EXCEPTION HANDLING IN PYTHON

• Errors are the problems in a program due to which the program will stop
the execution.

Two types of Error occurs in python.

• Syntax errors(parsing errors)

• Logical errors (Exceptions)

• An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program

that disrupts the normal flow of the program's instructions. In general,
when a Python script encounters a situation that it cannot cope with, it
raises an exception. An exception is a Python object that represents an
error.

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COMMON EXCEPTIONS:
• ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when a number is divided by zero.

• NameError: It occurs when a name is not found. It may be local or

global.

• IndentationError: If incorrect indentation is given.

• IOError: It occurs when Input Output operation fails.

• EOFError: It occurs when the end of the file is reached, and yet
operations are being performed.

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EXAMPLE:

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RAISE AN EXCEPTION:

• As a Python developer you can choose to throw an exception if a

condition occurs.

• To throw (or raise) an exception, use the raise keyword.

• We can use raise to throw an exception if a condition occurs. The

statement can be complemented with a custom exception.

• x = -1

if x < 0:
raise Exception("Sorry, no numbers below zero")

• x = "hello"

if not type(x) is int:

raise TypeError("Only integers are allowed")

# Program to depict else clause with try-except

# Function which returns a/b

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 def AbyB(a , b):
try:
c = ((a+b) / (a-b))
except ZeroDivisionError:
print "a/b result is 0"
else:
print c
# Driver program to test above function
AbyB(2.0, 3.0)
AbyB(3.0, 3.0)

OUTPUT:

-5.0

a/b result is 0

USER DEFINED EXCEPTION

• Programmers may name their own exceptions by creating a new exception
class. Exceptions need to be derived from the Exception class, either
directly or indirectly.

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ASSERTION IN PYTHON

• An Assertion in Python or a Python Assert Statement is one which asserts

(or tests the trueness of) a condition in your code. This is a Boolean
expression that confirms the Boolean output of a condition.

Where Assertion in Python used?

• In checking types/ in checking valid input.

• In checking values of arguments.

• Checking outputs of functions.

• As a debugger to halt where an error occurs.

• In testing code.

• In detecting abuse of an interface by another programmer.

Using assert without Error Message:

def avg(marks):

assert len(marks) != 0

return sum(marks)/len(marks)

mark1 = []

print("Average of mark1:",avg(mark1))

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Using assert with Error Message

LOGGING AN EXCEPTION

• Logging, in software applications, is a way to track events. Before we can

proceed, telling you more about it, we want to exemplify.

• To log an exception in Python we can use logging module and through

that we can log the error.

• Logging an exception in python with an error can be done in the logging.

exception() method. This function logs a message with level ERROR on
this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug(). Exception info
is added to the logging message. This method should only be called from
an exception handler

PURPOSES OF LOGGING IN PYTHON

• Diagnostic Logging- To record events that revolve around the

application’s operation.

• Audit Logging- To record events for business analysis.

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 • Logging module provides a set of functions for simple logging and for
following purposes

DEBUG

INFO

WARNING

ERROR

CRITICAL

PYTHON LOGGING FUNCTIONS

• logging.info() or logging.debug() for the detailed output of events that

occur during normal operation of a program.

• warnings.warn() issues a warning for a runtime event if the issue is

avoidable.

• logging.warning() issues a warning for a runtime event if we need to note

the event even when the client can do nothing about it.

• logging.error(), logging.exception(), or logging.critical() report the

suppression of an error without raising an exception.

# importing the module

import logging
try:
printf(“Hello")
except Exception as Argument:
logging.exception("Error occured while printing Hello")
ERROR:root:Error occured while printing GeeksforGeeks Traceback (most
recent call last): File "/home/gfg.py", line 3, in printf("GeeksforGeeks")
NameError: name 'printf' is not defined
We can also log the error message into different file without showing error
in the console by the following method:

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 Logging Variable Data:
dynamic information from application in the logs.
import logging
name = 'John‘
logging.error('%s raised an error', name)
ERROR:root:John raised an error
Displaying Date/Time For Python Logging:
• logging.basicConfig(format=’%(asctime)s %(message)s’)

FILE IN PYTHON
• A file is a chunk of logically related data or information
which can be used by computer programs.
• Files on most modern file systems are composed of three
main parts:
• Header: metadata about the contents of the file (file name,
size, type, and so on)
• Data: contents of the file as written by the creator or editor

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 • End of file (EOF): special character that indicates the end
of the file
In Python, there is no need for importing external library to read
and write files. Python provides an inbuilt function for creating,
writing, and reading files.
• Python has several functions for creating, reading,
updating, and deleting files.
• There are two types of files in Python
Binary file
Text file

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FILE open() function
The Python file open function returns a file object that contains methods and
attributes to perform various operations for opening files in Python.

file_object = open("filename", "mode")

Here,

filename: gives name of the file that the file object has opened.
mode: attribute of a file object tells you which mode a file was opened in.
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File Modes:

MODES DESCRIPTION

It opens a file in read-only mode while the file offset

<r>
stays at the root.

It opens a file in (binary + read-only) modes. And the

<rb>
offset remains at the root level.

It opens the file in both (read + write) modes while the

<r+>
file offset is again at the root level.

It opens the file in (read + write + binary) modes. The

<rb+>
file offset is again at the root level.

It allows write-level access to a file. If the file already

<w> exists, then it’ll get overwritten. It’ll create a new file if
the same doesn’t exist.

