A-Guide-to-Harmful-and-Toxic-Creatures-in the-Gulf-of-Aqaba-of-Jordan

Published by the Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan. P. O.
Box 831051,
Abdel Aziz El Thaalbi St., Shmesani 11183. Amman
Copyright: © The Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan
Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non- commercial

purposes is authorized without prior written approval from the copyright holder
provided the source is fully acknowledged.
ISBN: 978-9957-8740-1-8
Deposit Number at the National Library: 2619/6/2016
Citation: Eid, E and Al Tawaha, M. (2016). A Guide to Harmful and Toxic Creature
in the Gulf of Aqaba of Jordan. The Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan.
ISBN: 978-9957-8740-1-8. Pp 84.
Material was reviewed by Dr Nidal Al Oran, International Research Center for

Water, Environment and Energy\ Al Balqa’ Applied University,and Dr. Omar Attum
from Indiana University Southeast at the United State of America.
Cover page: Vlad61; Shutterstock Library
All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original
copyright holder, and it should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without
permission.
1
Content
Index of Creatures Described in this Guide ......................................................... 5

Preface ................................................................................................................ 6
Part One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 8
1.1 The Gulf of Aqaba; Jordan ......................................................................... 8
1.2 Aqaba; a Paradise for Divers .................................................................... 9
1.3 Biodiversity in the Gulf of Aqaba of Jordan ............................................. 10
Part Two: Harmful, toxic and Potentially Hazardous Marine Creatures in Aqaba .... 12
2.1 Highly Venomous Fish (Stonefish, Zebra-fish, Scorpionfish) ................... 14
2.2 Barracuda ................................................................................................ 24
2.3 Sharks ..................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Stingrays and Electric Ray ....................................................................... 33
2.5 Moray Eels .............................................................................................. 40
2.6 Puffer and Porcupine Fish Poisoning ....................................................... 44
2.7 Aggressive Fish ....................................................................................... 48
2.8 Hallucinate Fish ....................................................................................... 51
2.9 Scombroid Fish Poisoning ....................................................................... 53
2.10 Octopuses ............................................................................................. 55
2.11 Corals .................................................................................................... 59
2.12 Sea Urchins and Sea Stars .................................................................... 62
2.13 Cone Shells ........................................................................................... 69
2.14 Sponges ................................................................................................ 74
2.15 Coelenterates ........................................................................................ 76
3. References .................................................................................................... 81
4. Image Credit .................................................................................................. 82
2
Forward
The Jordanian coastline at the Gulf of Aqaba is
considered one the most unique ecosystems in the
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It is the Northern
most outcropping of coral reef in the world and
tolerates quite a high salinity rate compared
with other seas. However, the temperate climate
and gentle water currents, provide a perfect
environment for an incomparable diversity of
marine life.
Thus, Aqaba is considered as an exceptional tourist attraction for divers and

snorkelers alike, that starts right at the shoreline. However, this diversity does
come at a certain price, and that is, the presence of harmful and toxic creatures
which sea goers could very easily come in direct contact with. Although, these
creatures may cause injuries to humans, they are not naturally aggressive toward
humans and would never outwardly attack humans by themselves. The harmful
traits are merely defense mechanisms that the marine life has developed as a means
to survive. In addition, it is people’s lack of awareness that is considered the main
cause of most unpleasant injuries by these animals. Therefore, the best precautions
humans can take, is to become more aware and to avoid physical contact.
Though we know of the harmful species’ presence, limited knowledge is available,

which was the very reason for publishing this work “A Guide to Harmful and
Toxic Creature in the Gulf of Aqaba of Jordan”. It gives me great pleasure and
honor to write the forward to this much needed piece of work. Furthermore, this
guide is an extremely important reference that will raise awareness of the public
regarding this group of creatures, but more importantly it will increase the public’s
safety while decreasing the incidents or injury.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank and praise the Staff of the Royal
Marine Conservation Society of Jordan (JREDS) for their tireless, yet meticulous
efforts in developing this guide.
HRH Princess Basma bint Ali

Chairperson- JREDS
3
Creatures described
in this guide
Do not attack swimmers,

divers or beach goers
unless in self-defense
4
Index of Creatures Described in this Guide
Common Name Arabic Name Scientific Name Page

#
Stonefish Abu al-Laban Synanceia verrucosa 16
Red Sea Walkman Abu al-Laban Inimicus filamentosus 17
Bearded Scorpionfish Abu al-Laban Scorpaenopsis barbata 18
Devil Scorpionfish Abu al-Laban Scorpaenopsis diabola 19
Yellow- spotted Scorpionfish Abu al-Laban Sebastapistes cyanostigma 20
Common Lionfish Ra’na Pterois miles 21
Clearfin Lionfish Ra’na Pterois radiata 22
Shortfin Lionfish Ra’na Dendrochirus brachypterus 23
Great Barracuda Iqama Sphyraena barracuda 26
Shortfin Mako Shark Qasaf Isurus oxyrinchus 29
Hammerhead Shark Qersh Sphyrna lewini 30
Sandbar Shark Qersh Carcharhinus plumbeus 31
Tiger Shark Qersh Galeocerdo cuvieri 32
Darkspotted Stringray Warnak Himantura uarnak 35
Blue- spotted Stingray Um Qurbaj Taeniura lymma 36
Black- blotched Stingray Not Available Taeniura meyeni 37
Scalloped Torpedo Ray Khadala Ramlya Torpedo panthera 38
Spotted Eagle Ray Not Available Taeniura meyeni 39
Giant Moray Qmum Gymnothorax javanicus 42
Yellow-mouth moray Qmum Gymnothorax nudivomer 43
Silver-strips Puffer Alnajem Lagocephalus sceleratus 46
Porcupinefish Hadroom Abu Shouka Diodon hystrix 47
Blue Triggerfish Hijma Pseudobalistes fuscus 49
Orange-striped triggerfish Um qaren Balistapus undulates 50
Brassy Sea Chub Tahmal Kyphosus vaigiensis 52
White Spotted Octopus Akhtabout Callistoctopus macropus 57
Mimic Octopus Akhtabout Thaumoctopus mimicus 58
Fire Coral Morgan Nari Millepora dichotoma 61
Cown of Thorns Starfish Not Available Acanthaster planci 64
Red Sea Fire Urchin Not Available Asthenosoma marisrubri 65
Common Long- spine Urchin Abu Hylaman Diadema paucispinum 66
Common Long- spine Urchin Abu Hylaman Diadema setosum 67
Collector Urchin Not Available Tripneustes gratilla 68
Geography Cone Sadafa Conus geographus 71
Striated Cone Sadafa Conus striatus 72
Textile Cone Sadafa Conus textile neovicarius 73
Comb Murex Sadafa Murex forskoeblii 73
Lineated Conch Sadafa Strombus fasciatus 73
Jumping Conch Sadafa Strombus terebellatus 73
Red Sea Topshell Sadafa Tectus dentatus 73
luminescent Jellyfish Not Available Pelagia noctiluca 78
Upside- down Jellyfish Not Available Cassiopea andromeda 79
Moon Jellyfish Not Available Aurelia aurita 80
5
Preface
Venomous, poisonous and potentially injurious marine creatures are always a
subject of interest, due to their mysterious lifestyle, behaviors and evolution of
different types of predatory and defensive mechanisms in order to survive such
as venomous stings, spines and bites. However, limited research and information
are available on their presence, and distribution locally and worldwide. Perhaps
one of the most important reasons for erroneous interpretations regarding these
species, is the absence of a reliable information.
These creatures are not naturally aggressive toward humans and do not attack
humans by themselves. It only happens, when our presence and\ or behavior
threatens and force them to act in self-defense. A lack of awareness among
humans are considered the main cause of unpleasant encounters and injuries.
Therefore, the best precaution is to avoid physical contact.
6
Hence, this guide was prepared as a means of awareness on the presence of
the venomous, poisonous and potentially injurious creatures along the Aqaba’s
coastline. The guide is basically targeting beach goers and visitors, but ultimately
aiming to put these species under spot for future research. Moreover, this guide
does not aim to catalog all marine species encountered that could cause potential
injury but instead identifies the main species which could be encountered in the
Aqaba’s water.
Precautions, attention, and good working knowledge of the marine environment

