Dronacharya Group of Institutions Greater Noida

Department of Electrical and Electronics

Control System Lab Manual (EEE – 552)
List of Experiments

Sr.No Page No
1 To derive the transfer function of the given 2
AC Servomotor
2 To study the characteristics of a DC position 10
control system
3 To obtain the transfer function of 13
separately excited DC generator on no load
and loaded condition.
4 To study synchro-transmitter and receiver 20
and obtain output V/S input characteristics
5 To study PID Controller for simulation 22
6 To obtain the time response of a given second 24
order system with its damping frequency
7 To plot the root locus for a given transfer 27
function of the system using MATLAB
8 To obtain bode plot for a givan transfer 30
function of the system using MATLAB
9 To obtain the transfer function from the state 34
model.and vice versa
10 To obtain the Nyquist plot for a given 39
transfer function of the system

Prepared by:
Sunil Kumar
A.P EEE Department

1
Expt. No: 1

DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION OF

AC SERVO MOTOR
AIM:
To derive the transfer function of the given AC Servomotor.

APPARATUS / INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

S. No Description Range Type Quantity

1. AC servo motor trainer kit - 1
2. AC servo motor 1
(0-1) A MC 1
3. Ammeter
(0-100) mA MI 1
(0–300) V MC 1
4. Voltmeter
(0–75) V MI 1
5. Patch cords - As required

THEORY:

An AC servo motor is basically a two phase induction motor with some special design features. The
stator consists of two pole pairs (A-B and C-D) mounted on the inner periphery of the stator, such
that their axes are at an angle of 90o in space. Each pole pair carries a winding, one winding is called
reference winding and other is called a control winding. The exciting current in the winding should
have a phase displacement of 90o. The supply used to drive the motor is single phase and so a phase
advancing capacitor is connected to one of the phase to produce a phase difference of 90 o.The rotor
construction is usually squirrel cage or drag-cup type. The rotor bars are placed on the slots and
short-circuited at both ends by end rings. The diameter of the rotor is kept small in order to reduce
inertia and to obtain good accelerating characteristics. The drag cup construction is employed for
very low inertia applications. In this type of construction the rotor will be in the form of hollow
cylinder made of aluminium. The aluminium cylinder itself acts as short-circuited rotor conductors.
Electrically both the types of rotor are identical.

WORKING PRINCIPLE :
The stator windings are excited by voltages of equal magnitude and 90o phase difference. These
results in exciting currents i1 and i2 that are phase displaced by 90 o and have equal values. These
currents give rise to a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude. The direction of rotation
depends on the phase relationship of the two currents (or voltages). This rotating magnetic field
sweeps over the rotor conductors. The rotor conductor experience a change in flux and so voltages
are induced rotor conductors. This voltage circulates currents in the short-circuited rotor conductors
and currents create rotor flux. Due to the interaction of stator & rotor flux, a mechanical force (or
torque) is developed on the rotor and so the rotor starts moving in the same direction as that of
rotating magnetic field.

GENERAL SCHEMATIC OF AC SERVOMOTOR:

2
FORMULAE USED:
Transfer function, Gm (s) = Km / (1+ sm)

Where

Motor gain constant, Km = K / FO + F

K is T / C
FO is T / N
Torque, T is 9.81 X R (S1  S2)
R is radius of the rotor in m
Frictional co-efficient, F = W / (2N / 60)2
Frictional loss, W is 30 % of constant loss in Watts
Constant loss in watts = No load input – Copper loss
No load i/p = V (IR+IC)
V is supply voltage, V
IR is current through reference winding, A
IC is current through control winding, A
Copper loss in watts = IC2 RC
RC = 174
N is rated speed in rpm

Motor time constant, m = J / FO + F

Moment of inertia J is d4 L R ρ / 32
d is diameter of the rotor in m ( Given d =39.5 mm)
LR is length of the rotor in m (Given L R =76 mm)
ρ is density = 7.8 X 102 gm / m

PROCEDURE:

3
1. DETERMINATION OF FRICTIONAL CO-EFFICIENT, F

1. Check whether the MCB is in OFF position.

2. Patch the circuit using the patching diagram.
3. Switch ON the MCB
4. Vary the control pot to apply rated supply voltage
5. Note the control winding current, reference winding current, supply voltage and speed.
6. Find the frictional co-efficient using the above values

OBSERVATIONS:

Supply Voltage Control winding Reference Winding Speed

S. No. V Current Ic Current Ir N
(V) (A) (A) (rpm)

CALCULATIONS:

4
 DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION OF AC SERVO MOTOR
PATCHING DIAGRAM TO DETERMINE FRICTIONAL CO-EFFICIENT F:

5
PROCEDURE:

2. To determine the motor gain constant K m

DETERMINATION OF FO FROM TORQUE - SPEED CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Check whether the MCB is in OFF position.
2. Patch the circuit using the patching diagram.
3. Set the control pot in minimum position.
4. Check whether the motor is in no load condition
5. Switch ON the MCB
6. Vary the control pot and apply rated voltage to the reference phase winding and
control phase winding. Note down the no load speed.
7. Apply load in steps. For each load applied note down the speed and spring balance
readings. ( Take 3 or 4 sets of readings)
8. Reduce the load fully and allow the motor to run at rated speed.
9. Repeat steps 7 and 8 for 75 % control winding voltage.
10. Draw the graph between speed and torque, the slope of the graph gives FO.

OBSERVATIONS:

Control voltage Vc1 = Control voltage Vc2 =

Speed Spring Balance Spring Balance Torque
values Torque Speed values
S. No N T
T N
S1 S2 S1 S2
(Nm) (rpm)
(rpm) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (Nm)

MODEL GRAPH: TORQUE - SPEED CHARACTERISTICS

6
DETERMINATION OF K FROM TORQUE - CONTROL VOLTAGE
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Check whether the MCB is in OFF position.
2. Patch the circuit using the patching diagram.
3. Set the control pot in minimum position.
4. Check whether the motor is in no load condition
5. Switch ON the MCB
6. Vary the control pot and apply rated voltage to the reference phase winding and
control phase winding. Note down the no load speed.
7. Load the motor gradually; the speed of the motor will decrease. Vary the control pot
and increase the control winding voltage till the speed obtained at no load is
reached. Note down control voltage and spring balance readings.
8. Repeat step 7 for various speeds and tabulate. (for 1000 rpm)
9. Plot the graph between torque and control winding voltage. The slope of the graph
gives the value of K.

OBSERVATIONS:

Speed N1 = Speed N2 =
Control Spring Balance Torque Speed Spring Balance Control
S. No Voltage values T values Voltage
Vc S1 S2 S1 S2 Vc
(V) (kg kg Nm rpm Kg Kg V

MODEL GRAPH: TORQUE - CONTROL VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS

7
 DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION OF AC SERVO MOTOR
PATCHING DIAGRAM TO DETERMINE MOTOR GAIN CONSTANT KM:

8
CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

The transfer function of AC servomotor is determined as

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What are the main parts of an AC servomotor?

2. State the advantages and disadvantages of an AC servo motor.
3. Give the applications of AC servomotor.
4. What do you mean by servo mechanism?
5. What are the characteristics of an AC servomotor?

9
Expt. No: 2

DC POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM

AIM:

To study the characteristics of a DC position control system.

APPARATUS / INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

i) DC position control kit and Motor unit

ii) Multimeter

THEORY:

A DC position control system is a closed loop control system in which the position of the
mechanical load is controlled with the position of the reference shaft. A pair of
potentiometers acts as error-measuring device. They convert the input and output positions
into proportional electric signals. The desired position is set on the input potentiometer and
the actual position is fed to feedback potentiometer. The difference between the two angular
positions generates an error signal, which is amplified and fed to armature circuit of the DC
motor. The tachogenerator attached to the motor shaft produces a voltage proportional to the
speed which is used for feedback. If an error exists, the motor develops a torque to rotate the
output in such a way as to reduce the error to zero. The rotation of the motor stops when the
error signal is zero, i.e., when the desired position is reached.

