ECSS-Q-ST-70-21C

5 February 2010

Space product
assurance
Flammability testing for the
screening of space materials

ECSS Secretariat
ESA-ESTEC
Requirements & Standards Division
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
 ECSS‐Q‐ST‐70‐21C
5 February 2010

Foreword
This Standard is one of the series of ECSS Standards intended to be applied together for the
management, engineering and product assurance in space projects and applications. ECSS is a
cooperative effort of the European Space Agency, national space agencies and European industry
associations for the purpose of developing and maintaining common standards. Requirements in this
Standard are defined in terms of what shall be accomplished, rather than in terms of how to organize
and perform the necessary work. This allows existing organizational structures and methods to be
applied where they are effective, and for the structures and methods to evolve as necessary without
rewriting the standards.
This Standard has been prepared by the ECSS Executive Secretariat endorsed by the document and
discipline focal point and approved by the ECSS Technical Authority.

Disclaimer
ECSS does not provide any warranty whatsoever, whether expressed, implied, or statutory, including,
but not limited to, any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or any warranty
that the contents of the item are error‐free. In no respect shall ECSS incur any liability for any
damages, including, but not limited to, direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages arising out
of, resulting from, or in any way connected to the use of this Standard, whether or not based upon
warranty, business agreement, tort, or otherwise; whether or not injury was sustained by persons or
property or otherwise; and whether or not loss was sustained from, or arose out of, the results of, the
item, or any services that may be provided by ECSS.

Published by: ESA Requirements and Standards Division

ESTEC, P.O. Box 299,
2200 AG Noordwijk
The Netherlands
Copyright: 2010 © by the European Space Agency for the members of ECSS

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Change log

ECSS‐Q‐70‐21A First issue

4 October 1999 Transforming ESA PSS‐01‐721 into an ECSS Standard
ECSS‐Q‐70‐21B Never issued
ECSS‐Q‐ST‐70‐21C Second issue
5 February 2010 Redrafting ECSS‐Q‐70‐21A according to ECSS drafting rules and new
template.
Reorganization of the content to separate descriptive text and
requirements and creation of DRD.

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Table of contents

Change log .................................................................................................................3

1 Scope.......................................................................................................................6

2 Normative references .............................................................................................7

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms............................................................8

3.1 Terms from other standards ....................................................................................... 8
3.2 Terms specific to the present standard ...................................................................... 8
3.3 Abbreviated terms ...................................................................................................... 8

4 Principles ................................................................................................................9
4.1 Test methods.............................................................................................................. 9
4.2 Screening tests........................................................................................................... 9
4.2.1 Overview....................................................................................................... 9
4.2.2 Screening Test 1: Upward propagation test ................................................. 9
4.2.3 Screening Test 2: Standard test method for the determination of the
oxygen concentration limit during the combustion of polymer
materials ..................................................................................................... 10
4.2.4 Screening Test 3: Electrical wire insulation flammability test method ........ 10
4.3 Configuration test ..................................................................................................... 10
4.4 Additional tests ......................................................................................................... 10

5 Requirements........................................................................................................11
5.1 Test procedure ......................................................................................................... 11
5.1.1 Preparatory conditions................................................................................ 11
5.1.2 Test methods.............................................................................................. 12
5.2 Quality assurance..................................................................................................... 21
5.2.1 Data ............................................................................................................ 21
5.2.2 Nonconformance ........................................................................................ 22
5.2.3 Calibration .................................................................................................. 22
5.2.4 Traceability ................................................................................................. 22

Annex A (normative) Test report – DRD ................................................................23

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Annex B (informative) Test procedures.................................................................26

Annex C (informative) Preparation and qualification of chemical igniters.........31

Annex D (informative) Graphical information .......................................................39

Bibliography.............................................................................................................48

Figures
Figure D-1 Diagram of the equipment used to determine the oxygen concentration limit...... 39
Figure D-2 Frame used to fix the sample ............................................................................... 40
Figure D-3 Sample holder ...................................................................................................... 41
Figure D-4 Sample holder ...................................................................................................... 42
Figure D-5 : Samples from thermoplastic polymer materials ................................................. 43
Figure D-6 : Test set up for flammability of electric wires under heated wire conditions
at 25 % by volume oxygen................................................................................... 44
Figure D-7 General arrangement of modified burner and flame dimensions ......................... 46
Figure D-8 General arrangement of apparatus for flammability test ...................................... 47

Tables
Table D-1 : Description of test equipment as per Figure D-6 ................................................. 44

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1
Scope

This Standard defines a multi‐test procedure for the determination of the

flammability characteristics of non‐metallic materials under a set of closely
controlled conditions. The test procedure covers both individual materials and
materials used in configuration. This Standard describes a series of tests to
provide data for aid in the evaluation of the suitability of materials for use in a
space vehicle crew compartment. The data obtained are in respect to the ease of
ignition and the flame propagation characteristics of materials.
All non‐metallic materials are inherently flammable, the degree to which this is
true is dependant on the chemical nature of the material itself and the
environment to which the material is exposed. In the closed environment of a
manned spacecraft this can lead to a potentially dangerous situation and close
control is therefore required.
This standard may be tailored for the specific characteristics and constrains of a
space project in conformance with ECSS‐S‐ST‐00.

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2
Normative references

The following normative documents contain provisions which, through

reference in this text, constitute provisions of this ECSS Standard. For dated
references, subsequent amendments to, or revision of any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this ECSS Standard are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the more recent editions of
the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest
edition of the publication referred to applies.

ECSS‐S‐ST‐00‐01 ECSS system ‐ Glossary of terms

ECSS‐Q‐ST‐10‐09 Space product assurance ‐ Nonconformance control
system
ECSS‐Q‐ST‐70 Space product assurance ‐ Materials, mechanical
parts and processes
DIN 50050‐1:1986 Testing of materials; burning behaviour of
materials; small burning cabinet
ISO 6941:1984 Textile fabrics ‐ Burning behaviour ‐ Measurement
of flame spread properties of vertically oriented
specimens

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3
Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

3.1 Terms from other standards

For the purpose of this Standard, the terms and definitions from ECSS‐S‐ST‐00‐01
apply, in particular for the following terms:
flammability
For the purpose of this Standard, the terms and definitions from ECSS‐Q‐ST‐70
apply.

3.2 Terms specific to the present standard

3.2.1 oxygen concentration limit during the combustion of
polymeric materials
minimum volumetric amount of oxygen contained in the nitrogen‐oxygen
mixture, in the presence of which the material can still combust after ignition
from the bottom
NOTE 1 It is expressed as a percentage and determined
using the equation:
n

C lim ,i
[3‐1]
Clim  i 1

n
NOTE 2 i.e. the arithmetic average of the concentration
limit calculated as a function of the results of
unit measurements of (Clim,i).

3.3 Abbreviated terms

For the purpose of this Standard, the abbreviated terms from ECSS‐S‐ST‐00‐01
and the following apply:
Abbreviation Meaning
Clim minimum volumetric concentration of oxygen contained
in an oxygen‐nitrogen mixture, in the presence of which a
material can still combust after ignition from the bottom.
HMT hexamethylenetetramine

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4
Principles

4.1 Test methods

Four test methods are included within this Standard. They can be divided into
two different categories:
 Screening tests (see clause 4.2), and
 Configuration tests (see clause 4.3).

