soft-computing-lab-manual1

lOMoAR cPSD| 47590012
EX.NO: 1
IMPLEMENTATION OF FUZZY CONTROL/INFERENCE SYSTEM
DATE:
AIM:
To understand the concept of fuzzy control inference system using python programming
language.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Define Fuzzy Sets input and output variables.
Step 2: Create Fuzzy Rules
Step 3: Perform Fuzzy Inference
Step 4: Defuzzify the output fuzzy sets to obtain a crisp output value.
Step 5: Use the defuzzified output as the control action.
Step 6: Implement Control Action.
Step 7: Repeat the above steps in a loop as needed for real-time control.
PROGRAM:
import numpy as np
import skfuzzy as fuzz
from skfuzzy
import control as ctrl
# Create Antecedent/Consequent objects for temperature and fan speed

temperature = ctrl.Antecedent(np.arange(0, 101, 1), 'temperature')
fan_speed = ctrl.Consequent(np.arange(0, 101, 1), 'fan_speed')
# Define membership functions for temperature

temperature['low'] = fuzz.trimf(temperature.universe, [0, 0, 50])
temperature['medium'] = fuzz.trimf(temperature.universe, [0, 50, 100])
temperature['high'] = fuzz.trimf(temperature.universe, [50, 100, 100])
# Define membership functions for fan speed

fan_speed['low'] = fuzz.trimf(fan_speed.universe, [0, 0, 50])
fan_speed['medium'] = fuzz.trimf(fan_speed.universe, [0, 50, 100])
fan_speed['high'] = fuzz.trimf(fan_speed.universe, [50, 100, 100])
# Define fuzzy rules

rule1 = ctrl.Rule(temperature['low'], fan_speed['low'])
rule2 = ctrl.Rule(temperature['medium'], fan_speed['medium'])

rule3 = ctrl.Rule(temperature['high'], fan_speed['high'])
# Create control system and add rules

fan_ctrl = ctrl.ControlSystem([rule1, rule2, rule3])
fan_speed_ctrl = ctrl.ControlSystemSimulation(fan_ctrl)
# Input the temperature value

temperature_value = 75
# Pass the input to the control system

fan_speed_ctrl.input['temperature'] = temperature_value
# Compute the result

fan_speed_ctrl.compute()
# Print the output

print("Fan Speed:", fan_speed_ctrl.output['fan_speed'])
# Plot membership functions and output
temperature.view()
fan_speed.view()
fan_speed.view(sim=fan_speed_ctrl)
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the above program for fuzzy control interface system executed successfully withdesired
output.
EX.NO: 2
PROGRAMMING EXERCISE ON CLASSIFICATION WITH A
DATE: DISCRETE PERCEPTION
AIM:
To understand the concept of classification with discrete perceptron using pythonprogramming
language.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Initialize weights W and bias b to small random values
Step 2: Define learning rate
Step 3: Define the number of training epochs
Step 4: Define the training data (features and labels
Step 5: Define the perceptron training algorithm
Step 6: The perceptron is now trained, and you can use it to make predictions
PROGRAM:
import numpy as np
class DiscretePerceptron:
def init (self, input_size):
self.weights = np.zeros(input_size)
self.bias = 0
def predict(self, inputs):

activation = np.dot(self.weights, inputs) + self.bias
return 1 if activation > 0 else 0
def train(self, inputs, target, learning_rate=0.1, epochs=100):

for _ in range(epochs):
for x, y in zip(inputs, target):
prediction = self.predict(x)
error = y - prediction
self.weights += learning_rate * error * x
self.bias += learning_rate * error
def main():
# Generate some example data points for two classes
class_0 = np.array([[2, 3], [3, 2], [1, 1]])
class_1 = np.array([[5, 7], [6, 8], [7, 6]])
# Combine the data points and create labels (0 for class 0, 1 for class 1)
inputs = np.vstack((class_0, class_1))
targets = np.array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1])
# Create a discrete perceptron with input size 2