should exclude severe injury. Any person who are exposed to any injuries or
accidents should always consult medical attention directly.
7
Part One: Introduction
1.1 The Gulf of Aqaba; Jordan
The Gulf of Aqaba is a semi-enclosed water basin attached to the semi-enclosed
Red Sea with a length of 170 Km; average width is about 15 km and more than
1800 m maximum depth. Aqaba is a Jordanian coastal city and characters by its
warm water and high biodiversity.
The Gulf of Aqaba is connected with the Red Sea via the narrow and shallow
Strait of Tiran. The average depth of the Gulf is about 800m with a maximum
depth of around 1800m. It consists of a series of embayments with a wide range
of communities present in each including rocky shore, reef flat, reef face, fore
reef, sandy shore, sandy bottom and sea grass ecosystems. The Gulf coastlines
are shared between Egypt, occupied Palestine, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan.
The Aqaba coastline is the only

maritime region in Jordan and its
global importance stems from its
geographical location as it is the
bridge where many floral and
faunal species between Africa
and Eurasia. The coastline of
the Jordanian sector Gulf of
Aqaba extends for 27Km.
8
1.2 Aqaba; a Paradise for Divers
“Throughout my boyhood, I dreamed about diving in the Red Sea. Finally, in
1972 this dream came true. My first dive ever in a tropical marine environment
was in the Gulf of Aqaba, where I experienced an overwhelming underwater
paradise, natural beauty beyond expectations, which in those days was still
largely pristine.”
Dr. Fareed (Friedhelm) Krupp
Director, Qatar Museum of Nature and Science\ Qatar Museums
Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature
Aqaba is well-known worldwide as a tourist’s paradise overflowing with wildlife

and adventure for scuba diving, as well as easy access to prominent and
interesting diving sites. Aqaba’s climate makes it an ideal location for year-round
scuba diving and is by far considered a paradise for divers.
Aqaba coastal area is very

unique due to the absence of
stormy weather, along with
the mild water currents, which
contribute to a calm and clear
water. This is also supported
by relatively high salinity levels,
which provided a suitable
environment for the growth of
corals and countless varieties
of marine-life forms to be
encountered.
The water of the Jordanian

coastline is exceptionally clear,
with high transparency and
little wave actions throughout
the year. The poor freshwater
influx has led to poor supply
of minerals salts and nutrients
such as nitrogen or phosphorus
compounds which left planktonic
primary production very low.
This astonishing characteristics
supported by a water temperature
ranges between 21 C° in winter
and 27 C° in summer; and might
reach 29 C° in shallow coastal
areas during the warm months.
9
1.3 Biodiversity in the Gulf of Aqaba of Jordan
Despite the relatively small water body at the Gulf of Aqaba, it hosts an
extraordinary marine diversity. Over 13 Km of the 27 Km of coastline is occupied
by a discontinuous series of fringing coral reefs and reef flats that extend to 150m
wide. Corals play a major role in supporting high levels of biological diversity as
well as providing key ecosystem goods and services such as habitat for fisheries,
coastal protection and tourism recreation.
More than 50% of the Gulf’s shoreline is covered with ancient coral reef where
over than 151 scleractinian (reef-building) coral species and more than 120
species of soft coral were recorded, some of which are globally endangered, such
as the red and black corals. In addition, the Jordanian coastline is distinguished
by an extensive fringing reefs which is considered one of the most dynamic and
diverse of all natural ecosystems.
In addition, Aqaba’s fish community is represented by more than 500 species of

fishes, which is considered a rich habitat with high fish diversity if compared with
1280 fish species recorded in the Red Sea which extends over 1932 Km. The
majority of fish species recorded from the Gulf of Aqaba are of benthic origin,
where coral and boulders fish constitutes more than 53%.
The Jordan segment of the Gulf of Aqaba, attracts several migratory species to
visit its calm and warm water. Some visitors are of high economic value, such
as the tuna and sardine, while most species utilize the reef or seagrass areas.
The marine environment in Aqaba is a host of several species of algae, sponges,
snails, crabs and sea turtles.
10
More than 20% of mollusks and Echinodermata as well as several species of
algae occurring in the Gulf may be endemic. The shores of the Gulf are also
frequented with sea turtles that spend their time swimming amongst the swirling
schools of fish. Harmless whale sharks, dolphins, and sea cows are also often
spotted visiting the gulf.
11
Part Two: Harmful, toxic and Potentially Hazardous Marine
Creatures in Aqaba
The extraordinary marine environment of Aqaba, holds the presence of several
gorgeous species but also a number of potentially injurious creatures, which
can cause serious injuries to unaware or careless divers or beach goers. Some
injuries could even result in death in very rare cases. The severity of injury often
depends on the amount of venom used, individual reactions, and nature of injury
and location of accidents.
These structures have developed

to aid in hunting and killing prey, but
also evolved for defense, especially
in harsh environment where predators
and prey are living on the same reef.
Some of the most dangerous marine
animals are well camouflaged and
practically invisible, so that they pose
a much greater threat than if they were
easily seen.
A general rule-of-thumb in the sea is

do not touch at all, unless you know
can confidently identify the species.
Photo: Scorpion Fish killed at Aqaba.

Persecution of wildlife is
prohibited
The Gulf of Aqaba is considered a friendly sea due to the very few hazardous
marine animals present. People enjoy diving and swimming as they can observe
and interact with the underwater marine life. Therefore, to avoid any injuries a
zero contact with underwater life is the best precaution. The following points
define best precaution measures.
• Enjoy observing underwater marine life, but avoid touching or handling them.
• Some marine creatures are very cryptic and are unnoticeable underwater,
therefore, look carefully where you place your hands and feet. Also, shuffle your
feet when walking in shallow water to prevent stepping on any animals.
12
Poisonous species: a creature is considered poisonous if it
contains toxins stored in special tissues or organs that cause
harm when eaten.
Venomous species: a creature is considered venomous if there

are specialized mechanisms to physically deliver the toxins
through bites, spines and stings.
13
Highly Venomous Fish
Stonefish,
Zebra-fish,
Scorpionfish
Be Aware while diving, as it is difficult to recognize