4.2 Screening tests

4.2.1 Overview
These are the prime tests to be performed on a material to assess its basic
acceptability or otherwise with respect to flammability. They are designed to
test the material under worst case test conditions, with respect to, for instance,
environment, use, or thickness.
The following two tests form the basis for acceptance or otherwise of most non‐
metallic materials but are very different in the data generated:
a. Test 1: Upward propagation test
b. Test 2: Standard test method for the determination of the oxygen
concentration limit during the combustion of polymer materials
The choice of which test method is used is dependant on the project concerned
and is specified within the business agreement.
Test 3 “Electrical wire insulation flammability test method” is related
specifically to wire insulation materials.
Materials which meet the requirements of these tests can be considered for
general application, within the constraints of the test conditions used.

4.2.2 Screening Test 1: Upward propagation test

The purpose of this test is to determine the flammability characteristics of
candidate materials supplied to a standard format when exposed to an ignition
source applied at the bottom edge. This test in general is applicable to NASA
payloads (e.g. Space Station, STS). See also NASA STD 6001 Test 1.

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4.2.3 Screening Test 2: Standard test method for

the determination of the oxygen
concentration limit during the combustion
of polymer materials
The oxygen concentration limit provides a comparative evaluation of the
tendency of polymeric materials to burn and to assess the fire resistance of these
materials.
The oxygen concentration limit during the combustion of polymer materials is
considered as one of the main indices characterizing the risk of fire which
materials present before being considered for use in environments containing
various oxygen levels.

4.2.4 Screening Test 3: Electrical wire insulation

flammability test method
This test is designed to screen wire insulation for flammability characteristics.

4.3 Configuration test

This test is designed to determine the flammability characteristics of materials
configured in the same manner as that in qualification and subsequent
spacecraft models. It is intended to determine whether a flammability hazard
exists when a material, which fails the basic screening test, is desired to be used.
Materials which are shown to be acceptable in this manner can be accepted for
restricted application, within the constraints of the test conditions used.
Materials which fail this test are subject to a deviation request. Examples are:
a. flammable adhesives where the use is to bond two non‐flammable
substrates together, or
b. flammable conformal coatings applied thinly to a non‐flammable printed
circuit board.

4.4 Additional tests

These tests can be proposed related to the determination of such properties as
flash and fire point, or heat of combustion.

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5
Requirements

5.1 Test procedure

5.1.1 Preparatory conditions

5.1.1.1 Hazards, health and safety precautions

a. The supplier shall isolate hazardous substances, items and operations
from other activities.
b. The supplier shall locate items and controls so that personnel are not
exposed to hazards.
NOTE Hazards can be chemical burns, electric shock,
cutting edges, sharp points or toxic
atmospheres.
c. The supplier shall provide warning and caution notes in operations,
storage, transport, testing, assembly, maintenance and repair
instructions.
d. The supplier shall place distinctive markings on hazardous items,
equipment or facilities.
NOTE This marking is for personnel protection.

5.1.1.2 Preparation of samples

5.1.1.2.1 Cleaning
a. The supplier shall perform on the samples the same cleaning and other
treatment as those performed on the materials to be incorporated into the
spacecraft.
b. The supplier should not carry out further cleaning or treatment.

5.1.1.2.2 Handling, storage and environmental conditions

a. The supplier shall avoid contamination of the sample during handling.
NOTE This can be achieved by the use of, for instance,
suitable protective gloves.

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b. In addition, the supplier shall store and handle samples in a
cleanliness‐controlled area with an ambient temperature of (22 ± 3) °C
and relative humidity of (55 ± 10) %.
NOTE 1 This can be achieved either in a conditioning
room, or by the use of desiccators filled with
silica gel or a saturated salt solution.
NOTE 2 A saturated salt solution of calcium nitrate
gives approximately 51 % humidity at the
testing temperature.
c. The supplier shall shield coated surfaces from contact by using
polyethylene or polypropylene bags or sheets.
d. The supplier shall avoid mechanical damage in the standard way by
packing the polyethylene‐ or polypropylene‐wrapped test pieces in clean,
dust‐ and lint‐free material.
e. The supplier shall label limited‐life material with its relative shelf‐life and
date of manufacture, or date of delivery if date of manufacture is not
known.

5.1.1.2.3 Identification
a. For materials submitted for testing, the supplier shall provide a
description of at least the name and nature of the material or processing.

5.1.1.3 Facilities

5.1.1.3.1 Cleanliness
a. The work area shall be clean and free of dust.
b. The supplier shall filter the air used for ventilation to prevent
contamination of the workpieces by moisture, oil or dust.

5.1.1.3.2 Special utilities

a. The supplier shall use oxygen and nitrogen supplies with minimum
purity of 99,9 %.

5.1.2 Test methods

5.1.2.1 Categories
a. The customer shall specify the choice of the screening test method within
the business agreement.
b. Materials failing to meet the requirements of the applicable screening test
shall be subject to testing in configuration.
c. Materials which fail the testing in configuration shall be subject to a
deviation request.
d. The supplier shall obtain customer approval on a case by case basis
where additional tests are identified.

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5.1.2.2 Screening Test 1: Upward propagation test

5.1.2.2.1 General
a. The supplier shall follow the test described in clause 5.1.2.5 if the
materials are unavailable in the standard format.

5.1.2.2.2 Preparation of specimen

a. The specimen shall be free of cuts, abrasions and other flaws as
determined by close visual inspection.
b. The supplier shall test films, fabrics, sheets and composites in the “as
received” condition with samples in the form of rectangles 300 mm x 64
mm minimum.
c. The supplier shall test foams and high‐bulk materials in the “as applied”
thickness with samples in the form of rectangles 300 mm x 64 mm
minimum.
d. The supplier shall apply primers, coating materials, paints and
pressure‐sensitive tapes on the substrate materials intended for use, if
known:
e. The coatings shall be applied in a thickness equivalent to normal use and
post‐cured in accordance with prescribed manufacturing processes.
f. If the spacecraft substrate is not available, the coatings shall be applied to
300 mm x 60 mm x 0,075 mm aluminium panels.
g. The supplier shall condition the test specimens at (22 ± 3) °C and (55 ± 10) %
relative humidity for 24 hours before testing.

5.1.2.2.3 Test conditions: pressures and atmosphere

a. The test pressure and atmosphere to represent the most hazardous
atmosphere anticipated in the spacecraft shall be specified.

5.1.2.2.4 Test equipment and apparatus - chamber

a. The test chamber shall have a minimum volume of 250 l.
b. A window or viewing port for visual observation and recording shall be
included.
c. Internal lighting shall be installed.
d. Feed‐throughs shall be available for gas inlets, evacuation, venting to air,
and electricity for ignition.
e. The supplier shall confirm that the outgassing rates of the organic
materials used in the construction of the chamber are acceptable.

