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William Dean Howells A Writer s Life 1st Edition Susan
Goodman Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Susan Goodman, Carl Dawson
ISBN(s): 9781417595907, 1417595906
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.48 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
The publisher gratefully acknowledges the
generous contribution to this book provided by
the Simpson Humanities Endowment Fund of
the University of California Press Associates.
WILLIAM
DEAN
HOWELLS
WILLIAM
DEAN
HOWELLS
A Writer’s Life
SUSAN GOODMAN
CARL DAWSON
Manufactured in Canada
14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
xiii
1
Parallel Lives · 1
2
Warring Ambitions, 185 1– 1859 · 19
3
Years of Decision, 1859– 186 1 · 43
4
Consul at Venice, 186 1– 1865 · 72
5
Atlantic Years, 1: 1865 – 1867 · 100
6
Atlantic Years, 2: 1867– 187 1 · 125
7
His Mark Twain, from 1869 · 148
8
Fictional Lives, 187 1– 1878 · 174
9
“From Venice as Far as Belmont,” 1878 – 1882 · 199
10
In England and Italy, 1882– 1883 · 222
11
The Man of Business, 1883 – 1886 · 248
12
“Heartache and Horror,” 1886 – 1890 · 275
13
Words and Deeds, 1890 – 1894 · 301
14
Peripatetic, 1895 – 1899 · 329
15
Kittery Point, 1900 – 1905 · 356
16
Greater Losses, 1906 – 19 10 · 381
17
Reconsiderations, 19 1 1– 19 17 · 405
18
Eighty Years and After, 19 18 – 1920 · 428
List of Abbreviations
435
Notes
437
Index
499
xiii
mote his career. The time came when Howells could return these favors,
when he helped his own mentors and aspiring writers made their way to
Boston and New York to visit him.
As editor of the Atlantic Monthly and later as a columnist for Harper’s
Monthly, Howells swayed the tastes and values of a growing middle-class
readership, leaving his stamp on American culture. He himself published
well over a hundred books. Although he lived as a self-conscious American,
Howells’ sense of that word varies throughout his works, which is to say
that its defining lies at the heart of all he wrote. Anyone who wants to “trace
American ‘society’ in its formative process,” advised his friend and rival,
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, “must go to Howells . . . he alone shows
you the essential forces in action.”3 Howells wanted American literature to
be less provincial, a national phenomenon rather than the property of New
Englanders, yet he began his campaign in the Atlantic, New England’s (and
the nation’s) premier magazine. More paradoxically, his vision of American
literature led him to introduce readers to the works of Thomas Hardy, Ivan
Turgenev, Émile Zola, and Leo Tolstoy, whom he held up as models to his
compatriots. At the same time, Howells championed Henry James as an
American writer when others dismissed him as unreadable or un-American
for living abroad.
Howells was, as Mark Twain liked to call him, “the Boss.” As a magazine
editor he brokered reputations, promoted the careers of regional writers
(many of them women), and introduced the reading public to the writings
of African Americans like Charles Chesnutt and Paul Laurence Dunbar.
He was at once a diplomatic “boss,” a shrewd businessman, a political rad-
ical, and a writer whose imagination changed the standards of American
fiction. Howells delighted in a story told by the sculptor Augustus Saint-
Gaudens, a personal friend, who captured his mix of visionary and practi-
cal qualities in an extraordinary dream. As Howells retold it, “We were on
shipboard together, and a dialogue rose between the passengers as to the
distance of a certain brilliant planet in the sky. Some said it was millions
of miles away, but I held that it was very near; and he [Saint-Gaudens] re-
lated that I went down to my stateroom and came up with a shotgun, which
I fired at the star. It came fluttering down, and I said ‘There! You see?’”4
Howells, who wrote about his own dreams and saw the dreamworld as both
revealing and amoral, would not have blamed Saint-Gaudens for imagin-
ing him a bigamist or criminal. It delighted him to be seen reaching higher
and shooting bigger game than Theodore Roosevelt.
No one wields such power without considering what to leave behind for
PREFACE
xiv
later generations, or for the untrustworthy biographers. As a writer of mem-
oirs, autobiographical novels, and biographies, Howells understood the
strategies—and the pitfalls— of writing lives as only a fellow conspirator
can. When barely out of his teens, he urged one of his sisters not to throw
away his letters. He intended to be famous and anticipated that a biogra-
pher would eventually find his papers useful. Toward the end of his life, he
carefully selected and edited hundreds of letters and arranged for them to
be typed. He did not want to stop books about himself so much as control
the stories they told. The sheer volume of his gathered materials—records
of royalty payments, engagements, and addresses, as well as journals, note-
books, and newspaper clippings—creates the misleading impression of an
open legacy. Rather, Howells worked to keep posterity honest, or at least
in check, by setting limits to our knowing. He was well aware that his own
accounts—“reminiscences” of Venice or frontier Ohio, his meetings with
Longfellow and Emerson, and the long friendships with James and Twain—
would provide grist for future writers.