perceptron = DiscretePerceptron(input_size=2)
# Train the perceptron

perceptron.train(inputs, targets)
# Test the trained perceptron with new data

test_data = np.array([[4, 5], [2, 2]])
for data in test_data:
prediction = perceptron.predict(data)
if prediction == 0:
print(f"Data {data} belongs to class 0")
else:
print(f"Data {data} belongs to class 1")
if name == " main ":

main()
OUTPUT:
Data [4 5] belongs to class 1

Data [2 2] belongs to class 0
RESULT:
Thus the above program classification with discrete perceptron executed successfullywith
desired output.
EX.NO: 3
IMPLEMENTATION OF XOR WITH BACKPROPAGATION
DATE: ALGORITHM
AIM:
To understand the concept of XOR with backpropagation algorithm using pythonprograming
language.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize the neural network with random weights and biases.
2. Define the training data for XOR
3. Set hyperparameters:
Learning rate (alpha)
Number of epochs (iterations)
Number of hidden layers and neurons per layer
Activation function (e.g., sigmoid)
4. Repeat for each epoch:
a. Initialize the total error for this epoch to 0.
b. For each training example in the dataset:
i. Forward propagation:
ii. Compute the error between the predicted output and the actual output for the
current training example.
iii. Update the total error for this epoch with the squared error from step ii.
iv. Backpropagation:
c. Calculate the average error for this epoch by dividing the total error by the number of
training examples.
d. Check if the average error is below a predefined threshold or if the desired accuracy
is reached.
- If yes, exit the training loop.
5. Once training is complete, you can use the trained neural network to predict XOR values
for new inputs.
6. End.
PROGRAM:
import numpy as np
# Define sigmoid activation function and its derivative

def sigmoid(x):
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
def sigmoid_derivative(x):
return x * (1 - x)
# XOR input and target data

input_data = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1]])
target_data = np.array([[0], [1], [1], [0]])
# Neural network architecture

input_size = 2
hidden_size = 2
output_size = 1
learning_rate = 0.1
epochs = 10000
# Initialize weights randomly with mean 0

hidden_weights = np.random.uniform(size=(input_size, hidden_size))
output_weights = np.random.uniform(size=(hidden_size, output_size))
# Training loop
for _ in range(epochs):
# Forward propagation
hidden_layer_activation = np.dot(input_data, hidden_weights)
hidden_layer_output = sigmoid(hidden_layer_activation)
output_layer_activation = np.dot(hidden_layer_output, output_weights)

predicted_output = sigmoid(output_layer_activation)
# Calculate error
error = target_data - predicted_output
# Backpropagation
output_delta = error * sigmoid_derivative(predicted_output)
hidden_layer_error = output_delta.dot(output_weights.T)
hidden_layer_delta = hidden_layer_error * sigmoid_derivative(hidden_layer_output)
# Update weights
output_weights += hidden_layer_output.T.dot(output_delta) * learning_rate
hidden_weights += input_data.T.dot(hidden_layer_delta) * learning_rate
# Test the trained network

test_data = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1]])
for data in test_data:
hidden_layer_activation = np.dot(data, hidden_weights)
hidden_layer_output = sigmoid(hidden_layer_activation)
output_layer_activation = np.dot(hidden_layer_output, output_weights)

predicted_output = sigmoid(output_layer_activation)
print(f"Input: {data} Predicted Output: {predicted_output[0]}")

OUTPUT:
Input: [0 0] Predicted Output: 0.287381655624125

RESULT:
Thus the above program classification with discrete perception executed successfully withdesired
output.
EX.NO: 4
IMPLEMENTATION OF SELF ORGANIZING MAPS FOR A SPECIFIC
DATE: APPLICATION
AIM:
To understand the concept of self-organizing maps for a specific application usingpython
programming language.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize the SOM:

- Define the size and shape of the SOM grid (e.g., rows and columns).
- Initialize the weight vectors for each neuron in the grid with random values.
- Define the learning rate and initial neighborhood radius.
2. Define the training dataset:
- Input data for the SOM, often a set of high-dimensional vectors.
3. Train the SOM:
a. Randomly select a data point from the training dataset.
b. Find the Best Matching Unit (BMU), the neuron with the weight vector closest to the input.
c. Update the BMU's weights and the weights of its neighbors:
d. Decrease the learning rate and neighborhood radius over time (e.g., using a decay
function).
4. Repeat the training process until convergence (or a predetermined number of epochs).
5. Map new or unseen data
6. Visualization (optional):
- Visualize the trained SOM grid to understand the data distribution and clustering.
7. End of the SOM implementation.
PROGRAM:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Generate some sample data (replace this with your own dataset)
np.random.seed(42)
data = np.random.rand(100, 2)
# SOM parameters
grid_size = (10, 10) # Grid size of the SOM
input_dim = 2 # Dimensionality of the input data
learning_rate = 0.2
num_epochs = 1000
# Initialize the SOM

weight_matrix = np.random.rand(grid_size[0], grid_size[1], input_dim)
# Training loop
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
for input_vector in data:
# Find the Best Matching Unit (BMU)
distances = np.linalg.norm(weight_matrix - input_vector, axis=-1)
bmu_coords = np.unravel_index(np.argmin(distances), distances.shape)
# Update the BMU and its neighbors

for i in range(grid_size[0]):
for j in range(grid_size[1]):
distance_to_bmu = np.linalg.norm(np.array([i, j]) - np.array(bmu_coords))
influence = np.exp(-distance_to_bmu**2 / (2 * (epoch + 1)**2)) # Adjusting the
influence based on the current epoch
weight_matrix[i, j] += influence * learning_rate * (input_vector - weight_matrix[i, j])
# Create a map of cluster assignments

cluster_map = np.zeros((grid_size[0], grid_size[1]), dtype=int)
for i in range(grid_size[0]):
for j in range(grid_size[1]):
distances = np.linalg.norm(data - weight_matrix[i, j], axis=-1)
cluster_map[i, j] = np.argmin(distances)
# Visualize the results

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
plt.pcolormesh(cluster_map, cmap='viridis')
plt.colorbar(label='Cluster')
plt.scatter(data[:, 0] * grid_size[0], data[:, 1] * grid_size[1], color='red', label='Data points')
plt.legend()
plt.title('Self-Organizing Map Clustering')
plt.show()
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the above program for self-organizing map executed successfully with desiredoutput.
EX.NO: 5
PROGRAMMING EXERCISES ON MAXIMIZING A FUNCTION USING
DATE: GENETIC ALGORITHM
AIM:
To understand the concept of maximizing function using Genetic algorithm using python
programming.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize the population with random solutions.
2. Define the fitness function to evaluate how good each solution is.
3. Set the maximum number of generations.
4. Set the mutation rate (probability of changing a gene in an individual).
5. Set the crossover rate (probability of two individuals mating).
6. Repeat for each generation:
a. Evaluate the fitness of each individual in the population using the fitness function.
b. Select the best individuals based on their fitness to become parents.
c. Create a new generation by crossover (mixing) the genes of the parents.
d. Apply mutation to some individuals in the new generation.
e. Replace the old population with the new generation.
7. Repeat for the specified number of generations.
8. Find and return the individual with the highest fitness as the best solution.
PROGRAM:
import random
# Define the fitness function (our objective function to maximize)

def fitness_function(x):
return -x**2 + 6*x + 9
# Initialize the population

def initialize_population(pop_size, lower_bound, upper_bound):
return [random.uniform(lower_bound, upper_bound) for _ in range(pop_size)]
# Select parents based on their fitness