5.1.2.2.5 Test equipment and apparatus - pressure gauge

a. Apparatus shall include a pressure gauge capable of measuring pressures
to an accuracy of 10 hPa.

5.1.2.2.6 Test equipment and apparatus – sample holder

a. Samples shall be supported in a frame which holds them taut.

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b. Samples with sufficient rigidity or samples on substrates of sufficient
rigidity and which do not retreat from a heat source by distorting or
violently shrinking may be supported using a simple clamp.
c. The sample holder should be so constructed as to have a minimum
influence on the test results.
NOTE Sample holder can influence the tests results by
conducting heat away from the sample.

5.1.2.2.7 Test equipment and apparatus – ignition source

a. Ignition of the sample shall be accomplished by employing a regulated
energy source.
b. The ignition source shall consist of a length of AWG 20 gauge Nichrome
wire which has a nominal resistivity of 2,3 Ω/m, sufficient to wind a
minimum of three turns of a solid igniter.
NOTE 1 The nominal diameter of this igniter is 3 mm
with a length of 32 mm. The flame temperature
is (1100 ± 100) °C and burns for a duration of
(25 ± 5) s.
NOTE 2 A suitable source of igniters is available from
NASA White Sands test facility. In addition a
method for the preparation of suitable igniters
is included in Annex C.

c. The igniter shall be activated by means of a regulated DC power source.

d. The igniter shall be positioned 6 mm from the lower edge of the sample.

5.1.2.2.8 Propagation rate indicator

a. The supplier shall observe and record visually the propagation rate
between markers on a scale positioned on the sample holder.
b. Timing shall be started at the first visual indication of combustion and
stopped when the flame ceases to propagate upwards.
NOTE Where appropriate it is acceptable to record the
total burn length either directly or by
subtraction; In this case, overestimation of the
burn length can occur by measuring soot
deposits higher up the sample.

5.1.2.2.9 Pre-test procedure

a. Before each series of tests, the supplier should run the pre‐test procedure
as described in annex B.1.1 to calibrate the equipment.
b. If the supplier uses a different procedure, the supplier shall submit it for
customer approval.

5.1.2.2.10 Test procedure

a. The supplier should run the test procedure as described in annex B.1.2.

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b. If the supplier uses a different procedure, the supplier shall submit it for
customer approval.

5.1.2.2.11 Acceptance criteria

a. Materials shall be classified non‐combustible, or self‐extinguishing if the
combustion zone propagates less than 150 mm into the sample with
minimum‐use thickness and the time of burning does not exceed 10
minutes.
b. There shall be no sparking, sputtering, or dripping of flaming particles
from the test sample.
c. The supplier shall test a minimum of three samples.
d. Failure of any of the three constitutes failure of the material.

5.1.2.2.12 Test results

a. The supplier shall document the test results in conformance with the
DRD in Annex A.
b. The supplier shall perform a re‐test in a larger test chamber if the oxygen
concentration shows a value lower by 20 % of the original test
atmosphere.

5.1.2.3 Screening Test 2: Standard test method for the

determination of the oxygen concentration limit
during the combustion of polymer materials

5.1.2.3.1 General
a. The supplier shall use this procedure to determine the concentration limit
of oxygen (Clim) during the combustion of candidate materials.
NOTE This test is based on RKK Energia test method
ZZU.0336.028.
b. The applicability of this test shall be specified in the business agreement.

5.1.2.3.2 Description of the equipment

a. The suppler shall determine the oxygen concentration limit, during the
combustion of polymer materials.
NOTE An example of the equipment is shown in
Figure D‐1 and Figure D‐2.
b. The flammability testing equipment shall comprise:
1. a test column mounted vertically made of quartz glass with an
inside diameter of 75 mm and a height of 370 mm;
2. under the column a quartz tube placed with an inside diameter of
75 mm and a height of 70 mm, filled with a layer of glass balls 3
mm to 5 mm in diameter, which are used to distribute the gaseous
mixture evenly over the section of the tube;
3. a sample holder clamping the sample from the top in a vertical
position at the centre of the quartz tube;

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4. a frame used to grip fabric, foils or film samples;
NOTE An example of such a frame is given in Figure
D‐2.
5. a gas burner, a tube made of copper with an inside diameter of 2,5
mm, placed along the axis of the quartz column and through the glass
balls layer; being able to maintain the flame temperature at 850 °C;
with a height of the flame of 25 mm; at a pressure of (17 ± 2) kPa;
6. a spark igniter consisting of two insulated electrodes located on
both sides of the gas burner tube;
7. an analyser module comprising a mixing chamber and an oxygen
gas analyser installed in the oxygen‐nitrogen mix line, Range: (0 ‐
25) % and (0 ‐ 100) %, Accuracy: ± 0,1 %, with a paramagnetic
detector;
8. a pressure reducing valve, a flowmeter and an on‐off valve
installed in the fuel gas line;
9. a chronometer;
c. The supplier shall carry out the flammability tests with an exhaust
connected.

5.1.2.3.3 Samples from thermosetting polymer materials not melting

when burning
a. The materials shall be in the form of a small bar with a section of (4 ± 1)
mm x (10 ± 1) mm and a length of (200 ± 5) mm.
b. For the tests on woven and film materials, natural and artificial leather
the samples are required in their thickness and shall have the dimension
of (50 ± 1) mm wide and (200 ± 5) mm long.
c. These samples shall be used fixed in a metal frame.
NOTE For example, as depicted in Figure D‐4.
d. For tests carried out on fibres which do not deform and do not melt when
burnt, samples shall be produced from these fibres in the form of braids
(200 ± 5) mm long and with a linear density equal to (5 ± 0,3) g/m (mass (1
± 0,3) g).

5.1.2.3.4 Samples from thermoplastic polymer materials which melt

when burning
a. Samples in the form of a small bar with a section of (4 ± 1) mm x (10 ± 1)
mm and a length of (200 ± 5) mm shall be surrounded with glass fibres
into a lattice work.
NOTE Such an example is given in Figure D‐5.
b. To produce samples from film materials which melt a sheet one side of which
is equal to 200 mm (length of the sample) with a mass equal to (8 ± 1) g shall be
taken.
c. The sheet shall be rolled into a compact roll, and shall be surround with
glass fibre to form a bar.

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d. The mass of the glass fibres shall not exceed 1,6 g (20 % of the mass of the
sample).

5.1.2.3.5 Samples for coatings deposited on metallic surfaces

a. Tests of coatings deposited on metallic surfaces shall be carried out on
samples in configuration simulating a portion of actual equipment.
b. Tests of coatings deposited on metallic surfaces shall be supported in the
sample holder.
NOTE 1 An example of sample holder is shown in
Figure D‐3.
NOTE 2 Such coatings can be undercoat, paint, enamel
and varnish.

