamily)
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 Dictionary method
Method Description
clear() Removes all the elements from the dictionary
copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary
fromkeys() Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and value
get() Returns the value of the specified key
items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair
keys() Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys
pop() Removes the element with the specified key
popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair
setdefault() Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist: insert the key,
with the specified value
update() Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs
values() Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary

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 Daily Quiz
1. Which of the following statements create a dictionary?
a) d = {}
b) d = {“john”:40, “peter”:45}
c) d = {40:”john”, 45:”peter”}
d) All of the mentioned
Ans d

2. What will be the output of the following Python code snippet?

d = {"john":40, "peter":45}
a) “john”, 40, 45, and “peter”
b) “john” and “peter”
c) 40 and 45
d) d = (40:”john”, 45:”peter”)
Answer: b

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 Daily Quiz
3. What will be the output of the following Python code snippet?
d = {"john":40, "peter":45}
"john" in d
a) True
b) False
c) None
d) Error
Answer: a

4. Suppose d = {“john”:40, “peter”:45}, to delete the entry for “john” what command
do we use?
a) d.delete(“john”:40)
b) d.delete(“john”)
c) del d[“john”]
d) del d(“john”:40)
Answer: c
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 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and Online Courses Details

• Strings in Python
– https://youtu.be/TXw1HseIdJw
– https://youtu.be/lSItwlnF0eU
• List in Python
– https://youtu.be/mDlSS_4BOvE
• Tuple in python
– https://youtu.be/GstQPTWpt88
• Set in Python
– https://youtu.be/MEPlLAjPvXY
• Dictionary in Python
– https://youtu.be/rZjhId0VkuY
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 Weekly Assignment 4.1
1.Give the properties of lists
2.Explain list comprehension with example.
3.Differentiate between append() and insert()
4.Write a program that prints the maximum element in second half of a list
5.Discuss the relation between tuples and lists, tuples and dictionaries in detail.
6.Python program to find and print all prime numbers in a list.
7.Python program to convert a list of tuples into a dictionary.
8.write a function that takes a list of words and returns the length of longest one.
9.Python program to combine each line from first file with the corresponding
line in second file.
10.Explain the following by giving suitable code:
i. List Comprehension
ii. Packing and unpacking in tuples
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 MCQ s
(1) Identify the right way to close a file
(a) file.close() (b) close(file)
(c) Close(“file”) (d) file.closed

(2) Which method returns a string that includes everything

specified in the path?
(i) os.path.dirname(path)
(ii) os.path.basename(path)
(iii) os.path.relpath()
(iv) os.path.abs()

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 MCQ s
(3) To open a file c:\scores.txt for reading, we use _____________
a) infile = open(“c:\scores.txt”, “r”)
b) infile = open(“c:\\scores.txt”, “r”)
c) infile = open(file = “c:\scores.txt”, “r”)
d) infile = open(file = “c:\\scores.txt”, “r”)
Answer: b

(4) Which of the following statements are true?

a) When you open a file for reading, if the file does not exist, an error
occurs
b) When you open a file for writing, if the file does not exist, a new file
is created
c) When you open a file for writing, if the file exists, the existing file is
overwritten with the new file
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
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 MCQ s
(5) To read two characters from a file object infile, we use
____________
a) infile.read(2)
b) infile.read()
c) infile.readline()
d) infile.readlines()
Answer: a

(6) The readlines() method returns ____________

a) str
b) a list of lines
c) a list of single characters
d) a list of integers
Answer: b

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 MCQ s
(7) Which regular expression is not equivalent to others
(a) (a|b|c|d|e) (b) [abcde] (c) [a-f] (d) None of these
Ans: (c)

(8) [a^]* would match, all strings with

(a) zero or more repetition of any character
(b) zero or more repetition of a
(c) zero or more repetition of ^
(d) both b and c

Ans: (b)

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 Old Question Papers

• What does [::-1] do?

[ Marks-1]
• Name the Mutable built-in type does python provides?
[ Marks-1]
• Write Python program to sort numbers in a list in ascending
order using Merge Sort.
[ Marks-10]
• Discuss format specifiers and escape sequences with examples.
[ Marks-6]

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 Old Question Papers

• Discuss the relation between tuples and lists, tuples and dictionaries
in detail. [ Marks-6]
• Write Python Program to count the number of characters in a string
using dictionaries. Display the keys and their values in alphabetical
Order. [Marks-10]
• Write Python program to sort numbers in a list in ascending order
using Merge Sort. [ Marks-10]
• Explain the following by giving suitable code:
i. List Comprehension
ii. Packing and Unpacking in tuples
[ Marks-6]
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 Old Question Papers

• What is the difference between list and tuples in Python?

[2 marks]
• Explain Unpacking Sequences, Mutable Sequences, and List
Comprehension with example. Write a program to sort list of
dictionaries by values in Python – Using lambda function.
[ 10 marks]

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 Expected Questions for University Exam
1. Explain various types of data structures in python.
2. Write and explain any 5 builts-in methods of string().
3. Explain list comprehension with suitable example.
4. Explain the looping in data structures.

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 SUMMARY

• Python Basic Data Structures:

– Sequence
– Packing and Unpacking Sequences, Mutable Sequences,
– Strings, Basic operations, Comparing strings, string formatting, Slicing
Built-in string methods and function
– Regular expressions
– Lists
– Tuples
– Sets and Dictionaries with built-in methods
– List Comprehension
– Looping in basic data structures

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 References

1. Allen B. Downey, “Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer

Scientist”, 2nd edition, Updated for Python 3, Shroff/O‘Reilly
Publishers, 2016.
2. Robert Sedgewick, Kevin Wayne, Robert Dondero, “Introduction to
Programming in Python: An Inter-disciplinary Approach” , Pearson
India Education Services Pvt. Ltd., 2016.
3. Paul Barry, “Head First: A Brain Friendly Guide” O’Reilly publisher.
4. Reema Thareja, “Python Programming: Using Problem Solving
Approach” 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press publisher.
5. Guido van Rossum and Fred L. Drake Jr, “An Introduction to Python”,
Revised and updated for Python 3.2, Network Theory Ltd., 2011.
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 End

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