def select_parents(population):
total_fitness = sum(fitness_function(individual) for individual in population)
roulette_wheel = [fitness_function(individual) / total_fitness for individual in population]
parent1 = random.choices(population, weights=roulette_wheel)[0]
return parent1, parent2
# Perform crossover to create a new generation
def crossover(parent1, parent2, crossover_prob=0.7):
if random.random() < crossover_prob:
crossover_point = random.randint(1, 1) # Corrected this line
child1 = (parent1 + parent2) / 2
child2 = (parent1 + parent2) / 2
return child1, child2
else:
# Perform mutation in the population

def mutate(individual, mutation_prob=0.01):
if random.random() < mutation_prob:
individual += random.uniform(-1, 1)
return individual
# Genetic Algorithm
def genetic_algorithm(generations, pop_size, lower_bound, upper_bound):
population = initialize_population(pop_size, lower_bound, upper_bound)
for gen in range(generations):

new_population = []
while len(new_population) < pop_size:

parent1, parent2 = select_parents(population)
child1, child2 = crossover(parent1, parent2)
child1 = mutate(child1)
new_population.extend([child1, child2])
population = new_population
best_individual = max(population, key=fitness_function)

print(f"Generation {gen+1}: Best individual - {best_individual}, Fitness -
{fitness_function(best_individual)}")
return max(population, key=fitness_function)

generations = 50
pop_size = 100
lower_bound = -10
upper_bound = 10
best_solution = genetic_algorithm(generations, pop_size, lower_bound, upper_bound)

print(f"Best solution found: {best_solution}, Fitness: {fitness_function(best_solution)}")
OUTPUT:
Generation 1: Best individual - 1.338221851975824, Fitness - 15.23849338674934

Generation 2: Best individual - -4.617497504442627, Fitness - -40.02626823018966
RESULT:
Thus the above program maximizing function using genetic algorithm executed successfully
with desired output.
EX.NO: 6
IMPLEMENTATION OF TWO INPUT SINE FUNCTION
DATE:
AIM:
To understand the concept of implementation of two input sine function using Genetic
algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
# Genetic Algorithm for Two-Input Sine Function Optimization
1. Define the fitness function
2. Initialize the population
3. Define functions for genetic operations
4. Implement the main genetic algorithm loop
5. Print the final best solution found by the genetic algorithm.
PROGRAM:
import random
import math
# Define the fitness function (sine function with two inputs)
def fitness_function(x, y):
return math.sin(x) + math.sin(y)

return [(random.uniform(lower_bound, upper_bound), random.uniform(lower_bound,
upper_bound)) for _ in range(pop_size)]

total_fitness = sum(fitness_function(x, y) for x, y in population)
roulette_wheel = [fitness_function(x, y) / total_fitness for x, y in population]

crossover_point = random.randint(0, 1)
child1 = (parent1[0], parent2[1])
child2 = (parent2[0], parent1[1])
else:

x, y = individual
x += random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1)
y += random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1)
return x, y
# Genetic Algorithm

new_population = []

best_individual = max(population, key=lambda ind: fitness_function(*ind))

{fitness_function(*best_individual)}")
return max(population, key=lambda ind: fitness_function(*ind))

generations = 50
pop_size = 100
lower_bound = -2 * math.pi
upper_bound = 2 * math.pi

print(f"Best solution found: {best_solution}, Fitness: {fitness_function(*best_solution)}")
OUTPUT:
Generation 1: Best individual - (-5.806639394411164, 2.957052015269947), Fitness -

0.6422076600091893
0.43325964387284566
0.20013884834113005
Generation 4: Best individual - (5.481791654037208, 3.3095163097626763), Fitness -
0.8854619344317294
1.150052992911647
1.1324158225088536
0.8847869227205696
1.5896010966615468
1.5896010966615468
1.5896010966615468
1.6521667383260996
1.6568246976897136
1.6573476714317006
1.6568246976897136
1.6568246976897136
1.6568246976897136
1.6568246976897136
1.6568246976897136
1.6573476714317006
1.621017281069609
1.6568246976897136
1.6568246976897136
1.6840251615701645
1.7016623319729578

