Deviance is a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

It involves
violation of group norms, which may or may not be formalized into law.

Example:

- Not cutting your hair according to the school policy.

- Wearing a skirt higher than your knees but the school rules says to wear skirts that are below the knee.

- Robbing a store and killing someone.

2 types of Deviance

• Formal- an act committed by someone or a group that goes against the established law of societies.
(sumusuway sa batas)

Ex:

- A jeepney driver unloading passengers on a no loading and unloading area.

- Going 60 on a 40 speed zone.

- Intentionally killing someone.

• Informal- This type of deviance doesn’t really break laws so it is not illegal. Happens when an individual or a
group may be slightly uncomformist to the general trend of society. ( Hindi pagsunod sa nakasanayan kaya
nababansagang “kakaiba”)

Ex:

- Speaking loudly in a library

- Eating with your hands in a formal setting like weddings.

Social Control- exist to prevent negative deviance.

Levels of Social Control

• Conformity- going along with individuals of our own status, who have no special right to direct our behavior.

Ex: Dressing up in a specific style because of your peers even if you don’t really like it.

• Obedience- compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.

Ex: A soldier or a police officer following a specific order regardless of their personal feelings and opinions.

Types of Social Control

• Formal Social Control- a social control that is carried out by authorized agents such as the police, army,
rangers, intelligence forces, and others.

Ex: A person who commits theft is arrested by the police, tried in court, and sentenced to prison. This
demonstrates the formal application of laws to discourage and penalize unlawful behavior.

• Informal Social Control- refers to social influences and pressures that arise from everyday interactions and
relationships, without the use of formal institutions or laws. It relies on customs, traditions, and peer
expectations.

Ex: A friend scolds you for littering, telling you to dispose the trash properly, Your father telling you to stop using
your phone whilst eating.

• Inner Control- The primary group construct the definition of right and wrong and people control their deviant
behavior in the situation where they have a chance to deviant.

Ex: Feeling guilty for lying to someone and deciding to confess or correct your behavior.

• Outer Control- where an individual performs the act according to the imaginations of others. The person
perform the action as others want to look him/her.

Ex: Students following the school rules.

Social Sanction- are mechanisms through which society enforces norms and expectations, encouraging
conformity or discouraging deviance. They can be formal or informal and are used to regulate behavior in a
social context.

Types of Social Sanctions

• Formal Positive Sanctions- exercised by a group (or groups) that fall under the concept “formal social control”
it is a reward for a good behavior.

Ex: Receiving awards and praise from the government for saving a child from kidnappers.

• Formal Negative Sanctions- exercised by “ people in suits”so to speak. Form of a punishment for bad
behavior/undesirable behavior rather than a reward.

Ex: Getting arrested and imprisoned for selling drugs.

• Informal Positive Sanctions

Applied by groups in society that we are most likely to turn to for guidance. They are groups that fall under the
term, “Informal social control” e.g family, peer groups.

Ex: Being applauded by you peers for a great speech.

• Informal Negative Sanctions

Agencies of informal social control do, however, also exercise negative sanctions.

Ex: Being ignored or avoided by friends for repeatedly interrupting conversations.

A stranger giving you a disapproving look for cutting in line.

Theories of Deviance

1. Biological Perspectives- Lambroso believed that he could distinguish “born criminals”. He concluded
that that “criminal man” was atavistic, or less evolved and closer to apes and neanderthals. According
to him they share physical traits like large jaws, high cheekbones, handle-shaped ears, insensitivity to
pain both physically and morally, lastly a good eyesight. As well as laziness, sexual drive, and craving
for evil.
2. Structural-Functionalist Perspectives- Is a sociological framework that views society as a system
made up of interconnected parts, each serving a specific function to maintain stability and social
order. This perspective emphasizes the role of social structures (such as institutions, norms, and
values) in contributing to the functioning and equilibrium of society.
3. Structural Strain- There are goals in a society that most people pursue, also socially acceptable means
to achieve these goals.
3.1 Conformist- the people who lies on the top of the list because they confirm the culturally approved
means and culturally approved goals.
3.2 Innovator- the people accept culturally approved goals but pursue them in ways that are not socially
approved.
3.3 Ritualism- occurs when someone is unsuccessful at achieving these goals, yet continues to adhere
to social expectations for their achievement.
3.4 Retreatism- occurs when both culturally approved goals and means are rejected.
3.5 Rebellion- when both culturally approved goals and means are rejected and replaced by other goals
and means, the response is a rebellion to those goals and means.
3.6 Social Conflict Perspective- sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distribution of
resources, power, and inequality.

Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective- It is the importance places on our daily interactions. These theories focus
on our definitions of situations and the argument that our self-concepts are based on other’s perceptions.
Labeling- The focus of labeling theory is not the behavior itself; rather, it is the response of others than defines
(labels) the behavior as deviant and impacts further deviance. Any number of behavior might be considered
normal or deviance.