5.1.2.3.6 Preparation of the test equipment

a. The supplier shall prepare the test equipment as follows:
1. Choose the regulating flow for nitrogen and oxygen so that by
regulating the pressure reducing valves the composition specified
for the gaseous mixture can be obtained.
2. Check the composition of the gaseous mixture using the gas
analyser.
3. Enter into the test column a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen as per
that specified, the flow monitored on the flowmeter being equal to
(442 ± 44) cm3/s which enables an average volumetric speed of flow
of the mixture of (10 ± 1) cm/s to be obtained in the tube.
4. Monitor the level of the oxygen content in the gaseous mixture by
means of the automatic gas analyser.
5. Light the gas burner and regulate the flow of combustible gas to
0,03‐0,05 l/min using the flowmeter.
6. After having checked that the gas burner is functioning, cut off the
supply of combustible gas to the burner followed by that of the
nitrogen‐oxygen mix.

5.1.2.3.7 Test procedure

a. The supplier should run the test procedure as described in annex B.2.1.
b. If the supplier uses a different procedure, the supplier shall submit it for
customer approval.

5.1.2.3.8 Results
a. The supplier shall use at least five samples.
b. The supplier shall document the test results in conformance with the
DRD in Annex A.

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5.1.2.4 Screening Test 3: Electrical wire insulation
flammability test method

5.1.2.4.1 General
a. The supplier shall use the electrical wire insulation flammability test only
for gauges AWG 20 to AWG 10 with copper conductors and for normal
pressures with a maximum oxygen concentration of volume fraction 25 %.

5.1.2.4.2 Preparation of specimens

a. Insulated wire samples shall be free of cuts, abrasions and other flaws as
determined by close visual inspection.
b. Samples shall be accompanied by full material identification as outlined
in clause 5.1.1.2.3.
c. The supplier shall cut five specimens, each a metre in length,
consecutively from the same coil of wire.
d. The supplier shall clean the specimens of foreign matter and residue,
using a method compatible with the insulation being tested.
e. The supplier shall condition the specimens prior to testing, at (55 ± 10) %
relative humidity and at a temperature of (22 ± 3) °C for a period of at
least 16 hours.
f. The supplier shall remove approximately 25 mm of the insulation from
both ends of the test specimen.
g. The supplier shall measure and record the conductor resistance and
ambient temperature.
h. The supplier shall position the test specimen in the test chamber
following the test procedure set out in clause 5.1.2.4.13.

5.1.2.4.3 Test conditions: pressure and atmosphere

a. The supplier shall specify the test pressure and atmosphere.
b. The test pressure and atmosphere shall represent the most hazardous
atmosphere anticipated in the spacecraft within the confines of the scope
of this test.

5.1.2.4.4 Test equipment and apparatus – chamber

a. The test chamber shall have a volume of at least 250 l.
b. the test chamber shall conform to DIN 50050‐1:1986 with the height
modified according to ISO 6941:1984.
c. The test chamber shall include:
1. feed‐throughs for the supply of the test atmosphere,
2. an arrangement for the diffusion of the test atmosphere to
eliminate high flows,
3. feed‐throughs for air,
4. fuel gas for the burner,

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5. electricity for the sample,
6. an arrangement for mounting the sample under slight tension at
75° to the horizontal.

5.1.2.4.5 Test equipment and apparatus – electrical supply

a. The external electrical supply shall be capable of providing a large steady
DC current up to 100 A.
b. The external electrical supply shall include voltage and current meters
capable of measuring the voltage drop across the wire and the current
flowing through it to two decimal places.

5.1.2.4.6 Test equipment and apparatus – resistance meter

a. A resistance meter capable of measuring resistances under 100 Ω to an
accuracy of 0,01 Ω shall be available.

5.1.2.4.7 Test equipment and apparatus – burner

a. The burner shall be of a Bunsen or Tirrill type, with a 9,5 mm bore
modified to supply an external supply of air to the burner collar as
outlined in Figure D‐7.

5.1.2.4.8 Test equipment and apparatus – flame temperature

a. The flame temperature shall be (1100 ± 100) °C measured at a point 35 mm
from the end of the burner barrel.
NOTE This can be achieved with commercial grade
fuel gas (minimum 85 % purity) and forced air
to produce a flame 75 mm high with an inner
blue cone of 25 mm.

5.1.2.4.9 Test equipment and apparatus – burner mounting

a. The burner shall be mounted perpendicular and at 30° to the vertical
plane of the specimen.
NOTE This is shown in Figure D‐8.

5.1.2.4.10 Test equipment and apparatus – wire tension

a. The specimen shall be kept taut by suspension of a weight as shown in
Figure D‐8.
b. The value of the weight shall be such that no plastic strain is placed on
the wire.
c. The value of the weight shall be such that it can be adjusted to
accommodate samples of different size and stiffness.

5.1.2.4.11 Test equipment and apparatus – visual record

a. The supplier shall make and retain visual records of all flammability
tests.
b. The supplier shall position an internal or external timer that it is visible to
the camera during replay.

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5.1.2.4.12 Pre-test procedure
a. The supplier should run the pre‐test procedure as described in annex
B.3.1.
b. If the supplier uses a different procedure, the supplier shall submit it for
customer approval.

5.1.2.4.13 Test procedure

a. The supplier should run the test procedure as described in annex B.3.2.
b. If the supplier uses a different procedure, the supplier shall submit it for
customer approval.

5.1.2.4.14 Acceptance criteria

a. Prior to flame application there shall be no spontaneous combustion,
splitting of the insulation or baring of the conductor.
b. During ignition and combustion there shall be no flaming droplets or
particles.
c. After the burner is extinguished the wire shall cease flaming within ten
seconds and within a total burn length of 150 mm, measured from the
downward extent of propagation to the upward extent of propagation
and including damage caused by the burner itself.

5.1.2.4.15 Test results

a. The supplier shall document the test results in conformance with the
DRD in Annex A.

5.1.2.5 Test 4: Configuration test method

5.1.2.5.1 Test sample configuration

a. The sample to be tested shall be fully representative of the configuration
in which the materials proposed are used.
b. The unit shall contain materials configured and processed in the “as to be
used” state.
c. Metallic materials shall be representative of the alloy to be used.
d. For expensive components which are simulated, the basic material,
geometry and mass of the components shall be in the “as to be used”
state.
NOTE An example of simulation is the use of failed or
sub‐standard electronic components instead of
usable ones.

5.1.2.5.2 Test pressure and atmosphere

a. The test pressure and atmosphere shall be as defined by the system
requirements.

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5.1.2.5.3 Test equipment and apparatus
a. Ignition shall be either by electrical overload (simulating worst‐case
conditions) or by open flame.

5.1.2.5.4 Pre-test procedure

a. The supplier shall follow the pre‐test procedure in conformance with the
requirements in clause 5.1.2.2.9.
b. Before the test, the supplier shall perform a fire hazard analysis that
defines the critical items per area and the placement of the igniter or the
wiring which may be subject to electrical overload.
c. In this latter case, the supplier shall define current/voltage levels which
are representative of the anticipated worst case failure conditions.
d. The supplier shall photograph the sample showing the positioning of the
igniter before and after each test.

5.1.2.5.5 Test procedure

a. The supplier shall follow the test procedure for the upward propagation
test in conformance with the requirements in clause 5.1.2.2.10 or apply an
electrical current to the defined wiring, such that ignition occurs.