these species since they have an incredible ability
to camouflage with the surrounding nature
14
2.1 Highly Venonmous Fish (Stonefish, Zebra-fish, Scorpionfish)
2.1.1 General Information
There are several species of venomous marine creatures (fish and invertebrates),
all of which live in shallow-water where they are well camouflaged on rocky or
sandy areas. They are known to cause intense pain and even in some cases,
fatalities.
Stonefish and scorpionfish are flattened vertically, dark and mottled, while
zebrafish are ornate and feathery in appearance with alternating patches of dark
and light color. Antivenin is specific for the stonefish but may have some beneficial
effects against the scorpionfish and zebrafish.
2.1.2 Precautions
Divers should be alert for the presence of these species, avoid handling or
touching suspected venomous fish.
2.1.3 Diagnosis
A Sting and puncture mark surrounded by skin discoloration, usually bluish, will
be clearly seen, as well as immediate intense local pain. In addition, muscular
paralysis, respiratory depression, peripheral vasodilation, shock, cardiac
dysrhythmias, or cardiac arrest as venom is an unstable protein which acts as a
myotoxin on skeletal, involuntary, and cardiac muscle.
2.1.4 First Aid and Treatment
• Casualty leave the water and observe the victim for any collapsing.
• Lay the patient down and reassure.
• Observe for any signs of shock.
• Remove any broken spines using forceps, if available, but do not incise the
wound to search for spine fragments.
• Wash wound with cold, salt water, sterile saline solution or soapy water.
Surgery may be required to open up the puncture wound.
• The wound should not be rubbed, as this could crush the spines and worsen
the local effects of the sting.
• Do not apply a pressure bandage, tourniquet or cut or suck the wound.
• Institute hot water therapy through soaking the injured extremity in hot water
up to 50C°, for 30 to 90 minutes, and use hot compresses if the wound is on
the face as heat may break down the venom.
• Observe the causality carefully for the possible development of life-
threatening complications, as muscular paralysis, respiratory depression,
peripheral vasodilation, shock, cardiac dysrhythmias, or cardiac arrest.
• If the patient collapses, standard pre-hospital resuscitation should be used
(airways, breathing, circulation), as appropriate.
• Seek medical advice at the earliest opportunity. This is especially important
for stonefish stings, where an antivenom is available, which may give rapid
and dramatic relief of symptoms.
15
2.1.5 Creatures Recorded at Aqaba
2.1.5.1 Stonefish
Common Name Stonefish
Scientific Name Synanceia verrucosa
Arabic Name: Abu al Laban
Description
Brown or gray color, and it may have areas of yellow, orange or red. This species
normally reaches a length between 30 to 40 centimeters, although specimens can
reach up to 51 centimeters.
Habitats
Lives in coral reefs, and may settle on and around rocks, seagrasses, algae or
rest on the seabed.
Hazardous to Human
A venomous species, which could cause fatality as venom possibly contains
neurotoxins, myotoxins, procoagulants, cardiotoxins and necrotoxins. If puncture,
severe local pain, swelling and bruising will occur. In addition, general symptoms
might be noticed such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and collapsing.
16
2.1.5.2 Scorpionfish
Common Name Red Sea Walkman
Scientific Name Inimicus filamentosus
Description
Scorpionfishes may have a dull yellow, gray, brown, or rust with light blotches,
and are very similar to that of the surrounding sandy or coral seabed in which they
are found. These colors provide them with exceptional camouflage.
Habitats
Scorpionfish are a reef-associated species which inhabits sand and rubble
bottoms of coral reefs and can be found down to a depth of 55 m. It typically lies
partially buried on the sea floor or on a coral head during the day, covering itself
with sand and other debris for further camouflage.
Hazardous to Human
Venomous species, which could cause serious injury. It fans out its brilliantly
colored pectoral and caudal fins as a warning when disturbed by a scuba diver.
17
Common Name Bearded Scorpionfish
Scientific Name Scorpaenopsis barbata
Description
Body is heavily pigmented dark or reddish brown, mottled with whitish and
blackish blotches; often with a dark brown bar extending ventrally from posterior
half of the eye and broadening onto lower cheek. Dorsal, anal, and pelvic spines
can bear venom glands.
Habitats
Benthic species associated with reef down to more than 30 m depth.
Hazardous to Human
A venomous species that injects its venom from sharp spines coated with
venomous mucus.
18
Common Name Devil Scorpionfish
Scientific Name Scorpaenopsis diabola
Description
This species can reach it’s a maximum length of 30cm, and characterized by a
large head that merges into the landscape very well.
Habitats
It inhabits reef-associated marine environment and can be found at depths up to
70 m. They are found well camouflaged around and among coral reefs blending
into plants, rocks, mud and sand..
Hazardous to Human
When disturbed, it flashes its inner pectoral fins and can inflict a painful sting from
its venomous spines along its back.
19
Common Name Yellow- spotted Scorpionfish
Scientific Name Sebastapistes cyanostigma
Description
This species can grow up to 10 cm in length, and can be recognized by the yellow
and white spots on the body.
Habitats
Found in reef crests with rich coral growth at depths between 2-30 m. Typically
found among the branches of Pocillopora corals in surge areas of seaward reefs.
Also observed between the branches of the fire coral Millepora and Styllophora
species.
Hazardous to Human
A venomous species which uses the sharp venomous spines on its back for
protection.
20
2.1.5.3 Zebrafish
Common Name Common Lionfish
Scientific Name Pterois miles
Arabic Name: Ra’na
Description
Vary in color from reddish to tan or grey and have numerous thin, dark, vertical
bars on their head and body. The common lionfish grows up to 35 cm in length
and its head is less angular than that of P. volitans.
Habitats
This fish is usually found in areas with crevices or lagoons, often on the outer
slopes of coral reefs.
Hazardous to Human
The fin spines are highly venomous. Stings can occur even after the fish is dead,
so handlers should be aware of lionfish at all times. Venom can cause systemic
effects such as extreme pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, breathing difficulties,
convulsions, dizziness, redness on the affected area, headache, numbness,
paresthesia (pins and needles), heartburn, diarrhea, and sweating. In rare cases,
stings can cause temporary paralysis of the limbs and heart failure.
21
2.1.5.3 Zebrafish
Common Name Clearfin Lionfish
Scientific Name Pterois radiata
Description
The head and body color is reddish-brown with about six vertical dark bands of different
color on the body separated by thin white lines. Two white horizontal lines occur on
the caudal peduncle which distinguishes this fish from other similar lionfishes.
Habitats
It is found on both inshore and offshore rocky reefs at depths to about 25 m.
Lionfishes hide during the day in rock crevices, in small caves, or under overhangs.
They are more active at night to feed on invertebrates like crabs and shrimps.
Hazardous to Human
Venom can cause systemic effects such as extreme pain, nausea, vomiting,
fever, breathing difficulties, convulsions, dizziness, redness on the affected area,
headache, numbness, paresthesia (pins and needles), heartburn, diarrhea, and
sweating. In rare cases, stings can cause temporary paralysis of the limbs and
heart failure.
22
2.1.5.3 Zebrafish
Common Name Shortfin Lionfish; Shortfin Turkeyfish
Scientific Name Dendrochirus brachypterus
Description
Fins fan-like, rays fully attached by membrane; inner surface with concentric bands.
Habitats
Inhabits reef flats and shallow lagoon and coastal reefs, from a depth between 2
to 80m. Typically on isolated coral heads or algae- or sponge- covered rocks in
silty inshore areas. They often rest at the base of rocks or corals or hang upside-
down under ledges.
Hazardous to Human
They have venomous spines that can cause systemic effects such as extreme
pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, breathing difficulties, convulsions, dizziness,
redness on the affected area, headache, numbness, paresthesia (pins and
needles), heartburn, diarrhea, and sweating. Rarely, such stings can cause
temporary paralysis of the limbs, heart failure, and even death.
23
Barracuda
Barracuda bites might result in a large

amount of bleeding and tissue loss
24
2.2 Barracuda
Despite the presence of three species of barracuda at the Gulf of Aqaba, only
one species is considered hazardous to human, which is the Great Barracuda;
Sphyraena barracuda. The barracuda color ranges between silver to blue and
it may grow up to three meters long. It is characterized by a long and thin body
with large head characterized by prominent jaws and teeth and a V-shaped tail.
Barracuda wounds can be distinguished from those of a shark by the tooth pattern
where a barracuda leaves straight or V-shaped wounds, compared to sharks that
leave curved wounds like the shape of its jaws.
The barracuda is fast swimmer, capable of striking rapidly and violently. It attacks
surface swimmers and limbs dangling in the water, but rarely attacks underwater
swimmers, and life threatening attacks are rare.
2.2.2 Precautions
As Barracuda are attracted by any bright objects; avoid wearing shiny jewelry.
Also, avoid splashing or dangling limbs in barracuda-infested waters.
Since Barracuda bites might result in a large amount of bleeding and tissue loss,
instant action to control bleeding using large gauze pressure bandages should be
done through the following steps:
► Wrap the wound tightly using dressings preferably made with gauze to cover
wounds, but if gauze is not available, then use any shirts or towels available.
► Ensure to direct pressure on injured points to control serious bleeding.
► If bleeding continues after direct pressure, then use a tourniquet or ligature
even though there is the possibility of loss of the limb.
● Tourniquets are applied only as a last resort and with only enough pressure to
control bleeding. Do not remove the tourniquet, except by a physician in a
hospital setting.
● Treat for shock by laying the patient down and elevating their feet.
● You should monitor patient’s color, pulse, and blood pressure if possible, and
to maintain an airway.
● Transport the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible. Reassure the
patient.
25
2.2.4 Species Recorded at Aqaba
Common Name Great Barracuda
Scientific Name Sphyraena barracuda
Arabic Name: Iqama
Description
Side often seen with a few scattered dark spots; tail emarginated, dark with white
tips.
Habitats
Found predominantly at or near the surface, and inhabits seaward reefs at a
depth range between 1 to 100 m.
Hazardous to Human
Rarely attacks humans. Attacks consist of usually one quick, strike. Strikes are
rarely fatal.
26
Sharks
Not only shark bites could cause injuries, but also

by coming in contact with the shark’s skin!
27
2.3 Sharks
Although it is extremely rare for sharks to bite humans, shark attacks on humans
are unpredictable.
Most shark species pose no threats to humans, and there have not been any
reported shark attacks in Aqaba.
2.3.2 Precautions
Pre-attack behavior by most sharks is somewhat predictable. Some species may