The orchestrated record he left behind reflects the quirks and paradoxes
of his temperament. At once proud of his work and ashamed of his ego-
tism, he cultivated a trait he admired in his father, William Cooper How-
ells. “The unfriendly eye always loses what is best in a prospect,” the son
explains in homage, “and his . . . eye was never unfriendly. He did not de-
ceive himself concerning the past. He found it was often rude, and hard,
and coarse; but, under the rough and sordid aspect, he was aware of the
warm heart of humanity in which, quite as much as in the brain, all civil-
ity lies.”5 As civil as his father, though more cynical—he reveled in Mark
Twain’s iconoclasm—Howells chose to emphasize moments of joy and heal-
ing, not because he shied away from the suªering around him, but because
he found no alternative to living with his conscience and facing the in-
evitable. Few writers have been more aware of human failings or more coura-
geous. Almost alone among America’s writers, he spoke out against the in-
famous Haymarket trials of 1886, which reflected widespread disquiet and
brought about the hanging of innocent men. In the aftermath of Haymarket
he chose to believe, perhaps pretend, that in the best of all possible worlds
people could be good and happy. He knew that they were rarely either.
For the biographer, Howells proves a wily subject. In this book, we have
tried to go beyond the fictions he himself created about his life and the
fictions that have grown up since: the boy of his memoirs (a boy like any
boy, only better); the sophisticated editor in his easy chair; the timid and
emotionally scarred writer; the benevolent dean of letters. These charac-
PREFACE
xv
ters have obscured Howells from his public and occasionally from him-
self. Mark Twain knew a more complex man. In a letter to their mutual
friend Thomas Bailey Aldrich, he sent a photograph of Howells with his
own description.
Howells [is] looking—but I enclose his newest photo; it will tell you his
condition. He thinks it a libel, I think it flatters. The thing that gravels
him is, that the camera caught his private aspect, not giving him time to
arrange his public one. I have never seen such a diªerence between the
real man & the artificial. Compare this one with the imposter which he
works into book-advertisements. They say, Notice this smile; observe this
benignity; God be with you Dear People, come to your Howells when
you are in trouble, Howells is your friend. This one says, Bile! give me
more bile; fry me an optimist for breakfast.6
PREFACE
xvi
causes and, as always, rich in books. We begin the story with his ancestors,
the Welsh grandparents who came in search of a new life, making their way
through the Cumberland Gap to the frontier of Ohio. But first a word about
the making of this book.
Looking back on his life, Howells decided that autobiography could
scarcely be kept from becoming biography—so much is human personal-
ity a reflection of family, friends, and historical conditions. He considered
any life a kind of palimpsest, a layering of multiple lives and labor, and the
same might be said about this biography. It has of course grown from its
authors’ collaboration, but also with the help of many others. We are deeply
grateful to Howells’ grandson, William White Howells, and his wife, Muriel
Howells, for sharing with us documents and family memories. A gracious
and gifted woman, Mrs. Howells died during the writing of this book.
No one can write about Howells without acknowledging Edwin H.
Cady’s landmark two-volume biography, The Road to Realism and The Re-
alist at War. Cady’s scholarship led the way for other biographers, includ-
ing Kenneth S. Lynn in the mid-1970s (William Dean Howells: An Amer-
ican Life) and, more recently, John W. Crowley (The Black Heart’s Truth,
The Mask of Fiction, and The Dean of American Letters). For studies that
focus on specific topics or periods of Howells’ career, we are much indebted
to Thomas Wortham (The Early Prose Writings of William Dean Howells,
1853–1861), Rodney D. Olsen (Dancing in Chains: The Youth of William
Dean Howells), James L. Woodress (Howells and Italy), James W. Simpson
(Editor’s Study), Ulrich Halfman (Interviews with William Dean Howells),
Walter J. Meserve (The Complete Plays of William Dean Howells), Elsa Net-
tels (Language, Race, and Social Class in Howells’ America), George Arms,
Mary Bess Whidden, and Gary Scharnhorst (Staging Howells: Plays and Cor-
respondence with Lawrence Barrett), Ellery Sedgwick (The Atlantic Monthly,
1857–1909; Yankee Humanism at High Tide and Ebb), Clara M. Kirk (W. D.