PROCEDURE:
1. The input or reference potentiometer is adjusted nearer to zero initially(R).
2. The command switch is kept in continuous mode and some value of forward gain K A
is selected.
3. For various positions of input potentiometer (R) the positions of the response
potentiometer (0) is noted. Simultaneously the reference voltage (VR) measured
between the terminals VR & E and the output voltage (VO) measured between the
terminals VO & E are noted.
4. A graph is plotted with 0 along y-axis and R along x-axis.

10
OBSERVATIONS:

Reference
Output angular Reference Output
angular position,
position, θO Voltage, Vr VoltageVO
S. No θR
(degrees) (V) (V)
(degrees)
KA = KA = KA = KA = KA = KA = KA = KA =

MODEL GRAPH:

11
RESULT:
The DC position control system characteristics are studied and corresponding graphs are drawn.

12
Expt. No:3

DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION OF

SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

AIM:

To obtain the transfer function of separately excited DC generator on no load and loaded
condition.

APPARATUS / INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

S. No Description Range Type Quantity

THEORY:

Derivation of transfer function of separately excited DC generator is as follows,

Applying KVL to the field side,

ef = Rf if + Lf (dif / dt) … (1)

Applying KVL to the armature side,

eg = Ra ia + La (dia / dt) + RL ia … (2)

VL = RL ia … (3)

Also since eg α if , let eg = Kg if … (4)

Taking Laplace transform of equation (1) we get

Ef (s) = Rf If(s) + sLf If(s)

Ef (s) = If (s) [Rf + sLf]

13
If (s) = Ef (s) / [Rf + sLf] … (5)

Taking Laplace transform of equation (2) we get

Eg (s) = Ra Ia(s) + sLa Ia(s) + RL Ia(s)
Eg (s) = Ia(s) [Ra + sLa + RL] … (6)

Taking Laplace transform of equations (3) and (4) we get

VL(s) = RL Ia( s)
Therefore, Ia( s) = VL(s) / RL … (7)
Eg(s) = Kg If(s) … (8)

Substituting. equations (7) and (8) in equation (6) we get

Kg If(s) = [Ra + sLa + RL] [VL(s) / RL] … (9)

Substituting the value of If (s) in the above equation we get

Kg Ef (s) / [Rf + sLf] = [Ra + sLa + RL] [ VL(s) / RL]

Hence transfer function,

VL(s) / Ef (s) = Kg RL / {[Rf + sLf] [Ra + sLa + RL]} …(10)

For unloaded condition, Ia = 0

Therefore transfer function VL(s) / Ef (s) = Kg / [Rf + sLf] … (11)

For loaded condition

Lf = √ (Zf2 – Rf2) / 2πf
La = √ (Za2 – Ra2) / 2πf
Transfer function VL(s) / Ef (s) = Kg RL / [Rf (Ra + RL) (1+sτf) (1 + sτa)] … (12)
where τf = Lf / Rf and τa = La / (Ra + RL)

FORMULAE USED:

Transfer function of DC generator,

On no load condition: VL(s) / Ef (s) = Kg / [Rf + sLf]
where Kg is gain constant
Rf is field resistance in Ohms
Lf is field inductance in Henry
On loaded condition: VL(s) / Ef (s) = Kg RL / [Rf (Ra + RL) (1+sτf) (1 + sτa)]
where Kg is gain constant
Field time constant τf = Lf / Rf
Rf is field resistance in Ohms
Lf is field inductance in Henry
Armature time constant τa = La / (Ra + RL)
Ra is armature resistance in Ohms
La is armature inductance in Henry
14
PROCEDURE:
1. To determine the gain constant Kg :

No load or open circuit characteristics:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram

2. The motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position and the generator
field rheostat should be in maximum resistance position or minimum potential
position while switching ON and switching OFF the supply side DPST switch.
3. Ensure that the DPST switch on the load side is open.
4. Switch ON the supply DPST switch.
5. Using the 3- point starter the DC motor is started and it is brought to rated speed by
adjusting the motor field rheostat.
6. Keeping the DPST switch on the load side open, the generated voltage Eg and field
current If of generator is noted down by varying the generator field rheostat.
7. The above step is repeated till 125 % of rated voltage is reached.
8. A graph is plotted between Eg and If taking I f along x- axis. A tangent to the linear
portion of the curve is drawn from the origin and slope of this line gives K g.