exhibit pre-attach behavior such as swimming in circles of decreasing radius
around the prey. An attack may be heralded by unexpected acceleration or other
marked change in behavior, posture, or swim patterns.
Follow same first aid treatment of Barracuda bites.
28
Common Name Shortfin Mako Shark
Scientific Name Isurus oxyrinchus
Arabic Name: Qasaf, Qersh
Description
A fairly large species of shark with an average adult specimen measures around 3.2m
in length and 60–150kg in weight. This shark has a cylindrical shape, with a vertically
elongated tail. It exhibits countershading, with brilliant metallic blue coloration dorsally
and white ventrally. The line of demarcation between blue and white on the body is
distinct. The underside of the snout and the area around the mouth are white.
Habitats
A pelagic species that can be found from the surface to depths of 150 m, normally
far from land, though occasionally closer to shore.
Hazardous to Human
This species do not generally attack humans, but due to its speed, power, and
size, it is certainly capable of injuring people. Most recent attacks involving
shortfin mako sharks are considered to have been provoked due to harassment
or the shark being caught on a fishing line. Divers who have encountered shortfin
makos note, prior to an attack, they swim in a figure-eight pattern and approach
with mouths open.
29
Common Name Hammerhead Shark
Scientific Name Sphyrna lewini
Arabic Name: Samaket Matraqa, Qersh
Description
This species is named for it’s the hammer-like shape of the head. The eyes and
nostrils are at the tips of the extensions. The maximum length is 4.3 m and the
maximum weight is 152.4 kg.
Habitats
Inhabits steep slopes of offshore islands and banks, usually below thermocline.
Also considered a pelagic species and can be found at depth ranges from 5 to
275 m.
Hazardous to Human
Large hammerhead sharks are considered potentially dangerous to humans
because of the animal’s sheer size.
30
Common Name Sandbar Shark
Scientific Name Carcharhinus plumbeus
Arabic Name: Qersh
Description
A stout shark with a moderately long, rounded snout, high, triangular, saw-
edged upper teeth, and an inter-dorsal ridge. Color is grey-brown or bronzy with
no prominent markings and white belly. Fins plain or with slightly dusky tips.
Habitats
A coastal shark, often found in shallow waters associated with sandy or muddy
flats, bays, and harbors and also further offshore, particularly on banks, near flat
reefs and other topographic features in open waters.
Hazardous to Human
The sandbar shark poses little threat to humans due to its preference for smaller
prey and its tendency to avoid beaches. Although it has been rarely associated
with attacks on humans, its size makes it potentially dangerous
31
Common Name Tiger Shark
Scientific Name Galeocerdo cuvieri
Arabic Name: Qersh
Description
Body elongated, head depressed and rounded; powerful teeth in each jaw keel
mid- ventral on caudal peduncle. The color dark grey or greyish-brown with dark
brown or black rectangular spots often forming bars on sides and fins, but fading
with growth. Can reach lengths up to 4 m, although lengths up to 5 m may be
possible.
Habitats
Usually found near surface to depths of 140 m, and could occur adjacent to jetties
in harbors, and in coral lagoons. Bottom-associated species and sometimes
pelagic.
Hazardous to Human
The tiger shark is responsible for a large percentage of fatal shark bites and is
regarded as one of the most dangerous shark species.
32
Stingrays and
Electric Ray
Most attacks occur when waders

inadvertently step on a ray, so be
careful where to put your foot!
33
2.4 Stingrays and Electric Ray

Species of this group have a bat-like shape and a long tail, and usually favor
sheltered water and burrow into sand with only eyes and tail exposed. Most
attacks occur when humans inadvertently step on a ray, causing it to lash out
defensively with its tail. The spine is located near the base of the tail. A total of 11
species of stingray are reported from the Red Sea, with three species recorded
at the Gulf of Aqaba.
Electric rays are a group of rays, flattened cartilaginous fish with enlarged pectoral
fins. They are known for being capable of producing an electric discharge, ranging
from 8 to 220 volts, depending on species, used to stun prey and for defense. Two
species occur in the Red Sea of which one is recorded in the Gulf of Aqaba.
2.4.2 Precautions
As stingray prefer shallow waters, always shuffle feet when waking to alert the
rays, which encourages them to move.
2.4.3 Key Diagnostic Features

Wounds are either of the laceration or puncture type and are extremely painful. The
wound appears swollen and pale with a blue rim. Secondary wound infections are
common. Systemic symptoms may be present and can include fainting, nausea,
vomiting, sweating, respiratory difficulty, and cardiovascular collapse.

• Get victim out of water; watch for collapsing.
• Lay patient down and reassure.
• Observe for signs of shock.
• Institute hot water therapy through soaking the injured extremity in hot water
up to 50C°, for 30 to 90 minutes, since heat may break down the venom, and
use hot compresses if the wound is on the face.
• Clean and debride wound and ensure removing integument sheath gently
away from major blood vessels as it will continue to release toxin.
• Stings to the chest and abdomen, in general, should be left untouched, as
removal may cause further damage and endanger the patient. In particular,
stings to the chest wall, near the heart, can prove lethal and inexpert removal
of the sting can precipitate rapid collapse and death.
• Observe patient carefully for the possible development of life-threatening
complications. Symptoms can include cardiac dysrhythmias, hypotension,
vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, muscle paralysis, respiratory depression, and
cardiac arrest. Fatalities have been occasionally reported.
• Transport the victim to medical care as soon as safely possible
34
2.4.5.1 Stingray’s
Common Name Darkspotted Stringray
Scientific Name Himantura uarnak
Arabic Name: Warnak
Description
Huge stingray with conspicuous dark spots on a light brown disc. The tail is whip-
like and extremely thin, measuring 3 – 3.5 times as long as the disc when intact,
and lacks fin folds. Usually one serrated stinging spine is located on the upper
surface on the tail, some distance from the base.
Habitats
It is frequently found off sandy beaches and in sandy areas of coral reefs, and it
can survive offshore to depths of at least 50 m.
Hazardous to Human
Humans are usually stung in the foot area when they step on the species by the
barbed stinger in their tail. Sting causes local trauma (from the cut itself), pain
and, swelling from the venom, and possible later infection from bacteria. Fatal
stings are very rare. Pain normally lasts up to 48 hours, but is most severe in the
first 30–60 minutes and may be accompanied by nausea, fatigue, headaches,
fever, and chills.
35
Common Name Blue- spotted Stingray
Scientific Name Taeniura lymma
Arabic Name: Um Qurbaj
Description
The dorsal coloration consists of numerous circular, neon blue spots on a yellowish
brown or green background; the spots vary in size, becoming smaller and denser
towards the disc margin. The tail has two stripes of the same blue running along
each side as far as the spines. The eyes are bright yellow and the belly is white.
Habitats
Often found along shallow coastal tropical waters, and rarely found deeper than
30 m. It is also commonly encountered in the intertidal zone and tidal, and has
been sighted near seagrass beds.
Hazardous to Human
Venomous tail spines present and mild envenoming can occur from a sting.
36
Common Name Black- blotched Stingray
Scientific Name Taeniura meyeni
Arabic Name:
Description
One of the largest stingray species in the Red Sea, which can grow to 1.8 m
across, 3.3 m long, and 150 kg in weight. The dorsal coloration is light to dark
gray, brown-gray, or purplish, becoming most intense towards the fin margins,
with a highly variable pattern of irregular darker mottling and white speckles or
streaks. The tail past the spine, including the fin fold, is uniformly black, while the
underside is creamy white with darker fin margins and additional dots. Young rays
are plainer in coloration than adults.
Habitats
Often found in along shallow coastal tropical waters, and can be observed lying
on the bottom of the flats and patches of sand between coral areas. Most often
they are completely or partially buried in the sand or mud with only tail, eyes and
spiracles exposed.
Hazardous to Human
A mildly venomous species, whose stings can cause venom-induced pain,
swelling, and bleeding due to mechanical trauma. If the chest or abdomen are
punctured, this could potentially be lethal.
37
2.4.5.2 Electric Ray’s
Common Name Scalloped Torpedo Ray; Leopard Torpedo Ray
Scientific Name Torpedo panthera
Arabic Name: Khadala Ramlya
Description
The flattened body and enlarged pectoral fins form a circular disc shape, which in
this species is dark brown patterned with clusters of whitish spots. The mouth is
situated on the underside of the flabby body and small, bulging eyes are situated
on top of the head, surrounded by small spiracles. Produce an electrical discharge
from large kidney-shaped organs situated between the head and the pectoral fins.
Habitats
Recorded on muddy and sandy bottoms of the continental shelf to depths of 110 m.
Hazardous to Human
Not well researched
38
2.4.5.2 Electric Ray’s
Common Name Spotted Eagle Ray
Scientific Name Taeniura meyeni
Arabic Name: Not Available
Description
The dorsal coloration is light to dark gray, brown-gray, or purplish, becoming
most intense towards the fin margins, with a highly variable pattern of irregular
darker mottling and white speckles or streaks. The tail past the spine, including
the fin fold, is uniformly black, while the underside is creamy white with darker fin
margins and additional dots.
Habitats
Inhabits sandy areas of reef flat and outer reef slopes at depths ranging from 1
to 80 m.
Hazardous to Human
The species is not aggressive but there is one record of a human injury attributed
to this species worldwide.
39
Moray Eels
Not a snake! It is an Eel. Extreme care