Howells, Traveler from Altruria and W. D. Howells and Art in His Time),
James L. Dean (Howells’ Travels toward Art), Kermit Vanderbilt (The Achieve-
ment of William Dean Howells), James Doyle for his study of Howells’ sis-
ter and brother-in-law (Annie Howells and Achille Fréchette), Polly H. How-
ells for her work on Mildred Howells and her father, and Louis Budd for
his groundbreaking articles on Howells’ politics. Among Howells’ most sym-
pathetic readers are the novelists John Updike and Gore Vidal and Adam
Gopnik, who appreciate both the appeal of his fiction and how it works.
An editor himself, Howells has attracted the attention of outstanding ed-
itors, including, first, his daughter Mildred (the compiler of Life in Letters).
PREFACE
xvii
We could not have written this book without the benefit of the Indiana
Edition of his work and its architects: Don L. Cook, James Woodress,
David J. Nordloh, Thomas Wortham, Ronald Gottesman, Donald Pizer,
Martha Banta, Richard H. Ballinger, Christoph K. Lohmann, William C.
Fischer, John K. Reeves, Jerry Herron, Robert C. Leitz III, Eugene Patti-
son, Robert D. Schildgen, Jonathan Thomas, George C. Carrington Jr.,
Scott Bennett, David Burrows, Everett Carter, James P. Elliott, David Klein-
man, Ulrich Halfman, J. Albert Robbins, and of course Edwin H. Cady,
George Arms, and William M. Gibson. In addition to the six volumes of
Howells’ letters published in this edition, we have relied on Michael Anes-
ko’s superb volume, Letters, Fictions, Lives: Henry James and William Dean
Howells, as well as the classic Mark Twain–Howells Letters, edited by Henry
Nash Smith and William M. Gibson, with the assistance of Frederick An-
derson; and If Not Literature: Letters of Elinor Mead Howells, edited by
Ginette de B. Merrill and George Arms. The bibliographies compiled by
William M. Gibson and George Arms and Clayton L. Eichelberger have
been especially helpful.
For his generous advice, critical reading, and knowledge of Howells’ con-
temporaries, we give special thanks to Jerome Loving. The conference he
organized on biography in 2001 brought us together with other writers whose
work has inspirited our own—Ed Folsom, Scott Donaldson, Wilfred
Samuels, Jeanne Campbell, and Jay Martin—as well as Linda Wagner-Martin
and Robert D. Richardson, whose readings of our manuscript have been in-
valuable. June Hanson helped us with genealogy. Joel Fruchtman read drafts
of early chapters. Gary Scharnhorst drew our attention to articles about How-
ells and kindly passed on to us oªprints that belonged to George Arms. Polly
Howells, in addition to her research on the Howells family, generously shared
with us family documents and photographs.
We are grateful for the support of the dean of our college, Mark Hud-
dleston; our department chairs, Jerry Beasley and Stephen Bernhardt; and
the university’s director of research, Fraser Russell. Sabbaticals and Gen-
eral University Research Grants from the University of Delaware and fel-
lowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, Har-
vard University’s Houghton Library, and the University of New England
made research possible from Maine to California.
We have relied shamelessly on kind archivists and librarians. Laura L.
McFadden opened the Herrick Memorial Library, Alfred University, at oª-
hours and guided us through the collection. Roger Stoddard got us started
at the Houghton Library and kindly brought us books from Howells’ li-
PREFACE
xviii
brary in Kittery Point. Thomas P. Ford prepared some of the photographs
used in this book and, with Emily Walhout, helped us find stray sources.
Mona Noureldin and Stephen Tabor oªered friendly help at the Hunting-
ton Library. Kathleen Kienholz, at the American Academy of Arts and Let-
ters, graciously organized and copied correspondence for us. We appreci-
ate the expertise of Fred Bauman and Alice Birney, Library of Congress;
L. Gayle Cooper, Heather Moore, Regina Rush, Bradley J. Daigle, Kathryn
Morgan, Michael Plunkett, Margaret Down Hrabe, and Edward Gaynor,
Alderman Library, University of Virginia; Robinson Gomez, New York Pub-
lic Library; Therese Marcy and Jerry Carbone, Brattleboro Public Library;
Christine Nelson, Morgan Library; Kara McClurken, Smith College;
Nancy Shawcross, Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania; Susan An-
derson, American Antiquarian Society; Paul Page and Claire McCann, Mar-
garet I. King Library, University of Kentucky; Ellen H. Fladger and Ju-
lianna Spallholz, Union College; Peter Knapp, Watkinson Library, Trinity
College; John Ahouse, Claude Zachary, and Susan K. Hikida, Edward L.