OBSERVATIONS:
Field current, If Induced Voltage, Eg
S. No.
(A) (V)

MODEL GRAPH:

15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

To determine gain constant, Kg:

CALCULATIONS:

Load characteristics:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram

2. The motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position and the generator
field rheostat should be in maximum resistance position or minimum potential
position while switching ON and switching OFF the supply side DPST switch.
3. Ensure that the DPST switch on the load side is open.

16
 4. Switch ON the supply DPST switch
5. The generator is brought to its rated voltage by varying the generator field rheostat.
6. The DPST switch on the load side is closed, and the load is varied for convenient steps
of load current up to 120 % of its rated capacity and the voltmeter VL and ammeter Ia
readings are observed. On each loading the speed should be maintained at rated speed.
7. A graph is plotted between VL and IL taking IL on x- axis. The slope of the graph gives
Kg.

OBSERVATIONS:
Terminal Voltage, VL Load Current, IL
S. No.
(V) (A)

MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:

2. To determine field Inductance Lf :

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Auto transformer is varied in steps for different voltages and corresponding voltmeter
and ammeter readings are noted down.
3. Field impedance Zf is calculated as V/I and the average value of Z f is obtained.
4. Field resistance (Rf) is measured using multimeter.

17
 5. Field inductance (Lf) can be calculated using formula
Lf = √ (Zf2 – Rf2) / 2πf

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:

Field Voltage, V Field Current, I Field Impedence, Zf

S. No
(V) (A) (Ohms)

CALCULATIONS:

PROCEDURE:

3. Determination of armature inductance La :

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Auto transformer is varied in steps for different voltages and corresponding voltmeter
and ammeter readings are noted down.

18
 3. Armature impedance Za is calculated as V/I and the average value of Za is obtained.
4. Armature resistance Ra is measured using multimeter.
5. Armature inductance La can be calculated using formula,
La = √ (Za2 – Ra2) / 2πf

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:

Armature
Armature Armature Impedence, Za
S. No Current, I
Voltage, V (V) (Ohms)
(A)

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

19
Expt. No: 4

Aim:- To study synchro-transmitter and receiver and obtain output V/S input characteristics

20
21
Exp. No.5
AIM: To study PID Controller for simulation

APPARATUS:

Software: MATLAB

Theory:-
design and analyze plants and control systems modeled in Simulink and automatically tune PID
controller gains to meet performance requirements. You can also find operating points and
compute exact linearizations of Simulink models at various operating conditions. Simulink
Control Design provides tools that let you compute simulation-based frequency responses
without modifying your model. A graphical interface lets you design and analyze arbitrary
control structures modeled in Simulink, including cascaded, prefilter, regulation, and multiloop
architectures.
Let us design a PID feedback controller to control the velocity of the DC motor. Recall that the
transfer function of a PID controller is:

where u is the controller output (in our case the voltage V ), e = uc − y is the controller input
(the control error), and Kp, Kd, Ki are the proportional, derivative and integral gains,
respectively. A block diagram of the closed-loop system is given in Figure

+ PID Plant O/P

Controller
-

The control parameters are:

- The proportional term: providing an overall control action proportional to the error
signal through the constant gain factor.
- The integral term: the action is to reduce steady-state errors through low-frequency
compensation by an integrator.
- The derivative term: improves transient response through high-frequency
compensation by a differentiator

Consider a transfer function =

22
Procedure:
 Open matlab Simulink Block
 Take all corresponding Simulink block per figure
 Connect as per figure
 Take output from Scope per figure.by different gain