Type of Stigmas

Positive Stigma- Teacher labels one student as talented, his performance will become more Excellent.

Negative Stigma- Teacher declares another student not-talented, his performance will become much poorer.

Stigma

- As these examples shows, label can focus on positive and negative attributes. Negative labels can become a
stigma.

- A stigma often becomes a master status.

Opportunity Structure

- The opportunity structure theory illustrates how the social, economic, and educational environments
around us help shape our ability to access opportunities and pursue their dreams.

Enculturation- it is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire
the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture.

Mead and the Development of the Social Mind (SELF)

Meads Three stages:

Imitation Stage- in a child’s first to 2 years they starts to imitate gestures and sounds.

Play Stage- the child start to assume the roles of others. By playing they learn what is acceptable and not
acceptable.

Game Stage- Assumes the roles-not just the person. Learn that people behave the way they do because of a
role. At this stage, children learn that not all roles are equal.
George Herbert Mead- one of the founders of social psychology and of what has come to be referred to as the
Chicago sociological tradition.

National Identity- is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans divided into groups called
nation. (Philippines -Filipino)

Self Concept- the sum of a being’s knowledge and understanding of his/herself.

Components:

-Physical (ex. Panglabas na anyo)

-Psychological (ex. Pag-iisip ng bawat indibidwal)

-Social Attributes (ex. Pagiging palakaibigan o hindi)

Identity Formation- the development of an individual’s distinct personality, which is regarded as a persisting
entity in a particular stage of life by which a person is recognize.

Game- the child must take the role of everyone else involved in the game.

Organizations begins and definite personalities start to emerge. (Minsan pulis, Minsan chef, Minsan waiter,
Minsan teacher)

Play- the child takes different roles he/she observes in “adult” society and plays them out to gain understanding
of the different social roles. (doktor-doktoran)

Religious identity- is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual involving adherence to
codified beliefs and rituals.

Ethnic identity- the identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on the basic of a presumed common
genealogy or ancestry.

Ex. Igurot, Badjao

Cultural Identity

- Is one’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture.

Three Goals of Socialization

• It teaches impulse control and help individuals develop a conscience.

• It cultivates shared sources of meaning and value.

• It teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform certain social roles.

Social Group- two or more people who identify with and engage with each other.

Tyoes of Groups According to Influence

Primary- involves interaction among members who have an emotional investment or attachment in one
another and a situation.

Ex. Family and Friends

Secondary- usually have specific goals, are formally organized, and are impersonal. They tend to be larger than
primary group, and its member do not necessarily interact with all other members.

Ex. Student and Teacher, Employee and Boss.

Types of Groups According to Membership

In Group- is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.

Out Group- is a social group with which an individual does not identify and may feel antagonistic towards it.

Reference Group

-is a group or social category that an individual uses to help define beliefs, attitudes, and values to guide
behaviour.

Positive Reference Group

- Are composed of people we want to emulate/ follow/ imitate.

Negative Reference Group

- Something or someone we do not wish to follow.

Types of Reference Group

Normative- influence your norms, attitudes, and values through direct interaction.

Ex. Families, Teachers, and Friends

Comparative- people we compare ourselves to. Ex. Celebrities

Social Network- is a sociological concept that refers to the social relationships that exist between network
parts and individuals.

Social mobility refers to changes of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or
between social class in a society. It is a change in social status relative to one’s current social location within
a given society.

Types of Social Mobility

1. Horizontal mobility- This happen when a person changes their occupation but their overall social
standing remains unchanged.

2. Vertical mobility- It is a change in the occupational, political, or religious status of a person that causes
a change in their societal position. A person or social object moves from one social class to another.

3. Upward mobility- It is when a person moves from a lower position in society to a higher one. It can also
include people occupying higher positions in the same societal group. However, upward mobility,
while seen as a good thing, can also come at a cost for individuals.

4. Downward mobility- It takes place when a person moves from a higher position in society to a lower
one. It happen when someone is caught performing a wrongful act that can result in the loss of the
position they currently hold.
 5. Inter-generational mobility- This happen when the social position changes from one generation to
another. The change can be upward or downward.

6. Intra-generational mobility- Change in societal position occurs during the lifespan of a single
generation. It can also refer to a change in position between siblings. One way is when a person climbs
up the corporate ladder in their career.

Gender Inequality- is an important dimension of social stratification. We are tied by Gender Norms, if lalaki ka
dapat magpakalalaki daw, and vice versa.

Gender Stratification- is the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women.

Race- is a social division that is based on physical attributes.

Ethnicity- is a social division that is based on cultural aspects.

Prejudice

-refers to attitudes.

Discrimination

-involves action.

Racism

-in general terms, consists of conduct or words or practices which advantage or disadvantage people because
of their color, culture or ethnic origin.

Social Inequality

-is prevalent in terms of Gender, Ethnicity, and to the person with disabilities.
Global Warming

-refers to a gradual rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans.

Climate Change

-has risen as a result of global warming.