1.6573476714317006
1.6573476714317006
1.6573476714317006
1.8836650637984946
1.8836650637984946
1.8836650637984946
RESULT:
Thus the above program implementation of two input sine function using genetic algorithm executed
successfully.
EX.NO: 7
IMPLEMENTATION OF THREE INPUT NON LINEAR FUNCTION
DATE:
AIM:
To understand the concept of implementation of three input non linear function
ALGORITHM:
# Genetic Algorithm for Three-Input Nonlinear Function Optimization
1. Define the fitness function.
2. Initialize the population.
3. Define functions for genetic operations.
4. Implement the main genetic algorithm loop.
5. Print the final best solution found by the genetic algorithm.
PROGRAM:
import random
# Define the fitness function (three-input nonlinear function)

def fitness_function(x, y, z):
return -(x**2 + y**2 + z**2) + 10 * (math.cos(2*math.pi*x) + math.cos(2*math.pi*y) +
math.cos(2*math.pi*z))

return [(random.uniform(lower_bound, upper_bound), random.uniform(lower_bound,
upper_bound), random.uniform(lower_bound, upper_bound)) for _ in range(pop_size)]

total_fitness = sum(fitness_function(x, y, z) for x, y, z in population)
roulette_wheel = [fitness_function(x, y, z) / total_fitness for x, y, z in population]

crossover_point1 = random.uniform(0, 1)
crossover_point2 = random.uniform(0, 1)
child1 = (crossover_point1 * parent1[0] + (1 - crossover_point1) * parent2[0],
crossover_point1 * parent1[1] + (1 - crossover_point1) * parent2[1],
crossover_point1 * parent1[2] + (1 - crossover_point1) * parent2[2])
child2 = (crossover_point2 * parent1[0] + (1 - crossover_point2) * parent2[0],

crossover_point2 * parent1[1] + (1 - crossover_point2) * parent2[1],
crossover_point2 * parent1[2] + (1 - crossover_point2) * parent2[2])

else:

x, y, z = individual
x += random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1)
y += random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1)
z += random.uniform(-0.1, 0.1)
return x, y, z
# Genetic Algorithm

new_population = []

best_individual = max(population, key=lambda ind: fitness_function(*ind))

{fitness_function(*best_individual)}")
return max(population, key=lambda ind: fitness_function(*ind))

import math
generations = 50
pop_size = 100
lower_bound = -1
upper_bound = 1

print(f"Best solution found: {best_solution}, Fitness: {fitness_function(*best_solution)}")
OUTPUT:
Generation 1: Best individual - (-0.05856140717606745, 0.031920444393859077,

0.1749430018353162), Fitness - 23.638248996079486
Generation 2: Best individual - (-0.0435664961811546, -0.21954873032302427, -
0.16051643562429213), Fitness - 16.78431041370941
Generation 3: Best individual - (-0.08047256311183462, 0.08748607229595336, -
0.033675015554337134), Fitness - 27.03730906535697
Generation 4: Best individual - (0.09173450837429278, 0.2701480951847052, -
0.04923516012359691), Fitness - 16.563306003309293
0.6038978838220976), Fitness - 10.126283111803192
Generation 6: Best individual - (0.09551296321256389, 0.3037721680736508,
0.09828297902264888), Fitness - 12.980004103640377
Generation 7: Best individual - (0.36966788594966404, 0.020338697069605532,
0.0003553226927579256), Fitness - 12.951119752237492
Generation 8: Best individual - (-0.13483009446855374, 0.031089470762199117, -
0.5756450454760131), Fitness - 7.188833165750407
Generation 9: Best individual - (-0.063607907585292, -0.04456979821453749, -
0.45149742141484683), Fitness - 9.073275131295658
0.4586668963552707), Fitness - -7.626399941503013
Generation 11: Best individual - (0.42384530453390673, -0.017961106838255136, -
0.4918457018441281), Fitness - -9.349262068882442
0.4929268418150241), Fitness - -19.707456018578803
0.2740060489612387), Fitness - -20.6405201860691
0.2740060489612387), Fitness - -20.6405201860691
0.2740060489612387), Fitness - -20.6405201860691
0.3178766342306278), Fitness - -23.14240113919352
0.33531860658801094), Fitness - -24.24331785854991
0.33531860658801094), Fitness - -24.24331785854991
0.33531860658801094), Fitness - -24.24331785854991
0.44378439110485673), Fitness - -23.373347854338835
0.44378439110485673), Fitness - -23.373347854338835
0.4437892287140689), Fitness - -23.379191958933983
0.43647155864564097), Fitness - -24.763115313088132
0.42523970750461587), Fitness - -26.30751096118025