Simulink Block

Result

23
 Matlab Based Experiments
Expt. No: 6

TIME RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER SYSTEM

AIM: To obtain the time response of a given second order system with its damping frequency

APPARATUS: Software: MATLAB

THEORY:
The time response has utmost importance for the design and analysis of control systems because
these are inherently time domain systems where time is independent variable. During the
analysis of response, the variation of output with respect to time can be studied and it is known
as time response. To obtain satisfactory performance of the system with respect to time must be
within the specified limits. From time response analysis and corresponding results, the stability
of system, accuracy of system and complete evaluation can be studied easily.
Due to the application of an excitation to a system, the response of the system is known as time
response and it is a function of time. The two parts of response of any system:
(i) Transient response
(ii) Steady-state response.
Transient response: The part of the time response which goes to zero after large interval of time
is known as transient response.
Steady state response: The part of response that means even after the transients have died out is
said to be steady state response.
The total response of a system is sum of transient response and steady state response:
C(t)=Ctr(t)+Css(t)

TIME RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER CONTROL SYSTEM:

A second order control system is one wherein the highest power of ‗s‘ in the denominator of its
transfer function equals 2.
Transfer function is given by

 n2
Transfer function= T ( s ) 
s 2  2 n s   n2

Ωn=is called natural frequency of oscillations.

ωd= is called damping frequency oscillations.

=affects damping and called damping ratio.

24
MATLAB PROGRAM:

wn=input('enter value of undamped natural frequency')

z=input('enter value of damping ratio')
n=[wn*wn]
p=sqrt(1-z^2)
wd=wn*p
h=[p/z]
k=atan(h)
m=pi-k;
tr=[m/wd]
tp=[pi/wd]
q=z*wn
ts=[h/q]
r=z*pi
f=[r/p]
mp=exp(-f)
num=[0 0 n]
den=[1 2*z*wn n]
s=tf(num,den)
hold on
step(s)
impulse(s)
hold off

25
PROCEDURE:
1.Time response of the system is being found when we give the values of natural undamped
frequency and damping ratio.
2.When we give these values first rise time ,peak time,peak overshoot,transfer function are
being
calculated.
3.Then ― step(s)‖ And ―impulse(s)‖ generates time response of the system.
5.The hold function determines whether new graphics object are added to the graph or replaces
objects in the graph.
6.hold on retains the current plot and certain axes properties so that subsequent graphing
command add to the existing graph.
7.hold off resets axes properties to their defaults before drawing new plots.hold off is the default

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

GRAPH
:

26
Expt. No: 7
ROOT LOCUS FROM A TRANSFER FUNCTION

AIM: To plot the root locus for a given transfer function of the system using MATLAB

APPARATUS:
Software: MATLAB

THEORY:
rlocus computes the Evans root locus of a SISO open-loop model. The root locus gives the
closed-loop pole trajectories as a function of the feedback gain k (assuming negative feedback).
Root loci are used to study the effects of varying feedback gains on closed-loop pole locations.
In turn, these locations provide indirect information on the time and frequency responses.
rlocus(sys) calculates and plots the rootlocus of the open-loop SISO model sys. This function
can be applied to any of the following feedback loops by setting sys appropriately.
If sys has transfer function
h(s) =
The closed-loop poles are the roots of
d(s) + k*n(s)=0

MATLAB PROGRAM:
num=input(‗enter the numerator of the transfer function‘)
den=input(‗enter the denominator of the transfer function‘)
h=tf(num,den)
rlocus(h)

PROCEDURE:
 Write MATLAB program in the MATLAB specified documents.
 Then save the program to run it.
 The input is to be mentioned.
 The syntax ―h=tf(num,den)‖ gives the transfer function and is represented as h.

