EAPE ASSIGNMENT-ED11/00732/21

DISCUSS AND RELATE THE FAYOL’S FOURTEEN PRINCIPLES OF

MANAGEMENT TO EDUCATIONAL INSTITTINS TODAY (14 MARKS)

Management has four basic functions; planning, organizing, leading and controlling (POLC).
Without these in in pace, there would be little or no structure and focus in an organization. by
placing the focus on managerial skills over technical skills Fayol’s principles gives us a
foundation for what we call good management.

Henry Fayol’s 14 principles of management look at an organization from a top down approach to
help managers get from employees and run the business with ease as discussed below:

1) Division of work

If an employee is given a specific a specific task to do, they will become more efficient and
skilled in it unlike mutli-tasking.in order to implement this principle effectively, look at the
current skills sets at each employee and assign them a task that they can become more proficient
thus help them in being more productive, skilled and efficient in the long run.

Example: at a school, every department has different responsibility, like academics like
academics, sports, administration, sanitation, food and beverages. These responsibilities are
taken care of by employees specializing in that particular department, increasing efficiency and
productivity and making them specialists in their field.

2) Authority

This henry fayol’s principle of management states that a manager needs to have the necessary
authority in order to ensure that his instructions are carried out by the employees.
If managers did not have any authority, then they would lack the ability to get any work done.
However, this authority should come along with responsibility. According to Henri Fayol, there
should be a balance between authority and responsibility. If there is more authority than
responsibility, the employees will get frustrated. If there is more responsibility than authority, the
manager will feel frustrated.
Example: If an employee has been responsible for managing the sports department while
planning an event but has no authority to decisions on what is required for instance shoes and
balls or contact the vendors to get the work done, no efficiency or productivity will be achieved.

3) Discipline

This principle states that discipline is required for any organization to run effectively. In order to
have disciplined employees, managers need to build a culture of mutual respect. There should be
a set of organizational rules, philosophies, and structures in place that should be met by
everyone. Bending rules or slacking should not be allowed in any organization. In order to
achieve this, there is a need for good supervision and impartial judgment.

Example: Every employee in the school premises must follow certain rules and regulations and
keep a disciplined attitude in the institution for smooth working and efficient results.

4) Unity of command

This principle states that that should be a clear chain of command in the organization. The
employees should be clear on whose instructions to follow. According to Fayol, an employee
should receive orders from only one manager. If an employee works under two or more
managers, then authority, discipline, and stability are threatened. Moreover, this will cause a
breakdown in management structure and cause employees to burn out.

Example: If in a company, an employee has been given a task to finish within 3 to 4 hours as
ordered by their immediate superior in the institution, But the head of the department asks them
to deliver the task within 1 hour. In this case, no unity of command can create confusion and
pressure in the workplace.

5) Unity of direction

This Henry fayol principle of management states that the work to be done should be organized in
such a way that employees work in harmony towards the same objective, using one plan, under
the direction of one manager. For example, if you have a range of marketing activities such as
advertising, budgeting, sales promotion, etc., there should be one manager using one plan for all
the marketing activities. The different activities can be broken down for different sub-managers,
but they should all work towards a common goal under the direction of one main person in
charge of the whole thing.

Example: Different sets of activities within an educational institution should be managed by

different departments to avoid confusion and lesser efficiency within the workflow.

6) Collective interest over individual interest

This principle states that the overall interest of the team should take precedence over personal
ones. The interest of the organization should not be sabotaged by the interest of an individual. If
anyone goes rogue, the organization will collapse.

Example: While planning a team teaching, the employee making the teaching plan should
consider the opinions of the others and what they are comfortable with, not just as per their
liking.

7) Remuneration

This henry fayol principle of management states that employees should be paid fair wages for the
work that they carry out. Any organization that underpays its workers will struggle to motivate
and keep quality workers. This remuneration should include both financial and non-financial
incentives. Also, there should be a structure in place to reward good performance to motivate
employees.

Example: Any educational organization must be fair regarding their remuneration policies where
all the employees must receive a salary worth their efforts irrespective of their gender, tenure,
and other factors. Those teachers who record best scores should be motivated for the good work.

8) Centralization
Centralization refers to the concentration of power in the hands of the authority and following a
top-bottom approach to management. In decentralization, this authority is distributed to all levels
of management. In a modern context, no organization can be completely centralized or
decentralized. Complete centralization means that people at the bottom have no authority over
their responsibilities. Similarly, complete decentralization means that there will be no superior
authority to control the organization. To use this effectively today, there should be a balance of
centralization and decentralization. The degree to which this balance is achieved will differ from
organization to organization.

Example: Centralization is mostly common in small and medium-sized firms where the
delegation of work is minimal, and the owners make most of the decisions. most commonly in
private educational institutions.

9) Scala chain

A scalar chain refers to a clear chain of communication between employees and their superiors.
Employees should know where they stand in the hierarchy of the organization and who to go to
in a chain of command. To implement this in the workplace, Fayol suggests that there should be
an organizational chart drawn out for employees to see this structure clearly.