0.4088104102096408), Fitness - -26.9186217943733
0.4288824223540211), Fitness - -27.051357458861553
0.4242177696903832), Fitness - -26.948969587424035
0.36781261632617945), Fitness - -25.457363863631336
0.3735290334571525), Fitness - -25.777462228224486
0.3799677735908236), Fitness - -26.080160960767703
RESULT:
Thus the above program genetic algorithm for three input non-linear function optimization
executed successfully.

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lOMoAR cPSD| 47590012

# Create Antecedent/Consequent objects for temperature and fan speed

# Define membership functions for temperature

# Define membership functions for fan speed

# Define fuzzy rules

rule2 = ctrl.Rule(temperature['medium'], fan_speed['medium'])

# Create control system and add rules

# Input the temperature value

# Pass the input to the control system

# Compute the result

# Print the output

def predict(self, inputs):

def train(self, inputs, target, learning_rate=0.1, epochs=100):

# Create a discrete perceptron with input size 2

# Train the perceptron

# Test the trained perceptron with new data

if name == " main ":

Data [4 5] belongs to class 1

# Define sigmoid activation function and its derivative

# XOR input and target data

# Neural network architecture

# Initialize weights randomly with mean 0

output_layer_activation = np.dot(hidden_layer_output, output_weights)

# Test the trained network

output_layer_activation = np.dot(hidden_layer_output, output_weights)

print(f"Input: {data} Predicted Output: {predicted_output[0]}")

Input: [0 0] Predicted Output: 0.287381655624125

1. Initialize the SOM:

# Initialize the SOM

# Update the BMU and its neighbors

# Create a map of cluster assignments

# Visualize the results

# Define the fitness function (our objective function to maximize)

# Initialize the population

# Select parents based on their fitness

return parent1, parent2

# Perform mutation in the population

for gen in range(generations):

while len(new_population) < pop_size:

best_individual = max(population, key=fitness_function)

return max(population, key=fitness_function)

if name == " main ":

best_solution = genetic_algorithm(generations, pop_size, lower_bound, upper_bound)

Generation 1: Best individual - 1.338221851975824, Fitness - 15.23849338674934

# Initialize the population

# Select parents based on their fitness

# Perform crossover to create a new generation

# Perform mutation in the population

for gen in range(generations):

while len(new_population) < pop_size:

best_individual = max(population, key=lambda ind: fitness_function(*ind))

return max(population, key=lambda ind: fitness_function(*ind))

if name == " main ":

best_solution = genetic_algorithm(generations, pop_size, lower_bound, upper_bound)

Generation 1: Best individual - (-5.806639394411164, 2.957052015269947), Fitness -

Generation 25: Best individual - (-1.2185577577082327, 5.481189847293816), Fitness -

# Define the fitness function (three-input nonlinear function)

# Initialize the population

# Select parents based on their fitness

# Perform crossover to create a new generation