5.1.2.5.6 Acceptance criteria

a. The results of the test shall demonstrate that there cannot be a
propagation of flame to adjacent materials and no sputtering, dripping or
release of hot or burning particles.
NOTE Where this can be so demonstrated the material
is acceptable for use in the configuration as
tested.

5.1.2.5.7 Test results

a. The supplier shall document the test results in conformance with the
DRD in Annex A.

5.2 Quality assurance

5.2.1 Data
a. The supplier shall retain the quality records for at least ten years or in
accordance with business agreement requirements, and contain as a
minimum the following:
1. copy of final inspection documentation;
2. nonconformance reports and corrective actions (if applicable);
3. copy of the inspection and test with reference to the procedure.

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5.2.2 Nonconformance
a. The supplier shall process any nonconformance which is observed in
respect of the test in conformance with the quality assurance
requirements, in ECSS‐Q‐ST‐10‐09.

5.2.3 Calibration
a. The supplier shall calibrate any measuring equipment to traceable
reference standards.
b. The supplier shall record any suspected or actual equipment failure as a
project nonconformance report in conformance with the DRD in Annex A
of ECSS‐Q‐ST‐10‐09.
NOTE This is to ensure that previous results can be
examined to ascertain whether or not
re‐inspection and retesting is required.
c. The supplier shall notify the customer of the nonconformance details.

5.2.4 Traceability
a. The supplier shall maintain traceability throughout each test from
incoming inspection to final test, including details of test equipment and
personnel employed in performing the task.

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Annex A (normative)
Test report – DRD

A.1 DRD identification

A.1.1 Requirement identification and source document

This DRD is called from ECSS‐Q‐ST‐70‐21, requirements 5.1.2.2.12a, 5.1.2.3.8b,
5.1.2.4.15a, 5.1.2.5.7a.

A.1.2 Purpose and objective

The purpose of the test report is to summarize the test results.

A.2 Expected response

A.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Description of sample tested

<1.1> Trader name

a. The test report shall contain the trader name of the tested sample.

<1.2> Manufacturer
a. The test report shall contain the name of the manufacturer of the tested
sample.

<1.3> Production date

a. The test report shall contain the production date of the material, if
known;

<1.4> Chemical nature

a. The test report shall describe the chemical nature of the tested sample.

<1.5> Dimension
a. The test report shall include the dimension of the tested sample.

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<1.6> Weight and surface area

a. The test report shall include the weight and surface area of the non‐
metallic materials.

<1.7> Test atmosphere

a. The test report shall describe the test atmosphere.

<1.8> Maximum temperature

a. The test report shall contain the maximum specified temperature.

<1.9> Material identification

a. The test report shall contain the identification by generic name of all
materials tested in the configuration sample.

<1.10> Processing details

a. The test report shall contain processing details.

<2> Burning information

a. The test report shall contain the time, length, rate of burning, the time of
any afterburn and the flame application time.

<3> Combustion characteristics

a. The test report shall contain combustion characteristics.

<4> Flame propagation paths

a. The test report shall contain the flame propagation paths within the
assembly.

<5> Nature of the flame

a. The test report shall include the observations concerning the nature of the
flame.

<6> Oxygen percentage

a. The test report shall contain percentage oxygen remaining at the end of
test.

<7> Oxygen concentration

a. The test report shall contain the oxygen concentration limits for each test
taken separately and their average value.

<8> Date
a. The test report shall contain the date on which the tests were carried out.

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<9> Observation
a. The test report shall describe any observations.
NOTE Observations can be for example flaming
particles.

<10> Conductor resistance

a. The test report shall contain the initial conductor resistance.

<11> Current value

a. The test report shall contain the final current value of the conductor
resistance.

<12> Conductor temperature

a. The test report shall contain the final conductor temperature.

<13> Evaluation
a. The test report shall contain the evaluation of the effects of the fire on the
configuration sample and whether or not the material is acceptable for
restricted application.

A.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex B (informative)
Test procedures

B.1 Screening Test 1: Upward propagation test

B.1.1 Pre-test procedure

a. Set the pressure regulators on the oxygen and nitrogen lines (0,17 ‐ 0,21) MPa.
b. Close the valve for the oxygen inlet to the equipment and open the
nitrogen valve.
c. Adjust the flow to give a rate of 100 ml/min through the analyser.
NOTE The meter reading with only nitrogen flowing
should be 0 %.
d. Adjust the calibration zero until this value is obtained.
e. Set the pressure regulators on the oxygen and nitrogen lines (0,17 ‐ 0,21) MPa.
f. Close the valve for the nitrogen inlet to the equipment and open the
oxygen valve.
g. Adjust the flow to give a rate of 100 ml/min through the analyser.
h. The meter should now read 100 %.
i. If this is not the case, then adjust the calibration control to bring it to 100 %
and repeat steps B.1.1a. to d. and e. to h.
NOTE Instead of the method referred to above, bottles
of calibrated gases having the worst‐case
atmosphere can be used.

B.1.2 Test procedure

a. Adjust nitrogen and oxygen needle valves to produce the test
atmosphere as described in B.1.1.
b. Place the sample in position in the chamber.
c. Place igniter in coil of Nichrome wire and place between electrodes in the
chamber.
d. Evacuate chamber to below 1400 Pa.
e. Fill chamber with test atmosphere.

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f. Allow the sample to soak in the test gas mixture for a period of at least
three minutes.
g. Start video recording.
h. Apply current to the igniter until it ignites and then immediately stop the
current.
i. Record whether the sample is non‐combustible or self‐extinguishing or
burning.
j. Note combustion characteristics.
NOTE Combustion characteristics can be nature and
colour of flame, amount of smoke, burning
drops, sputtering and glowing combustion.
k. Record the maximum pressure reached in the chamber.

B.2 Screening Test 2: Standard test method for the

determination of the oxygen concentration limit
during the combustion of polymer materials

B.2.1 Test procedure

a. Carry out the tests at normal room temperature.
b. Fix the material sample in the sample holder and place it in the test
column in the vertical position so that the bottom edge of the sample is 10
mm from the burner, and such that the vertical axis of the sample
coincides with the axis of the gas burner.
c. Enter the gaseous mixture into the system for at least 30 s.
d. Ignite the gas burner and adjust the flow of combustible gas to 0,03 ‐ 0,05
l/min, using the flowmeter.
e. Once the sample has started to burn at a stable rate, but at the latest 60 s
after the ignitor flame has caused ignition of the sample, cut off the
supply of combustible gas to the burner; measure the duration of
combustion.
f. While the sample burns maintain the composition and flow of the
gaseous mixture constant using the mixer.
g. If the sample burns over its whole length or if combustion lasts for at
least 120 s, repeat the test with a lower concentration of oxygen.
h. When the anticipated value of the oxygen concentration limit is not
known in advance, carry out the first test using only air.
i. If the sample does not burn in air, start a second test with an oxygen
concentration of 30 % to 35 %.
j. Use a new sample of material for each test.

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k. In the subsequent tests vary the oxygen concentration of the gaseous
atmosphere until the difference of the concentrations at which the sample
burns or extinguishes is within 1 %.