should be taken when reaching into
holes or crevices where it survive.
40
2.5 Moray Eels
Snake-like in both appearance and movement. Has a tough, leathery skin and
grow to a length of 3 meters. A moray eel is extremely territorial and attacks
on humans are usually in self-defense as a result from humans reaching into
a crevice or hole occupied by the eel. Eels have prominent teeth and powerful
bite, and sometimes may not dislodge after a bite is initiated. Injuries are usually
inflicted on hands or forearms and may vary from multiple small puncture wounds
to the tearing, jagged type with profuse bleeding if there has been a struggle.
2.5.2 Precautions
Extreme care should be used when reaching into holes or crevices.
Primary first aid must stop the bleeding through direct pressure and raising the
injured extremity until the injury is evaluated by a physician.
Mild envenomation may occur from a toxin that is released from the palatine
mucosa in the mouth of certain moray eels. The nature of this toxin is not known.
Antibiotic therapy should be given early. Immediate specialized care by a hand
surgeon may be necessary for tendon and nerve repair of the hand to prevent
permanent damage and loss of function.
41
Common Name Giant Moray
Scientific Name Gymnothorax javanicus
Arabic Name: Qmum
Description
The largest moray, with brown and black flecks, where those on body and tail
forming leopard- like spots.
Habitats
A bottom dweller species and is commonly found in holes and crevices or under
rocks and coral and can survive at a depth ranges from 1 to 46 m.
Hazardous to Human
This species may be hazardous to people as it has been implicated in provoked
and unprovoked attacks on scuba divers. In addition, it is considered poisonous if
eaten as its mucus is toxic.
42
Common Name Yellow-mouth moray
Scientific Name Gymnothorax nudivomer
Arabic Name: Qmum
Description
This species has a relatively short, blunt snout and the larger specimens lack
vomerine teeth and median intermaxillary teeth. The largest teeth are finely
serrate; and jaws not arched, even in large specimens.
Habitats
Benthic species associated with reef at depth ranges from 2 - 271 m.
Hazardous to Human
Poisonous if eaten as its mucus is toxic.
43
Puffer and Porcupine
Fish Poisoning
Very beautiful animals but could

be deadly if eaten.
44
2.6 Puffer and Porcupine Fish Poisoning
Puffer and porcupine fish contains an extremely potent neurotoxin called

tetrodotoxin in the viscera, gonads, liver, and skin. The first sign of poisoning
is usually tingling around the mouth, which spreads to the extremities and may
lead to a body wide numbness. Neurological findings may progress to stumbling
gait (ataxia), generalized weakness, and paralysis. The victim, though paralyzed,
remains conscious until death occurs by respiratory arrest.
2.6.2 Precautions
Avoid eating puffer and porcupine fish, as cooking the poisonous flesh will not
destroy the toxin.
• Provide supportive care with airway management and monitor breathing and
circulation.
• Monitor changes in bowel movement.
• Monitor and treat cardiac dysrhythmias.
• Escort the patient to the nearest hospital.
45
Common Name Masked Puffer
Scientific Name Arothron diadematus
Arabic Name: Alnajem
Description
Body elongated and streamlined, with olive- green color superiorly with brown
spots. It can reach a length of more than 100 cm.
Habitats
The species can be found in shallow coastal waters down to 250m.
Hazardous to Human
Extremely poisonous if eaten because it contains tetrodotoxin in its ovaries and
to a lesser extent its skin, muscles and liver, which protects it from voracious
predators. It becomes toxic as it eats bacteria that contain the toxin. This deadly
substance causes paralysis of voluntary muscles, which may cause its victims to
stop breathing or induce heart failure.
46
Common Name Porcupinefish
Scientific Name Diodon hystrix
Arabic Name: Hadroom Abu Shouka
Description
Body robust and covered with long, sharp spines, folded backwards when body
not inflated. Body grayish tan, with small black spots, but no large dark blotches.
Habitats
Commonly seen in caves and holes in shallow reefs and occur in lagoon and
seaward reefs to at least 50 m.
Hazardous to Human
Reported as toxic to humans.
47
Aggressive Fish
The bite of this group could be serious!
48
2.7 Aggressive Fish
Common Name Blue Triggerfish
Scientific Name Pseudobalistes fuscus
Arabic Name: Hijma
Description
The body is mainly brown, but fins have yellow margins. Juveniles are yellowish
brown with a network of brilliant bluish wavy lines. With growth these lines become
interconnected.
Habitats
A reef-associated species, which prefers coastal waters, shallow lagoons and
seaward reefs, at 30–50 meters of depth.
Hazardous to Human
A territorial fish known for its aggressiveness and many divers choose to keep a
safe distance from this species.
49
Common Name Orange-striped triggerfish
Scientific Name Balistapus undulatus
Arabic Name: Um Qaren
Description
Green with curved orange stripes and the female found with stripes on snout.
Habitats
Inhabits coral- rich areas of lagoon and seaward reefs on a depth ranges between
1 to 50 m.
Hazardous to Human
Some divers have been bitten from territorial male triggerfish protecting the eggs.
50
Hallucinate Fish
This group could hallucinate humans!
51
2.8 Creatures Recorded in Aqaba
Common Name Brassy Sea Chub
Scientific Name Kyphosus vaigiensis
Arabic Name: Tahmal
Description
Grey with dusky dorsal and caudal fins. Darker grey to yellowish lines along
scale rows. Sometimes with blotched pattern that is showing intermittently. The
maximum size is 90 cm total length.
Habitats
Occurs over hard, algal coated bottoms of exposed surf-swept outer reef flats,
lagoons, and seaward reefs to a depth of 24 m.
Hazardous to Human
They can induce Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-like hallucinations if eaten. In
2006, two men who apparently ate the fish experienced hallucinations lasting for
several days
52
Scombroid Fish
Poisoning
Do not eat any fish that has been left in the

sun or in the heat longer than two hours.
53
2.9 Scombroid Fish Poisoning
Scombroid fish poisoning occurs from different types of fish that have not been
promptly cooled or prepared for immediate consumption. Typical fish causing
scombroid poisoning include tuna, skipjack, and mackerel. A rapid bacterial
production of histamine and saurine (a histamine-like compound) produce the
symptoms of a histamine reaction: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, facial
flushing, urticarial (hives), headache, pruritus (itching), bronchospasm, and a
burning or itching sensation in the mouth. Symptoms may begin one hour after
ingestion and last 8 to 12 hours death is rare.
2.9.2 Precautions
Immediately clean the fish and preserve by rapid chilling, and as a general
precaution, do not eat any fish that has been left in the sun or in the heat longer
than two hours.
Because the histamine toxin is heat stabile it is not affected by cooking, freezing,
smoking and canning. Therefore, the best way to avoid scombroid poisoning is by
preventing its production through:
• Refrigerate fish to 40C° at all times.
• Reject fresh fish >40C° at delivery.
• Fresh fish should be eaten within 48 hours at refrigerated temperatures.
54
Octopuses
Avoid octopuses, regardless of its size
55
2.10 Octopuses
The octopus has a large sac surrounded by 8 to 10 tentacles. The head sac
is large with well-developed eyes and horny jaws on the mouth. Movement is
made by jet action produced by expelling water from the mantle cavity through
the siphon. The octopus hide in caves, crevices and shells. It possesses a well-
developed venom apparatus in its salivary glands and stings by biting.
2.10.2 Precautions
Octopus should not be touched regardless of size.. Divers should be careful when
moving close to caves and crevices with residing octopus.
• If bitten, control local bleeding.