27
 The syntax ―rlocus(h)‖ plots the rootlocus of the transfer function h.
 Generally the syntax is of the form
rlocus(sys)
rlocus(sys,k)
rlocus(sys1, sys2, ….)
[r,k] = rlocus(sys)
r = rlocus(sys,k)
 rlocus(sys) calculates and plots the root locus of the open loop SISO model sys.
 Now we have to solve it theoretically.
 Now we have to compare the practical and theoretical ouputs to verify each other
Correctly

EXAMPLE:
Transfer function =

The following MATLAB script plots the root loci for

s = tf('s');

G = 1/(s*(s+7)*(s+11));

rlocus(G);

axis equal;

28
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
enter the numerator of the transfer function
num=
enter the denominator of the transfer function
den=
Transfer function :

RESULT:

29
Expt. No:8
BODE PLOT FROM A TRANSFER FUNCTION

AIM:
To obtain bode plot for a givan transfer function of the system using MATLAB.

APPARATUS:
Software: MATLAB

THEORY:

Get things started

1. Put the forward path transfer function in the correct form
a. All terms are (1+s/something)
b. Each term represents the location of a pole or zero
2. Calculate the gain in dB
a. gain=20*log(K), where K is the constant in front when in the correct form.

Construct Magnitude Plot

3. Calculate initial slope
a. For each pole at 0, subtract 20dB/dec
b. For each zero at 0, add 20dB/dec
c. The asymptote (with the defined initial slope) passes through 0+gain (dB) at w=1rad/s.
In other words, the slope crosses the w axis at w=1, and then is shifted up (or down) by the gain
calculated in step 2 (up if gain>0, down if gain<0).
4. At each pole location, the asymptote decreases in slope by 20dB/dec. At each zero
location, the asymptote increases in slope by 20dB/dec. The location of the poles are
determined from the form in step 1. Ie, 10/(0.5s+1) results in a pole at s=-2. In the bode
diagram, the location is at w=2rad/s.
5. Sketch the actual curve based on the asymptotes (be careful with complex pairs; see
bode sample file online).
30
Construct Phase Plot
6. Calculate starting position
a. For each pole at 0, start at an additional -90deg
b. For each zero at 0, start at an additional +90deg
c. The curve starts with a slope of zero.
7. Each pole causes the phase plot to shift down by 90deg. This transition occurs from 1
decade before to one decade after the pole location. Each zero has the opposite effect; the phase
plot shifts up by 90deg (from 1 decade before to one decade after the zero location).
8. Sketch the actual curve based on the asymptotes.

Check your plot

8. Count how many total poles and zeros you have. For each additional pole, your final
magnitude slope should be -20dB/dec and your final phase value should be -90deg. For
each additional zero, the results are the opposite.

MATLAB PROGRAM:
num=input('enter the numerator of the transfer function')
den=input('enter the denominator of the transfer function')
h=tf(num,den)
[gm pm wcp wcg]=margin(h)
bode(h)

PROCEDURE:
 Write the MATLAB program in the MATLAB editor.
 Then save and run the program.
 Give the required inputs.
 The syntax "bode(h)" solves the given input transfer function and gives the bode plot,
 where num,den are the numerator and denominator of the transfer function.

31
  Now plot the bode plot theoretically for the given transfer function and compare it with
the plot obtained practically

EXAMPLE:
Transfer function= 50 / (s^3 + 9 s^2 + 30 s + 40)

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
enter the numerator of the transfer function
num =
enter the denominator of the transfer function
den =
Transfer function:
gm =
pm =
wcp =
wcg =

Graph:-

32
Result:-

33
Expt. No: 9(a)
.TRANSFER FUNCTION FROM STATE MODEL and VICE VERSA

AIM:
To obtain the transfer function from the state model.