Use it to open a file for writing in binary format. Same

<wb>
behavior as for write-only mode.

It opens a file in both (read + write) modes. Same

<w+>
behavior as for write-only mode.

It opens a file in (read + write + binary) modes. Same

<wb+>
behavior as for write-only mode.

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 It opens the file in append mode. The offset goes to the
<a> end of the file. If the file doesn’t exist, then it gets
created.

It opens a file in (append + binary) modes. Same

<ab>
behavior as for append mode.

It opens a file in (append + read) modes. Same behavior

<a+>
as for append mode.

It opens a file in (append + read + binary) modes. Same

<ab+>
behavior as for append mode.

Syntax:

• file_object = open(file_name, mode)

EG

• f = open("demofile.txt", "r")

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EXAMPLE:

# Python program to demonstrate File Concept

file1 = open('IIBSC_CS.txt', 'w')

L = [“20UCS BATCH \n", "JAVA-PYTHON-DS \n", "VB-EVS \n"]

s = "WELCOME\n"

# Writing a string to file

file1.write(s)

# Writing multiple strings at a time

file1.writelines(L)

# Closing file

file1.close()

file1 = open('IIBSC_CS.txt', 'r')

print(file1.read())

file1.close()

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APPEND

# Python program to illustrate # Append

# Append-adds at last

file1 = open("IIBSC_CS.txt", "a") # append mode

file1.write("STAND-ECC-NSS-FINE ARTS \n")

file1.close()

file1 = open("IIBSC_CS.txt", "r")

print("Output after appending")

print(file1.read())

print()

file1.close()

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EXAMPLE:

Python program to count the number of lines in a text file

# Opening a file

file = open("IIBSC_CS.txt","r")

Counter = 0

# Reading from file

Content = file.read()

CoList = Content.split("\n")

for i in CoList:

if i:

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 Counter += 1

print("Number of lines in the file IIBSC_CS.txt")

print(Counter)

EXAMPLE:

PROGRAM TO DISPLAY SUM OF DIGITS IN THE TEXT FILE

# Python program for writing to file

file = open('SUM.txt', 'w')

data ='HELLO123 SUPER345'

file.write(data)

file.close()

# Python program for reading from file

h = open('SUM.txt', 'r')

content = h.readlines()

a=0

for line in content:

for i in line:

if i.isdigit() == True:

a += int(i)

print("The sum of numbers in the file is:", a)

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EXAMPLE

Count the number of occurrence of the words in text file

file = open('COUNT.txt', 'w')

data ='IUG IIUG IIIUG IPG IIPG IIUG IIUG IIUG'

file.write(data)

file.close()

text = open("COUNT.txt", "r")

d = dict()

for line in text:

line = line.strip()

line = line.upper()

words = line.split(" ")

for word in words:

if word in d:

d[word] = d[word] + 1

else:

d[word] = 1

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for key in list(d.keys()):

print(key, ":", d[key])

FILE METHODS:

close() Closes the file

detach() Returns the separated raw stream from the buffer

fileno() Returns a number that represents the stream, from the

operating system's perspective

flush() Flushes the internal buffer

isatty() Returns whether the file stream is interactive or not

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 read() Returns the file content

readable() Returns whether the file stream can be read or not

readline() Returns one line from the file

readlines() Returns a list of lines from the file

seek() Change the file position

seekable() Returns whether the file allows us to change the file

position

tell() Returns the current file position

truncate() Resizes the file to a specified size

writable() Returns whether the file can be written to or not

write() Writes the specified string to the file

writelines() Writes a list of strings to the file

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 FILE:RANDOM ACCESS

FILE

The tell() method returns the current file position in a file stream.

file.tell()

f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.readline())
print(f.tell())

seek()

move the file pointer to another position. fileObject.seek(offset,from_what))

offset – A number of positions will move.

from_what – defines your point of reference. (Optional)

f = open("testFile.txt", "r")

f.seek(9)

print(f.readline())

Using the mmap module allows the user to randomly access locations in a file
by mapping the file into memory. This is an alternative to using normal file
operations.

import mmap

with open('filename.ext', 'r') as fd:

# 0: map the whole file
mm = mmap.mmap(fd.fileno(), 0)

# print characters at indices 5 through 10

print mm[5:10]
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 # print the line starting from mm's current position
print mm.readline()

# write a character to the 5th index

mm[5] = 'a'

# return mm's position to the beginning of the file

mm.seek(0)

# close the mmap object

mm.close()

Zipping and Unzipping files in Python

ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression.
By lossless compression, it means that the
compression algorithm used allows the original data to be perfectly
reconstructed from the compressed data.
Also, a ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may
have been compressed.
Why do we need zip files?
To reduce storage requirements.
To improve transfer speed over standard connections.

# importing required modules

from zipfile import ZipFile

# specifying the zip file name

file_name = "my_python_files.zip"

# opening the zip file in READ mode

with ZipFile(file_name, 'r') as zip:
# printing all the contents of the zip file
zip.printdir()
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 # extracting all the files
print('Extracting all the files now...')
zip.extractall()
print('Done!')

Unzipping the File

import zipfile
def un_zipFiles(path):
files=os.listdir(path)
for file in files:
if file.endswith('.zip'):
filePath=path+'/'+file
zip_file = zipfile.ZipFile(filePath)
for names in zip_file.namelist():
zip_file.extract(names,path)
zip_file.close()

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