• Clean the wound and cover with a clean dressing.
• Administer tetanus prophylaxis as appropriate.
56
All octopus are hazardous regardless of their size. Octopus bites consist of two
small punctures. A burning or tingling sensation results and might soon spread.
Swelling, redness, and inflammation are common. Bleeding may be severe and
the clotting ability of the blood is often retarded by the action of an anticoagulant
in the venom.
Common Name White Spotted Octopus
Scientific Name Callistoctopus macropus
Arabic Name: Akhtabout
Description
Grows to a mantle length of 20 cm with a total length of 150 cm. The first pair of
arms are a meter or so long, and are much longer than the remaining three pairs.
The arms are all connected by a shallow web. This octopus is red, with white
blotches on its body, and paired white spots on its arms. When it is disturbed, its
color becomes more intense which may make it appear threatening to a potential
predator.
Habitats
It lives near the shore at depths down to about 17 m. Its favored habitat is sand,
rubble or seagrass meadows, and it sometimes buries itself under the sand.
57
Common Name Mimic Octopus
Scientific Name Thaumoctopus mimicus
Arabic Name: Akhtabout
Description
A smaller octopus that grows to a total length of about 60 cm including arms, with
a diameter approximately that of a pencil at their widest. The octopus' natural
color is a light brown/beige color, but usually appear a more noticeable color of
striped white and brown to scare off predators by imitating poisonous species.
Its ability to change shape is the reason this species was named the "mimic"
octopus, and it is a main defense besides camouflage.
Habitats
It is primarily found in areas with sand or silt at depths of less than 15 m. It prefers
obscuring murky and muddy sea floors to blend in with its natural brown, beige
color.
58
Corals
This is what makes a dive at Aqaba

worth, but be careful
59
2.11 Corals
Coral, an animal with a rock-like formation, is extremely sharp and the most
delicate coral is often the most dangerous because of their razor-sharp edges.
Coral cuts, while usually fairly superficial, take a long time to heal and can cause
temporary disability. The smallest cut, if left untreated, can develop into a skin
ulcer. Secondary infections often occur and may be recognized by the presence
of a red and tender area surrounding the wound. All coral cuts should receive
medical attention.
In addition, fire coral should be dealt with care as upon contact, an intense pain can
be felt and may last for two days up to two weeks. The very small nematocysts on
fire corals contain tentacles that protrude from numerous surface pores (similar
to jellyfish stings). In addition, fire corals have a sharp, calcified external skeleton
that can scrape the skin.
2.11.2 Precautions
Extreme care should be used when working or moving near coral communities,
and coral should not be handled with bare hands. Feet should be protected with
booties, coral shoes or tennis shoes. Wet suits and protective clothing should be
worn when near coral.
• Control local bleeding.

• Promptly clean with hydrogen peroxide or 10-percent povidone-iodine
solution and debride the wound, removing all foreign particles.
• Cover with a clean dressing.
• Administer tetanus prophylaxis as appropriate.
• Topical antibiotic ointment has been proven very effective in preventing
secondary infection.
• In severe cases, restrict the patient to bed rest with elevation of the extremity,
wet-to-dry dressings, and systemic antibiotics. Systemic steroids may be
needed to manage the inflammatory reaction resulting from a combination
of trauma and dermatitis.
60
Common Name Fire Coral
Scientific Name Millepora dichotoma
Arabic Name: Morgan Nari
Description
Fire corals have a bright yellow-green and brown skeletal covering and are widely
distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. They appear in small brush-like
growths on rocks and coral. Divers often mistake fire coral for seaweed, and
accidental contact is common.
Habitats
This species is most abundant in shallow reef habitat at depths of less than 15 m.
Millepora species are generally found in inshore areas characterized by turbidity,
and exhibit a tolerance for siltation. They often occur in clear offshore sites.
Hazardous to Human
A sting from Fire coral is rarely dangerous unless accompanied by an allergic
reaction or anaphylactic shock. In fact, the most serious effects seen after extensive
stings are possible nausea and vomiting for two to three hours afterwards. The
sting caused by these animals is a result of the injection of a water-soluble, heat
affected, proteinaceous toxin. The discharged nematocysts cause small welts on
the skin with red lesions around the raised areas. Swelling, blisters, and pus-filled
encystations may occur soon after being stung. However, all symptoms generally
disappear after 24 hours.
If stung, treatment consists of a breakdown of the protein by soaking the affected
area in hot water, or swabbing the welts with vinegar. After initial treatment, topical
anesthetics may be applied to ease the burning sensation.
61
Sea Urchins and
Sea Stars
A penetration of the sea urchin

spine can cause intense local pain
62
2.12 Sea Urchins
There are various species of sea urchins, of which all has a radial shape and long
spines. Penetration of the sea urchin spine can cause intense local pain due to a
venom in the spine or from another type of stinging organ called the globiferous
pedicellariae. Numbness, generalized weakness, paresthesias, nausea, vomiting,
and cardiac dysrhythmias have been reported.
2.12.2 Precautions
Avoid contact with sea urchins, as even the short-spined sea urchin can inflict its
venom via the pedicellariae stinging organs. Protective footwear and gloves are
recommended. Spines can penetrate wet suits, booties, and tennis shoes.
• Remove large spine fragments gently, being very careful not to break them
into small fragments that remain in the wound.
• Bathe the wound in vinegar or isopropyl alcohol. Soaking the injured extremity
in hot water up to 50ºC may help.
• Clean and debride the wound.
• Remove as much of the spine as possible, and note that some small
fragments may be absorbed by the body. Do not use fire or smoke cigarettes
to remove spines
• Surgical removal, preferably with a dissecting microscope, may be required
when spines are near nerves and joints.
• X-rays may be required to locate these spines. Spines can form granulomas
months later and may even migrate to other sites.
• Get medical attention for deep wounds.
63
Common Name Crown of Thorns Starfish
Scientific Name Acanthaster planci
Description
Large, multiple-armed starfish (or seastar), which receives its name from
venomous thorn-like spines that cover its upper surface, or the crown of thorns. It
is one of the largest sea stars in the world.
Habitats
It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities exist, as it usually preys
upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia).
Hazardous to Human
It has no mechanism for injecting the toxin, but as the spines perforate tissue
of a predator or unwary person, tissue containing the saponins is lost into the
wound. In humans, this immediately causes a sharp, stinging pain that may last
for several hours, persistent bleeding due to the haemolytic effect of saponins,
and nausea and tissue swelling that may persist for a week or more. The spines,
which are brittle, may also break off and become embedded in the tissue where
they must be removed surgically.
64
Common Name Red Sea Fire Urchin
Scientific Name Asthenosoma marisrubri
Description
Short spines with venomous globular swelling are found at tips, and may cause
painful injuries. It can grow up to 15 cm.
Habitats
Can survive on sand, rubble, and dead coral or among seagrasses of lagoon and
seaward reef slopes, at depth range between 3 to 30 m.
Hazardous to Human
Proteinaceous venom pouches at the tips of their shorter spines which, when
ruptured by pressure, release a venom which causes localized pain and
inflammation.
65
Common Name Common Long- spined Urchin
Scientific Name Diadema paucispinum
Arabic Name: Abu Hylaman
Description
It has extremely long spines, up to 25 cm; which may inflict painful injuries. It can
grow up to 40 cm and anal opening has red ring.
Habitats
It survive on subtidal reef flats and protected reef slopes to 25 m.
Hazardous to Human
Injured areas from spine penetration should be soaked in hot water to deactivate
the toxins and later vinegar may help soften the spines. Surgical removal of spine
tips that remain in the skin is difficult because of their fragility. Left alone, the
spines may gradually be absorbed into the tissues.
66
Common Name Common Long- spined Urchin
Scientific Name Diadema setosum
Arabic Name: Abu Hylaman
Description
It is a typical sea urchin, with extremely long, hollow spines that are mildly
venomous.
Habitats
D. setosum differs from other Diadema with five, characteristic white dots that
can be found on its body. Despite being capable of causing painful stings when
stepped upon, the urchin is only slightly venomous and does not pose a serious
threat to humans.
Hazardous to Human
The toxin mostly causes swelling and pain, and gradually diffuses over several
hours. More danger is presented by the delivery system – the urchin's spines
which are extremely brittle and needle-like. They easily break off within flesh and
are quite a challenge to extract. Like other venomous sea urchins, the venom of
Diadema setosum is only mild and not fatal to humans.
67
Common Name Collector Urchin
Scientific Name Tripneustes gratilla
Arabic Name:
Description
Dark in color, usually bluish-purple with white spines. The pedicles are also white,
with a dark or black base.
Habitats
Prefer open sea bottoms with some cover of seagrasses and algae, but the young
prefer rocky areas for concealment.
Hazardous to Human
This species is considered mildly venomous.
68
Cone Shells
Be careful if the animal was there

since the sting could be as severe
as a poisonous snake bite
69
2.13 Cone Shells
The cone shell is widely distributed in all regions and is usually found under rocks
and coral or crawling along sand. The shell is most often symmetrical in a spiral
coil, colorful, with a distinct head, one to two pairs of tentacles, two eyes, and a
large flattened foot on the body.
A cone shell sting should be considered as severe as a poisonous snake bite.