B.3 Screening Test 3: Electrical wire insulation

flammability test method

B.3.1 Pre-test procedure

a. Place, temporarily, the sample in position and adjust the position of the
burner relative to the sample.
NOTE It is helpful to make a measuring piece which
can be fitted into the barrel of the burner and
which then extends the length of the burner by
35 mm. This then contacts the sample when the
burner is at the correct stand‐off distance.
b. Remove the sample, close the chamber door, open the chamber vent and
switch the extractor fan on.
c. Making sure the DC power is off, switch on the electrical supply and the
measuring instruments.
d. Close needle valves to fuel gas and air flowmeters.
e. Switch on main valves and using needle valve adjust the fuel gas flow to
approximately 0,35 l/min.
f. Switch off main valve and allow the chamber to vent for five minutes.
g. Switch on main valve and ignite burner.
h. Adjust air flow to approximately 6 l/min.
i. Check flame height and temperature and adjust gas flows if the above
steps are not successful.
j. Check that the burner can be switched on and off repeatedly.
k. Switch off the burner, close the chamber vent and switch off extraction
fan.
l. Switch on supply valves for nitrogen and oxygen. Adjust the rate of flow
to 25 l/min and the concentration of oxygen to the test atmosphere
concentration.
m. Switch off gas supplies.
NOTE The equipment is now ready for use.

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B.3.2 Test procedure

B.3.2.1. Sample positioning

a. Position one of the prepared samples in the test chamber as shown in
Figure D‐8.
b. Clamp the conductor at the lower bottom left‐hand side of the apparatus
by means of the electrical connector block.
c. Pass the wire under the lower left‐hand guide and over the upper
right‐hand guide pulley where a weight is attached to keep the sample
taut.
d. Connect the other end electrically to complete the circuit.

B.3.2.2. Test atmosphere

a. Open the vent and switch on the extractor fan.
b. Open the oxygen and nitrogen supply valves and allow the chamber to
fill by purging the chamber at a flow rate of 25 l/min for ten minutes.
c. Reduce the flow to 2,5 l/min and maintain this flow throughout the
preheating, ignition and combustion of the specimen.

B.3.2.3. Pre-heating of conductor

a. Apply a DC electric current (I) to the conductor and measure the voltage
drop (U).
b. From the current and voltage values calculate the resistance of the
conductor at elevated temperature (RT).

U [B.3‐1]
RT 
I
NOTE 1 The temperature (T °C) of the conductor is
determined from the change in resistance using
the following formula based on the variation of
the specific resistivity of copper with
temperature.

 T  20  [B.3‐2]
RT    1  R20
 250 
NOTE 2 Where R20 is the resistance measured earlier at
ambient temperature (20 °C).
c. Adjust the current so that the conductor temperature stabilizes at the
maximum operating temperature for the wire taken from the
manufacturer’s specification.
d. Maintain this temperature (± 3 %) for five minutes before igniting the
flame.
e. Make no further alteration to the current until the test is completed.

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B.3.2.4. Flame application
a. Apply the flame to the specimen for a period of 15 s and then
immediately extinguish the burner.

B.3.2.5. Termination of test

a. After all flaming has ceased note the time.
b. Continue to apply current for a further 60 s and observe.
c. If no further flaming occurs, switch off the current, close the oxygen
supply valve and vent the chamber.
d. If the sample breaks the test is failed.

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Annex C (informative)
Preparation and qualification of chemical
igniters

C.1 General
This annex provides a standard procedure for preparing, certifying and storing
the chemical igniters used in this Standard.
NOTE This Annex is based on ISO/CD 14624‐1 which
was commonly prepared by ISO TC20/SC14
and ECSS.

C.2 Safety
All personnel associated with the manufacturing of these igniters are familiar
with safety requirements associated with the materials and equipment used.

C.3 Materials and equipment

C.3.1 Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT)

The HMT is received as a 98 % pure reagent grade compound in powder form.
It is packaged and stored properly to prevent moisture contamination.

C.3.2 Anhydrous sodium metasilicate

The sodium metasilicate is received as a 98 % pure reagent grade compound in
granule form. It is packaged and stored properly to prevent moisture
contamination.

C.3.3 Gum arabic (acacia)

The gum arabic is received in powder form.

C.3.4 Hammer mill

The hammer mill is for grinding the dry components of the igniter mixture.

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C.3.5 Glove box with a temperature/humidity meter

The glove box is used in the grinding of some portions of the dry ingredients.

C.3.6 Bags
The bags are for storage of the ground dry ingredients.

C.3.7 040-mesh screen

The 040‐mesh screen is used for sieving the ground dry ingredients.

C.3.8 Fume hood

The fume hood is used in the grinding of some portions of the dry ingredients,
and for mixing the igniter dough. The air velocity of the fume hood is in excess
of 30 linear m/s.

C.3.9 Respirator with organic canisters

The respirator is required for the grinding of the HMT.

C.3.10 Deionized water

The deionized water is for mixing with the dry ingredients to form the igniter
dough.

C.3.11 250 ml burette

The burette is for holding, and gradually adding, the deionized water to the
mixture.

C.3.12 Heavy duty electric mixer

The mixer is for mixing the igniter dough.

C.3.13 Spatula
The spatula is for scraping the sides of the mixing bowl during preparation of
the igniter dough.

C.3.14 Plastic trays

These non‐stick trays, approximately 7,6 cm x 38 cm x 0,15 cm, are used to catch
the extruded igniter dough, and hold it while it dries.

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C.3.15 Conveyor belt

The conveyor belt is used to move the plastic trays at a constant rate, so that the
string of igniter dough is not stretched or allowed to become too thick.

C.3.16 Extruder
The extruder is used for extruding the igniter dough onto the plastic trays.

C.3.17 Cutting tools

The cutting tools are used for cutting the igniters to proper lengths.

C.3.18 Drying racks

The drying racks are for holding the plastic trays containing the igniter dough
string.

C.3.19 Desiccator and desiccant

These are used to ensure the proper humidity is maintained during drying and
storage of the igniters.

C.3.20 Scale
The scale is used for weighing the dried igniters.

C.3.21 Plastic corrugated holder

The holder is used when cutting overweight dried igniters to a length that
ensures proper weight.

C.3.22 Certified breathing air

The breathing air is used in the certification of the igniters.

C.3.23 Voltage source

The voltage source is capable of providing 15 A (r.m.s.). It is used in the
certification of the igniters.

C.3.24 90 mm, bare nickel chromium wire

The wire has a nominal resistivity of 2,3 Ω/m. It is used in the certification of the
igniters.

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C.3.25 Calibrated ruler

The ruler is used for measuring the length of the igniters, and the igniter flame
height during certification.

C.3.26 Test chamber

The test chamber (or fume hood) is used during certification of the igniters.

C.3.27 Calibrated stop watch

The stop watch is used to determine burn time during certification of the
igniters.

C.3.28 Soft bristled brush

The brush is used to clean the igniter coil between certification of individual
igniters.

C.3.29 Plastic container (box)

The plastic container is used for storage of the igniters.

C.3.30 Foam corrugated wrap

The corrugated wrap is used for storage of the igniters.