APPARATUS:
Software: MATLAB
THEORY:
The transfer function is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of output to Laplace transform
of input. The transfer function of a given state model is given by:A state space representation is
a mathematical model of a physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by
first-order differential equations. The state space representation (also known as the "time-
domain approach") provides a convenient and compact way to model and analyze systems with
multiple inputs and outputs.Unlike the frequency domain approach, the use of the state space
representation is not limited to systems with linear components and zero initial conditions.
"State space" refers to the space whose axes are the state variables. The state of the system
can be represented as a vector within that space.
The input state equation is given by,
x (t )  Ax (t )  B u (t )

The output equation is written as,

y (t )  Cx (t )  D u (t )

MATLAB PROGRAM:
A =input(‗enter the matrix A‘)
B= input(‗enter the matrix B‘)
C = input(‗enter the matrix C‘)
D= input(‗enter the matrix D‘)
Sys =ss2tf(A,B,C,D)

34
EXAMPLE:
Obtain the transfer function from the State Model given below
A= B= C= D=
-9 -26 -24 1 1 7 2 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0

PROCEDURE:
 Type the program in the MATLAB editor that is in M-file.
 Save and run the program.
 Give the required inputs in the command window of MATLAB in matrix format.
 The command ss2tf(A,B,C,D)) converts the given transfer function into a state model.
 Note down the output obtained in MATLAB.
 The Transfer Function is also obtained theoretically.
 Both the state models are compared

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

A=
B=
C=
D=

Result:

35
Expt. No: 4(b)
STATE MODEL FROM TRANSFER FUNCTION

AIM:
To obtain the state model from the given transfer function.
APPARATUS:
Software: MATLAB

THEORY:
There are three methods for obtaining state model from transfer function:
1. Phase variable method
2. Physical variable method
3. Canonical variable method
Out of three methods given above canonical form is probably the most straightforward
method for converting from the transfer function of a system to a state space model is to
generate a model in "controllable canonical form." This term comes from Control
Theory but its exact meaning is not important to us. To see how this method of
generating a state space model works, consider the third order differential transfer
function:

Y (s) b2 s 2  b1s  b0

U ( s) s3  a2 s 2  a1s  a0

(a) Draw the simulation diagram and find the state-space representation of the above transfer
function.
(b) Use MATLAB Control System Toolbox [A, B, C, D] = tf2ss(num, den) to find the state
model.

(a) Draw the transfer function block diagram in cascade form

U ( s) 1 W (s) 2 Y (s)
s  7s  2
s  9 s  26s  24
3 2

From this we have

s3W (s)  9s 2W (s)  26sW ( s)  24W ( s)  U ( s) & Y ( s)  s 2W ( s)  7 sW ( s)  2W ( s)

36
or in time-domain

w  9w
   26w
  24w  u & y  w   7w
  2w
The above time-domain equations yield the following simulation diagram
1
7
w s 1 1 1
1 
w s w s w 2 1
u (t ) x3 y
9 x2 x1
26
24

To obtain the state equation, the state variables x1 (t ) , x2 (t ) , and x3 (t ) are assigned to the output
of each integrator from the right to the left. Next an equation is written for the input of each
integrator. The results are

x1  x2
x2  x3
x3  24x1  26x2  9x1  u(t )
and the output equation is
y  2x1  7 x2  x3
or in matrix form

 x1   0 1 0   x1  0
 x    0 0 1   x2   0 u (t )
 2 
 x3   24 26 9   x3  1 
 x1 
y   2 7 1  x2 
 x3 

MATLAB PROGRAM:
num=input(‗enter the numerator of the transfer function‘)
den=input(‗enter the denominator of the transfer function‘)
ss(tf(num,den))
PROCEDURE:
 Type the program in the MATLAB editor that is in M-file.
 Save and run the program.

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  Give the required inputs in the command window of MATLAB in matrix format.
 The command ss(tf(num,den)) converts the given transfer function into a state model
 Note down the output obtained in MATLAB.
 The state model is also obtained theoretically.
 Both the state models are compared.

EXAMPLE:
Obtain the state model from the transfer function given below:

U ( s) 1 W (s) 2 Y (s)
s  7s  2
s  9 s  26s  24
3 2

We write the following statements

num = [1 7 2]; den = [1 9 26 24];
[A, B, C, D] = tf2ss(num, den)

RESULT:
A= B= C= D=
-9 -26 -24 1 1 7 2 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0

38
Expt. No:10
.NYQUIST PLOT FROM TRANSFER FUNCTION

AIM:
To obtain the Nyquist plot for a given transfer function of the system.