It has a highly developed venom apparatus. Venom is contained in darts inside
the proboscis which extrudes from the narrow end but is able to reach most of
the shell. Cone shell stings are followed by a stinging or burning sensation at the
site of the wound. Numbness and tingling begin at the site of the wound and may
spread to the rest of the body. Symptoms may include muscular paralysis, difficulty
with swallowing and speech, visual disturbances, and respiratory distress.
2.13.2 Diagnosis
Victims of cone stinging usually feel a sharp sting as the harpoon is thrust into
their flesh. A sting by one of the fish-eating cones can affect vision, hearing, and
speech, and the victim may become partially or completely paralyzed. A sting by
worm-eating or mollusk eating cones may cause pain, swelling, and discoloration
of the area near the puncture.
2.13.3 Precautions
Avoid handling cone shells as venom can be injected through clothing and gloves.
If handled, cone shells should be handled only by the blunt end of the shell and
dropped immediately if the tubular proboscis appears within striking distance.
• Lay the patient down.

• Do not apply a loose constricting band or ligature.
• Transport the patient to a medical facility while ensuring that the patient is
breathing adequately.
• Cone shell venom results in paralysis or paresis of skeletal muscle, with or
without myalgia. Symptoms develop within minutes of the sting and effects
can last up to 24 hours.
• No antivenin is available.
70
Common Name Geography Cone
Scientific Name Conus geographus
Arabic Name: Sadafa, Wada’a
Description
It can grow up to 15 cm. shell is creamy, with brown markings; animal creamy with
black spots; siphon with brown rings.
Habitats
Survive on protected reef flats and shallow lagoons and seawards reefs. Common
in area with patches of sand and rubble.
Hazardous to Human
Among the most dangerous of cone shells, responsible for many human fatalities.
Stings produce a puncture wound, followed by numbness, loss of coordination,
muscular paralysis and respiratory failure. Quick medical treatment is essential.
71
Common Name Striated Cone
Scientific Name Conus striatus
Description
It can grow up to 12.5 cm. shell is creamy with irregular lengthwise bands of
perpendicular dark pinstripes; animal creamy with dark cross- streaks.
Habitats
Survive on sand and hard bottoms of reef flats and lagoon and seaward reefs to
at least 40 m.
Hazardous to Human
Dangerous species and caused human fatalities.
72
Common Name Conus textile neovicarius
Scientific Name Conus striatus
Description
It can grow up to 13 cm. It has numerous white tent- like markings, siphon with
red tip and black ring.
Habitats
In most coral reef habitats, from reef flats and lagoon and seaward reef to at least
50 m. Nocturnal, usually under rocks, rubble or buried in sandy by day.
Hazardous to Human
Very dangerous, has caused human fatalities.
Other cones Species that might survive at Aqaba

• Comb Murex; Murex forskoeblii
• Lineated Conch; Strombus fasciatus
• Jumping Conch; Strombus terebellatus
• Red Sea Topshell; Tectus dentatus
73
Sponges
A contact with sponges should

be done after wearing gloves
74
2.14 Sponges
Sponges are composed of minute multicellular animals with spicules of silica

or calcium carbonate embedded in a fibrous skeleton. Exposure of skin to the
chemical irritants on the surface of certain sponges or exposure to the minute
sharp spicules can cause a painful skin condition called dermatitis. Sponges
feed by filtering seawater that contains nutrients, minerals and also the toxins
excreted by other animals and plants. They may reuse (sequester) these toxins
for their own metabolic functions (secondary metabolites). Sponges also produce
their own toxins through normal metabolism, or in collaboration with the many
microbes that live inside them.
Whatever the source of these toxic chemicals, many have been found to be
highly toxic to other life forms. In fact some of the most toxic chemicals known
in nature have been discovered from sponges. Some of these chemicals have
potential pharmaceutical applications, including anti-cancer, anti-malaria and
pain control (analgesics). In fact the major reason why our knowledge of sponges
has escalated over the past few decades is directly due to the increasing interest
in their pharmaceutical properties.
2.14.2 Precautions
Avoid handling or contact with sponges.
• Adhesive or duct tape can effectively remove the sponge spicules.

• Vinegar or 3- 10% acetic acid should be applied with saturated compresses
as sponges may be secondarily inhabited by stinging coelenterates.
• Antihistamine lotion (diphenhydra-mine) and later a topical steroid
(hydrocortisone), may be applied to reduce the early inflammatory reaction.
• Antibiotic ointment is effective in reducing the chance of a secondary infection.
75
Coelenterates
Jellyfish, and sea anemone stings

could result in painful local skin
irritation
76
2.15 Coelenterates
Hazardous types of coelenterates include jellyfish, and sea anemone. Jellyfish

vary widely in color (blue, green, pink, red, and brown) or may be transparent.
They appear to be balloon-like floats with tentacles dangling down into the water.
The most common stinging injury are from jellyfish. Jellyfish can come into direct
contact with a diver in virtually any sea region, worldwide. When this happens, the
diver is exposed to literally thousands of minute stinging organs in the tentacles
called nematocysts. Most jellyfish stings result only in painful local skin irritation.
2.15.2 Precautions
Do not handle jellyfish either alive or dead as beached or apparently dead

specimens may still be able to sting.
Swimmers and divers should avoid close proximity to jellyfish to avoid contacting
their tentacles, especially when near the surface. In addition, wet suits, body
shells, or protective clothing should be worn when diving in waters where jellyfish
are abundant.
• Gently remove any remaining tentacles using a towel or clothing, without

rubbing.
• Use vinegar or a 3 - 10% solution of acetic acid, for preventing any further
discharge of the stinging nematocysts.
• Do not use alcohol or preparations containing alcohol as it has demonstrated
to cause a massive discharge of the nematocysts. In addition, these
compounds may also worsen the skin inflammatory reaction.
77
2.15.4 Hazardous Species Recorded at Aqaba
Common Name luminescent Jellyfish
Scientific Name Pelagia noctiluca
Description
The medusa is filled with an abiotic gel-like substance called the mesoglea
with pink to purple in color, having blue, brown, and magenta pigments. It has
8 tentacles, which can reach up to 10 m in length, and four large oral arms. The
tentacles, oral arms, exumbrella, and gastric pouches are covered in cnidocytes,
cells that eject a toxin-filled stinging thread. The average size of P. noctiluca is 6.5
cm diameter across the bell but they may grow to be 10 cm or more. If disturbed,
it will bioluminesce, and this luminescence is often seen at night.
Habitats
It forms actively swimming aggregations and is usually found peaking at a depth of
12 m to 30 m. Offshore aggregations rarely contain more than 20 individuals per
cubic meter, but inshore swarms can have up to 600 individuals per cubic meter.
Hazardous to Human
This species contains stinging nematocysts which inject toxins into anything they
contact.
78
Common Name Upside- down Jellyfish
Scientific Name Cassiopea andromeda
Description
This is a sedentary jellyfish that lives in a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic
dinoflagellate algae, zooxanthellae, and shrimp. This jellyfish, is often mistaken
for a sea anemone.
Habitats
Usually lives in intertidal sand or mud flats, shallow lagoons, and around
mangroves.
Hazardous to Human
The jelly can sting which makes it important to take precautions when around it.
Symptoms include pain, rash, swelling and vomiting.
79
Common Name Moon Jellyfish
Scientific Name Aurelia aurita
Description
The jellyfish is translucent, usually about 25–40 cm in diameter, and can be
recognized by its four horseshoe-shaped gonads, easily seen through the top of
the bell. It is capable of only limited motion, and drifts with the current, even when
swimming.
Habitats
In general, it is an inshore genus that is dominating harbors areas.
Hazardous to Human
The sting of the moon jellyfish is not fatal or dangerous to humans. Stings are
usually minor, with some individuals not having any reactions. In severe cases,
the victim may experience some burning sensation at the site of the sting.
80
3. References
• Al-Tawaha, M. (2007). Sea Urchin Diadema setosum as a Possible