C.4 Grinding the igniter mix

a. To achieve a homogeneous mixture, the raw materials are ground using a
hammer mill. Grinding is not necessary for the gum arabic.
b. Sodium metasilicate is ground in a glove box. Place the hammer mill, the
material to be ground and other necessary tools inside the glove box.
Attach a bag to the output end of the hammer mill with tape to capture
the ground material. In addition, place a 040 mesh screen inside the
hammer mill. Seal the glove box and before grinding the material, purge
the glove box with dry air for approximately four hours or until the
humidity inside the glove box is below 10 %.
c. Grind the material. Detach the bag from the hammer mill, seal the bag,
and place the bag inside another bag (see C.4f).
d. Clean the hammer mill between the grinding of different materials.
e. The HMT is ground in a fume hood. The required air velocity of the fume
hood is in excess of 30 m/s (linear), and a respirator with organic
canisters is worn by the operator. Follow the same procedures as when
grinding the sodium metasilicate (see C.4b).
f. After grinding, store each material separately. Double bag the material
and seal each bag. Identify the ground material and store.

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C.5 Weighing the igniter mix

a. To make a 400 g mixture, mix the following amounts of each solid
ingredient:
 (280,8 ± 0,2) g HMT,
 (105,2 ± 0,2) g sodium metasilicate, anhydrous,
 (14,0 ± 0,2) g gum arabic,
b. For other size batches, the mixture is comprised of (70,2 ± 0,1) % HMT,
(26,3 ± 0,1) % sodium metasilicate, anhydrous, and (3,5 ± 0,1) % gum
arabic.
c. On the day of extrusion, weigh the appropriate amount of each material,
and mix thoroughly. Do not mix the dry ingredients prior to the day of
extrusion.

C.6 Adding water

a. Pour 200 ml of room temperature deionized water into a 250 ml burette.
b. Open the burette and pour approximately 10 ml of deionized water into
the mixing bowl of a heavy duty electric mixer.
c. Place the dry igniter mix into the mixing bowl. Ensure the igniter mix is
evenly distributed in the mixing bowl.
d. Turn the electric mixer to low speed, and slowly add the deionized water
to the mixture. Initially, the mixture is very wet. As the sodium
metasilicate absorbs the water, the mix starts thickening, and eventually
achieve a dough‐like consistency. This can take 20 ‐ 30 min depending on
environmental conditions. During mixing, the sides of the mixing bowl
are scraped with a spatula.
e. As the proper dough‐like consistency is achieved, the mix starts pulling
away from the sides of the bowl. When this occurs, stop adding water.
Too much water causes the mixture to be too wet to extrude. Generally,
190 ‐ 200 ml of the deionized water in the burette is added to the mixture.

C.7 Extruding the igniters

a. Extruding the igniters is a three person operation. One person places the
plastic trays onto the conveyor belt. One person controls the process by
adjusting the conveyor belt speed, extruder controller speed, and by
cutting the extruded igniter dough between trays. The final person
removes the trays from the conveyor belt and places them in drying
racks.
b. Turn on the conveyor belt and make necessary adjustments to belt
tension to prevent any belt hesitations. In addition, for a 400 g mixture,
make sure there are approximately 75 plastic trays next to the beginning
of the conveyor belt. More can be required for a larger batch. Turn the
conveyor belt off.

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c. Assemble the extruder and fill with igniter dough.
d. When extrusion starts, turn the conveyor belt on and be ready to place
the plastic trays on the conveyor belt as the igniter dough exits the
extruder. Adjust the conveyor belt and extruder speed as required during
this operation to ensure that the extruded igniter dough comes out
straight and unstretched. Cut the dough between trays, so that the trays
can be placed individually in the racks.
e. After all the dough has been extruded onto trays, and the trays removed
to the drying rack, clean all equipment.

C.8 Curing, cutting and weighing the igniters

a. After all the igniter dough has been extruded onto the plastic trays, the
igniters are placed in a well ventilated (relative humidity < 20 %) area to
dry. After approximately 24 ‐ 28 h, the igniters are dry enough to cut.
b. Cut all the igniter strands on the plastic trays to a length of (28,6 ± 3,2)
mm. Continue to dry the cut igniters at the conditions described in step a.
for another 24 48 h until they are dry to the touch.
c. Transfer the igniters from the plastic trays into a desiccator (relative
humidity < 15 %). Place them directly onto the desiccant bed.
d. Continue to dry the igniters inside the desiccator. After approximately
seven days, select ten igniters, and weigh them. The weight specification
for the igniters is 0,190 g to 0,240 g. If eight out of ten igniters weigh in
the specified range, the final dried state has been reached, and the
igniters are ready for certification. If more than two igniters weigh over
0,240 g, continue to dry the igniters.
e. If more drying time is required, per C.8d., wait approximately 24 ‐ 48 h,
then select ten additional igniters. If eight out of the ten meet the weight
specifications, the igniters are ready for certification. Due to varying
conditions in desiccators, this process can take as long as two weeks, or
more.

C.9 Certifying the igniters

a. Weigh all the igniters in the desiccator. If the igniter weighs less than
0,190 g, it is under weight, and is discarded. If the igniter weighs more
than 0,240 g, it can be cut down to 25,4 mm long to achieve the weight
specification. If the proper weight is not achieved within the length
specification, the igniter is discarded. Cutting and weighing of the
igniters is done in a dry environment (relative humidity < 20 %), since the
igniters absorb moisture when exposed to excess humidity. In addition,
the igniters remain circular, and not flatten out while curing in order to
fit inside the ignition coil. To ensure this, igniters are placed in a rigid
plastic corrugated holder while being cut.
b. To certify a 400 g mixture batch, randomly select a sample of 20 igniters.
If a larger mixture batch is made, the certification sample is increased

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accordingly. The 20 igniters selected are tested for the peak flame
temperature, burn duration, and peak flame height. Each igniter tested
develops a flame temperature of (1100 ± 90) °C. The igniter flame is
sustained for (25 ± 5) s with a peak flame height of (6,5 ± 0,65) cm.
c. Igniters are tested in certified breathing air at standard atmospheric
pressure. The temperature is measured by a type S thermocouple
constructed with a 0,81 mm diameter wire. The thermocouple wire is
centred geometrically 25,5 mm above the top of the igniter. To initiate the
igniter, a voltage source capable of providing 15 A (r.m.s.) is connected to
a 0,90 mm, bare nickel chromium wire. The wire has a nominal resistivity
of 2,3 Ω/m and has sufficient length to wrap three, equally spaced turns
around the igniter. In addition, the leads to the nickel chromium wire coil
does not exceed 32 mm to ensure proper ignition of the igniter. A
calibrated ruler is placed in the test chamber to measure flame height.
d. Before starting the certification, ensure that the thermocouple wires are
not touching each other, and that the thermocouple is in proper
calibration.
e. To certify a batch of igniters perform the following steps for each of the
20 randomly selected igniters.
1. Place the igniter in the nickel chromium wire coil.
2. Pressurize the test chamber to standard atmospheric pressure with
certified breathing air.
3. Turn on the power to the igniter. When ignition is accomplished,
turn power off.
4. Record the flame temperature (from the thermocouple), the burn
time, and the flame height. The time from the moment of ignition
to the moment of flame extinction (burn time) is obtained using a
calibrated stop watch. The flame height is determined by
measuring the maximum height of the flame above the apex.
5. Allow the test chamber to stabilize. Before loading the next igniter,
clean the wire coil by removing any ash residue with a soft bristled
brush.
f. The batch of igniters is acceptable for use when no more than one igniter
out of the 20 tested fails the specified criteria (see C.9b). Once the batch of
igniters is tested and certified, the average peak flame temperature and
average burn are calculated, along with the standard deviation.