APPARATUS:
Software: MATLAB

THEORY:
A nyquist plot is used in automatic control and signal processing for assessing the stability of a
system with feedback. It is represented by a graph in polar coordinates in which the gain and
phase of a frequency response are plotted. The plot of these phasor quantities shows the phase as
the angle and the magnitude as the distance from the origin. This plot combines the two types of
Bode plot — magnitude and phase — on a single graph with frequencry as a parameter along
thecurve.Nyquist calculates the Nyquist frequency response of LTI models. When invoked
without lefthand arguments, nyquist produces a Nyquist plot on the screen. Nyquist plots are
used to analyze system properties including gain margin, phase margin, and stability.
The nyquist stability criterion , provides a simple test for stability of a closed-loop control
system by examining the open-loop system's Nyquist plot. Stability of the closed-loop control
system may be determined directly by computing the poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
The Nyquist Criteria can tell us things about the frequency characteristics of the system. For
instance, some systems with constant gain might be stable for low-frequency inputs, but become
unstable for high-frequency inputs. Also, the Nyquist Criteria can tell us things about the phase
of the input signals, the time-shift of the system, and other important information.

The Nyquist Contour

The nyquist contour, the contour that makes the entire nyquist criterion work, must encircle the
entire right half of the complex s plane. Remember that if a pole to the closed-loop transfer
function (or equivalently a zero of the characteristic equation) lies in the right-half of the s
plane,the system is an unstable system.To satisfy this requirement, the nyquist contour takes the
shape of an infinite semi-circle that encircles the entire right-half of the s plane. Nyquist Criteria
39
Let us first introduce the most important equation when dealing with the Nyquist criterion:
Where:

N is the number of encirclements of the (-1, 0) point.

Z is the number of zeros of the characteristic equation
P is the number of poles of the characteristic equation.
With this equation stated, we can now state the Nyquist Stability Criterion:
Nyquist Stability Criterion
A feedback control system is stable, if and only if the contour in the F(s) plane does not
encircle the (-1, 0) point when P is 0.
A feedback control system is stable, if and only if the contour in the F(s) plane encircles
the (-1, 0) point a number of times equal to the number of poles of F(s) enclosed by Γ.
In other words, if P is zero then N must equal zero. Otherwise, N must equal P. Essentially, we
are saying that Z must always equal zero, because Z is the number of zeros of the characteristic
equation (and therefore the number of poles of the closed-loop transfer function) that are in the
right-half of the s plane.

MATLAB PROGRAM:
num=input(‗enter the numerator of the transfer function‘)
den=input(‗enter the denominator of the transfer function‘)
h=tf(num,den)
nyquist(h)
[gm pm wcp wcg]=margin(h)
if(wcp>wcg)
disp(‗system is stable‘)
else
disp(‗system is unstable‘)
end

PROCEDURE:
40
 Write MATLAB program in the MATLAB editor document.
 Then save and run the program.
 Give the required input.
 The syntax ―tf(num,den)‖ solves the given transfer function and gives poles and zeros of
the function.
―nyquist(sys)‖, nyquist calculates the Nyquist frequency response of LTI models. When
invoked without left-hand arguments, nyquist produces a Nyquist plot on the screen.
Nyquist plots are used to analyze system properties including gain margin, phase margin,
and stability. ―nyquist(sys)‖ plots the Nyquist response of an arbitrary LTI model sys.
This model can be continuous or discrete, and SISO or MIMO. In the MIMO case,
nyquist produces an array of Nyquist plots, each plot showing the response of one
particular I/O channel. The frequency points are chosen automatically based on the
system poles and zeros.
 ―[Gm,Pm,Wcg,Wcp] = margin(sys)‖, margin calculates the minimum gain margin, phase
margin, and associated crossover frequencies of SISO open-loop models. The gain and
phase margins indicate the relative stability of the control system when the loop is closed

RESULT: Nyquist Diagram

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