Bioindicator for Trace Metal Pollution in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red. Unpublished
Master Thesis. Yarmouk University. P 137
• Anonymous, (1982). Prevention and Treatment of Dangerous Marine Animal
Injuries, a publication by International Bio-toxicological Centre, World Life
Research Institute, Colton, CA; P.S. Auerbach and B.W. Halstead.
• Anonymous, (1991). A Medical Guide to Hazardous Marine Life, Second
Edition, Mosby Yearbook, P.S. Auerbach.
• Clarke, Matt. (2006). "Men hallucinate after eating fish". Practical
Fishkeeping. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
• De Carvalho, M.R. and McCord, M.E. (2006). Torpedo panthera. The IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species 2006: e.T60134A12311224. Randall, J.E.,
G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and
Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 506 p.
• De Haro, L.; Pommier, P. (2006). "Hallucinatory fish poisoning
(ichthyoallyeinotoxism): two case reports from the Western Mediterranean
and literature review". Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia) 44 (2): 185–8.
doi:10.1080/15563650500514590. PMID 16615678.
• Debelius, H. (2007). Red Sea Reef Guide. Circle Publishing Ltd. p 321
• Edmonds, C. (Anonymous). Dangerous Marine Creatures, Reed Book Ptg.,
Ltd., 2 Aquatic Drive, French’s Forest, NSW 20806 Austrailia.
• Edmund, C. (2012). Diving Medicine for Scuba Divers. 4th Ed. ISBN: 978-
0-646-52726-0
• Khalaf, M. (2004). Fish Fauna of the Jordanian Coast, Gulf of Aqaba, Red
Sea. Mar. Sci. 15: 23- 50
• Khalaf, M. and Disi, A. (1997). Fishes of the Gulf of Aqaba. National Library,
p252.
• Khalaf, M.; Krupp, F. (2003). Two new records of fishes from the Red Sea.
Zoology in the Middle East 30, 2003: 55–59
• Lieske, E.; Myers, R. (2004). Coral Reef Guide Red Sea. Harper Collins
Publishers. P384
• Trevett, et al. (1997). Tetrodotoxic Poisoning from Ingestion of a Porcupine
Fish (Diodon hystrix) in Papua New Guinea: Nerve Conduction Studies.
Am J Trop Med Hyg56:30-32
• Vine, P. (1986). Red Sea Invertebrates. IMMEL publishing. P224
Online sources
http://www.toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.marine_vertebrates.
display&id=MV00041
81
Image Credit
Image Copyright Holder Page
Lionfish Vlad61- Shutterstock Cover Page

Diving in Aqaba Rajae Joury 4
Stone Fish Obada Almaaitah 6
Scorpion Fish Mohamed Qatawneh 6
Spotted Eagle Ray Rod Abbotson 7
Redsea Walkman Omar Al-Momany 7
Aqaba City- General View JREDS 8
Diving in Aqaba Omar Al-Momany 8
Yellow Waver Coral Abdullah Momany 9
Diving in Aqaba Edmund Morris 9
Diving in Aqaba Rajae Joury 10
Aqaba Reef Flat Aqaba Marine Park 18
Feature Duster Worm Obada Almaaitah 11
Stonefish Ali Al Hazaimeh 12
Common Lionfish Mohamed Qatawneh 13
Devil Scorpion Fish Matt Reston- Shutterstock 14
Reef Stonefish Aqua Images- Shutterstock 16
Red Sea Walkman scorpionfish LauraD- Shutterstock 17
Bearded Scorpionfish Magnusdeepbelow- Shutterstock 18
Devil Scorpionfish RHIMAGE- Shutterstock 19
Yellow- spotted Scorpionfish Cigdem Sean Cooper- Shutterstock 20
Common Lionfish Rich Carey- Shutterstock 21
Clearfin Lionfish stephan kerkhofs- Shutterstock 22
Shortfin Lionfish bbevren- Shutterstock 23
Barracuda skeleton and jaws Angelo Giampiccolo- Shutterstock 24
Great Barracuda Kaschibo- Shutterstock 26
Grey Reef Shark cbpix- Shutterstock 27
Shortfin Mako Shark Alessandro De Maddalena - Shutterstock 29
Hammerhead Shark frantisekhojdysz- Shutterstock 30
Sandbar Shark Yory Frenklakh- Shutterstock 31
Tiger Shark Kaschibo- Shutterstock 32
Darkspotted Stingray Rich Carey- Shutterstock 33
Darkspotted Stringray vkilikov- Shutterstock 35
82
Blue- spotted Stingray LauraD- Shutterstock 36
Black- blotched Stingray stephan kerkhofs- Shutterstock 37
Scalloped Torpedo Ray LauraD- Shutterstock 38
Spotted Eagle Ray Richard Whitcombe - Shutterstock 39
Honeycomb Eel KenCay- Shutterstock 40
Giant Moray Rich Carey- Shutterstock 42
Yellow-mouth Moray Mohamed Qatawneh 43
Bufferfish Unknown 44
Masked Puffer serg_dibrova- Shutterstock 46
Porcupinefish Hans Gert Broeder- Shutterstock 47
Picaso Fish Rod Abbotson 48
Blue Triggerfish Abdulla Momany 49
Orange-stripped Triggerfish orlandin- Shutterstock 50
Hallucinate Fish - Shutterstock 51
Brassy Sea Chub James A Dawson- Shutterstock 52
Fish ready for cooking Alexeysun- Shutterstock 53
Octopus LauraD- Shutterstock 55
White Spotted Octopus Abdulla Momany 57
Mimic Octopus Omar Al-Momany 58
Acropora Sp. Abdullah Momany 59
Millepora Vilainecrevette- Shutterstock 61
Black Sea Urchin Sphinx Wang- Shutterstock 62
Crown of Thorns Starfish Ethan Daniels- Shutterstock 64
Red Sea Fire Urchin LauraD- Shutterstock 65
Common Long- spined Urchin Cigdem Sean Cooper- Shutterstock 66
Common Long- spined Urchin topimages- Shutterstock 67
Collector Urchin Omar Al-Momany 68
Sea shells LadyAtlantis- Shutterstock 69
Geography Cone jassada watt- Shutterstock 71
Striated Cone stephan kerkhofs- Shutterstock 72
Textile Cone LauraD- Shutterstock 73
Tube Sponge Abdullah Momany 74
Physalia Sciencepics_ Shutterstock 76
Luminescent Jellyfish Antonio Martin 78
Upside- down Jellyfish Omar Al-Momany 79
Moon Jellyfish Mohamed Qatawneh 80
Great Barracuda aarrows- Shutterstock Back cover
83
About Authors
Ehab Eid
Mr. Eid is the Acting Executive Director
at JREDS. He holds a master degree in
conservation, access and management
of species in trade from the International
University of Andalusia in Spain.
Since more than 15 years, Mr. Eid developed an extensive experiences
in the marine and terrestrial biodiversity conservation at the national and
regional level. He have published several peer- reviewed articles and is
a member in several national, regional and international conservation
bodies.
Mohammad Al- Tawaha

He is working with JREDS as the marine
conservation program manager since 2011.
Mr. Tawaha holds a master degree in
marine science and he have an extensive
experiences working at Aqaba marine
environment.
He is considered an activist in conservation field, and he have published
several articles in peer- reviewed journals.
84

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Copyright: © The Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan

Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non- commercial

Deposit Number at the National Library: 2619/6/2016

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Cover page: Vlad61; Shutterstock Library

Index of Creatures Described in this Guide ......................................................... 5

Thus, Aqaba is considered as an exceptional tourist attraction for divers and

Though we know of the harmful species’ presence, limited knowledge is available,

HRH Princess Basma bint Ali

Do not attack swimmers,

Common Name Arabic Name Scientific Name Page

Precautions, attention, and good working knowledge of the marine environment

The Aqaba coastline is the only

Aqaba is well-known worldwide as a tourist’s paradise overflowing with wildlife

Aqaba coastal area is very

The water of the Jordanian

In addition, Aqaba’s fish community is represented by more than 500 species of

These structures have developed

A general rule-of-thumb in the sea is

Photo: Scorpion Fish killed at Aqaba.

Venomous species: a creature is considered venomous if there

Be Aware while diving, as it is difficult to recognize

Common Name Stonefish

Scientific Name Synanceia verrucosa

Arabic Name: Abu al Laban

Common Name Red Sea Walkman

Scientific Name Inimicus filamentosus

Arabic Name: Abu al Laban

Common Name Bearded Scorpionfish

Scientific Name Scorpaenopsis barbata

Arabic Name: Abu al Laban

Common Name Devil Scorpionfish

Scientific Name Scorpaenopsis diabola

Arabic Name: Abu al Laban

Common Name Yellow- spotted Scorpionfish

Scientific Name Sebastapistes cyanostigma

Arabic Name: Abu al Laban

Common Name Common Lionfish

Scientific Name Pterois miles

Arabic Name: Ra’na

Common Name Clearfin Lionfish

Scientific Name Pterois radiata

Arabic Name: Ra’na

Common Name Shortfin Lionfish; Shortfin Turkeyfish

Scientific Name Dendrochirus brachypterus

Arabic Name: Ra’na

Barracuda bites might result in a large

2.2.1 General Information

2.2.3 First Aid and Treatment

Common Name Great Barracuda

Scientific Name Sphyraena barracuda

Arabic Name: Iqama

Not only shark bites could cause injuries, but also

2.3.1 General Information

Pre-attack behavior by most sharks is somewhat predictable. Some species may

2.3.3 First Aid and Treatment

Follow same first aid treatment of Barracuda bites.

Common Name Shortfin Mako Shark

Scientific Name Isurus oxyrinchus