C.10 Waste disposal

Dispose of any waste generated from manufacturing, cutting or weighing
igniters, including an entire batch that fails, per applicable hazardous waste/
environmental regulations.

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C.11 Packaging and storing igniters

a. Package the igniters in a plastic storage container between layers of 3,2 mm
thick (minimum) foam corrugated wrap. Place the igniters in the grooves
of the corrugated wrap. The order of placement in the storage container is:
1. corrugated wrap with groove side up;
2. layer of igniters in grooves of corrugated wrap; and
3. corrugated wrap with groove side down.
Repeat steps C.11a.1. to 3. until the container is full. This order of
placement put two layers of corrugated wrap between each layer of
igniters, and minimizes movement when the box is moved or stored. To
absorb any excess moisture which can affect the performance of the
igniters, place desiccant packets on top of the igniters, inside the
container.
b. To prevent the igniters from absorbing moisture during an extended
storage period, place the packaged igniters in a desiccator with colour
changing desiccant or other type humidity indicator. The igniters can be
stored for an indefinite period of time, if the desiccant is changed
regularly, or the humidity in the desiccator is kept below 18 %.

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Annex D (informative)
Graphical information

D.1 Equipment used to determine the oxygen

concentration limit

1. Test column
1
2. Sample holder
3. Threaded shaft  4 mm
4, Gas burner
5. Diffuser
6. Inox grid mesh 1 mm
370

7. Spark igniter
8. Insulating ceramic
9. Fuel gas line

7 10. O2 + N2 mix line

8
20

10
9

Figure D‐1 Diagram of the equipment used to determine the oxygen concentration limit

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D.2 Frame used to fix the sample

 25 mm

R  400 mm
250 mm

Arc (5 - 8) mm

 3 mm

46 mm
Clamping device: wire diameter 3 mm

Drawing not to scale

Figure D‐2 Frame used to fix the sample

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D.3 Sample holder

5 mm

A A

210 mm
220 mm

3 mm

4 mm
5 mm

46 mm Tube
Ø 6 mm × 1 mm

A - A

1 mm

R = 23 mm

Drawing not to scale

Figure D‐3 Sample holder

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D.4 Sample holder

 25 mm

4 mm
5 mm

210 mm (milled 1/2 Ø 6mm)

200 mm (sample)
A A

Sample on fabric
5 mm

40 mm

Tube
Wire  3 mm
Ø 6 mm × 1 mm

A A

Sample on fabric

Drawing not to scale

Figure D‐4 Sample holder

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D.5 Samples from thermoplastic polymer materials

(10 ± 1) mm (Ø 50 ± 1) mm

(4 ± 1)
mm
(200 ± 5) mm

(200 ± 5) mm
(2 - 5) mm
(2 - 5) mm

Glass fibre % 1

mm

(2 - 5) mm

(2 - 5) mm
(2 - 5) mm

Drawing not to scale

Figure D‐5: Samples from thermoplastic polymer materials

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D.6 Test set up for flammability of electric wires under

heated wire conditions at 25 % by volume oxygen

3 (V1)

1
Modification
as per
ISO 6941:
1984

16 15
11
9 7 10
90º

8 75

Seal
4

5
(V2)
13
Filter

12 14 6

Figure D‐6: Test set up for flammability of electric wires under heated wire conditions at
25 % by volume oxygen

Table D‐1: Description of test equipment as per Figure D‐6

Item no. Description Remarks
1 Test chamber DIN 50050 part 1, modified as per Figure D‐5
Volume of chamber = 250 l
2 Upper adapter • To open/close outlet of item 1
• Equipped with two outlets:
‐ for sampling of gases
‐ for measurement of oxygen measurement
3 Shut‐off valve V1 To open/close the line for oxygen measurement
4 Distribution unit For distribution of test atmosphere

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Item no. Description Remarks

5 Shut‐off valve V2 To open/close the atmosphere inlet
6 Burner supply inlet Fuel gas/air supply for burner
7 Feed‐through For electrical current load of test sample
8 Sample and burner 60° test
assembly Burner 90° relative to wire
30° relative to vertical plane of specimen
9 Burner Bunsen/Tirrill burner type as Figure D‐7
Length of flame: 75 mm
Length of cone: 25 mm
Temperature: (1100 ± 100) °C
Measured: 35 mm above burner
External gas/air: fuel gas/air
10 Igniter Electrical, of the continuous spark type
11 Support structure Used for example:
• sample holder
• burner
• igniter
• electrical connectors
Design as Figure D‐8
The support structure does not influence the test
atmosphere distribution
12 Test atmosphere Gas mixture of nitrogen and oxygen ((25 ± 0,2) % volume
supply fraction of oxygen) at ambient conditions
Option 1: supply of pre‐mixed gases
Option 2: unit for mixing gases from separate bottles and
measuring oxygen concentration (see item 14)
13 Flowmeter Capable of measuring 2 l/min to 25 l/min
14 Oxygen measuring unit (Optional)
15 Electrical power source Capable of providing a large steady DC current (e.g. 0‐100
A) sufficient to raise the conductor temperature to the
desired level
16 Measurement of wire Instrument to measure:
temperature • conductor resistance (4‐terminal DC resistance bridge
measuring mΩ to an accuracy of 0,01 mΩ.
• voltage accurate to 1 mV
• current to an accuracy of 10mA

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D.7 General arrangement of modified burner and flame

dimensions

Temperature measured at
75 mm 35 mm (approx. 1 150 ºC)

25 mm

 3,3 mm Controlled air supply

 3,3 mm Fuel gas supply

Figure D‐7 General arrangement of modified burner and flame dimensions

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D.8 General arrangement of apparatus for flammability

test

Pully support bracket (low

thermal conductivity)

Upper
datum point

600 mm
Distance between
reference marks
Weights as
required

Flame application point

(flame centre datum)

200 mm

75º

Bottom clamp support Bunsen burner support

(low thermal conductivity) (low thermal conductivity)

30º

Figure D‐8 General arrangement of apparatus for flammability test

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Bibliography

ECSS‐S‐ST‐00 ECSS system ‐ Description, implementation and

general requirements
NASA STD 6001 Flammability, Odor and Off‐gassing compatibility
Requirements & Test Procedures for Materials That
Support Combustion
ZZU.0336.028 Standard test method for the determination of the
oxygen concentration limit during the combustion
of polymer materials (English translation of
original Russian title)
ISO/CD 14624‐1 Space systems ‐ Test Method for Upward
Flammability of Materials

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