Example: Every organization has a specific chain of authority from the highest level of superiors,
like the principal, head teacher or the vice chancellor, to the lowest level of subordinates
following a hierarchy for maximum productivity.

10) Order

This principle states that there should be an orderly placement of resources (manpower, money,
materials, etc.) in the right place at the right time. This ensures the proper use of resources in a
structured fashion. Misplacement of any of these resources will lead to misuse and disorder in
the organization.
Example: Employees should be given a designated space and the right tools or equipment to
complete their work efficiently like books and makers to teach in class.

11) Equity

Equity is a combination of kindness and justice. This principle states that managers should use
kindliness and justice towards everyone they manage. This creates loyalty and devotion among
the employees towards the organization they work for.

Example: All employees, irrespective of gender, religion, race, and sexuality, must feel safe,
seen, and heard and be given equal opportunities to grow and flourish in their careers within the
school organization.

12) Stability of Tenure of Personnel

This principle states that an organization should work to minimize staff turnover and maximize
efficiency. Any new employee cannot be expected to get used to the culture of an organization
right away. They need to be given enough time to settle into their jobs to become efficient. Both
old and new employees should also be ensured job security because instability can lead to
inefficiency. There should also be a clear and effective method to handle vacancies when they
arise because it takes time and expense to train new ones.

Example: Every new employee must be given a proper induction of both the technical aspect of
the school as well as the work culture and office environment for them to mingle well. Old
employees should be given alum awards for completing certain tenures to boost morale.

13) Initiative

This principle states that all employees should be encouraged to show initiative. When
employees have a say as to how best they can do their job, they feel motivated and respected.
Organizations should listen to the concerns of their employees and encourage them to develop
and carry out plans for improvement.
Example: Taking suggestions from employees regarding their specific department can make
them feel seen in an authoritative position and can give them a sense of achieving something for
the team.

14) Esprit de corps

Esprit de Corps means “Team Spirit”. This henry fayol principle of management states that the
management should strive to create unity, morale, and co-operation among the employees. Team
spirit is a great source of strength in the organization. Happy and motivated employees are more
likely to be productive and efficient.

Example: While discussing the new plan of action for achieving the next terms or academic
semester, using the word 'We' instead of 'I' brings a teamwork spirit to the group.

Examine and apply the theory of max weber in our classroom situations (6marks)

Max weber is a German sociologist who focused on the structure of organizations. His concerns
were established of ideal organization for purpose of efficiency. He developed a theory of
organization design known as Bureaucracy. He considered a Bureaucracy form of administration
management capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency and through which it was
possible tom exercise imperative control over human being. He advanced five principles of
Bureaucracy as discussed below;

Hierarchical structure of authority: the theory is applied in classroom context in that we have
the class teacher who plays the role of the class principal. He ensures that teachers attend their
lessons thus the teachers help him in administering of the class. Under the teachers we have the
class prefects whose role is to assist the teachers in collecting the assignment given and keeping
the class in order.

Division of labor: varied tasks of the class has varied complex for everyone to perform with
equal competency .it is ideal for students to be assigned tasks by their teachers. This will
guarantee greater effectiveness in performance. division of labor should also be focused in terms
of teaching. Teachers should divide labor among themselves for efficiency.

Control of rules: Codified rules should govern official decisions and actions to ensure
uniformity, predictability and stability. Rules also help in the coordination activities and provide
continuity of operation where there are changes in personnel. Rul ises and regulations make
teachers to be responsible in doing their work.

Impersonal relationships: the teaching classroom atmosphere should provide dominance spirit
of formalistic impersonality without hatred or passion. are expected to make decisions based on
the part of administration and teachers assure equality of treatment and facilities rationality. The
teachers should be given many subjects to teach, administrators should provide more teachers to
facilitate teaching process in the classroom set up.

Describe different internal and external control measures management employs to

safeguard finances in public schools.(10marks)

Financial control is the heart of financial management where the financial resources are being
correctly and effectively used.

Internal and external control measures: it includes; safeguarding of assets, accurate and reliable
financial record keeping, compliance with internal policies and funding requirements, separation
of duties.

Safeguarding of assets;

the control ensures that; There is completeness in recording all the incomes and expenditures.

Assets are safeguarded against loss, theft, misuse and extravagance use.

Reporting and accountability;

 i. The school must make periodic reports for internal and external use.

ii. The reports must be prepared on time I.e. balance sheets among others.

iii. School reports should be timely, relevant, and accurate.

iv. There is need of employing a good accountant to make sure that is done.

v. The head teacher of the school is responsible for accountability.

Monitoring and evaluation;

When reporting is good to compare the actual vs the planned expenditure.

When there is significant deviation, there must be sufficient explanation as to the

cause of deviation and once the cause is known corrective actions needs to be taken.

Auditing;

It is an independent examination of the books of account which adds;

Adds credibility to the project financial reports.

We have the external and internal audits, internal is concerned with efficiency of
operation and adherence to policies whereas external audit is concerned with accountability and
transparency.