Doheny Jr. Memorial Library, University of Southern California; F. Michael
Angelo, Thomas Jeªerson University; Nan Card and Barbara Path, Ruther-
ford B. Hayes Library; Janet H. Stuckey, King Library, Miami University;
Sally M. Kuisel, National Archives and Records Administration; Patricia
Willis and John Monahan, Beinecke Library, Yale University; and, for as-
sistance with this and other projects, Deborah Watson and Valerie Harper,
Diamond Library, University of New Hampshire. We wish to recognize
the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston; the Bancroft Library, Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley; the San Diego Public Library; Strawbery
Banke Museum and the Athenaeum, Portsmouth, New Hampshire; the
British Library; the Butler Library, Columbia University; Amherst College;
the Columbus Historical Society; the Cincinnati Historical Society; and
the Lane Library, Hamilton, Ohio. We have of course relied daily on the
Morris Library at the University of Delaware; our thanks to the library
staª—especially Iris Snyder, Anne Pfaelzer de Ortiz, Julia Hamm, and Linda
Stein—and to Timothy Murray, head of special collections, and Susan
Brynteson, director of libraries
Colleagues at the University of Delaware and beyond, including Ronald
Martin, Richard Zipser, Don Mell, Jeanne Walker, Maureen Murphy, Jack-
son Bryer, and the late and much-missed Michael DePorte, encouraged our
work. Our friend Leo Lemay made available his unbounded knowledge of
American literature, and Wayne Craven his of American art. Special thanks
go to Tim Dekker, Meredith Wunderlich, Joel Worden, Lejla Kucukalic,
PREFACE
xix
Christine Bayles Kortsch, Melissa Sullivan, and Devin Harner, students at
the University of Delaware whose research supported our own. These ac-
knowledgments would not be complete without recognizing Lawrence D.
Stewart, who listened most patiently to our talk about Howells and to whom
we dedicate this book.
PREFACE
xx
CHRONOLOGY OF HOWELLS’
LIFE AND WORK
xxi
1854–1855 Suªers major breakdown and struggles with various ail-
ments for several years.
1858 Writes for the Ohio State Journal and is oªered the job
of city editor (reporter) of the Cincinnati Gazette. Leaves
after a few weeks. Publishes reviews, poems, stories, and
translations.
CHRONOLOGY
xxii
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Begins lifelong friendships
with William and Henry James and Mark Twain. Mother
dies in 1868. Son, john mead howells (1868–1959),
born on August 14, 1868. Lectures at Harvard in 1870.
Publishes Venetian Life (1866) and Italian Journeys (1867).
CHRONOLOGY
xxiii
guest of rutherford b. hayes (1886). Sister Victoria
dies of malaria (1886). Disturbed by events surrounding
Chicago’s Haymarket “riot” (1886–1887).
Publishes The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885); Tuscan Cities
(1886 [1885]); Indian Summer (1886).
1890–1891 Returns to Boston for a year, then goes back to New York.
Protests American imperialism and the Spanish-American
War.
Publishes A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890 [1889]); The
Shadow of a Dream (1890); A Boy’s Town (1890); Winifred
Howells, a privately printed memorial (1891); Criticism and
Fiction (1891); An Imperative Duty (1892 [1891]).
CHRONOLOGY
xxiv
Publishes My Literary Passions (1895); Stops of Various
Quills (1895); Impressions and Experiences (1896); The
Landlord at Lion’s Head (1897); Stories of Ohio (1897); The
Story of a Play (1898). Writes American Letter column for
Literature (14 May 1898–10 November 1899).
1899–1900 Lecture tour of the Midwest. Harper & Brothers goes into
temporary receivership; Colonel George Harvey takes
over. Begins the Editor’s Easy Chair column for Harper’s
Monthly.
Publishes Ragged Lady (1899); Their Silver Wedding Jour-
ney (1899); Literary Friends and Acquaintance (1900).
CHRONOLOGY
xxv
1912–1920 Supports the Allies during the First World War. Henry
James dies in 1916.
Publishes New Leaf Mills (1913); Familiar Spanish Travels
(1913); The Leatherwood God (1916); Years of My Youth
(1916).
CHRONOLOGY
xxvi
1
PARALLEL LIVES
Through the whole time when a boy is becoming a man his auto-
biography can scarcely be kept from becoming the record of his family
and his world.
—w. d. howells, Years of My Youth, 1916
Iwanted
n june 1871, the month before his appointment as editor of the At-
lantic Monthly, William Dean Howells went back to Ohio. His father
company on a visit to the old family home near Steubenville. For
William Cooper Howells the trip was nostalgic; for his son, who hesitated
to go, something more—not just an unwelcome expense but also a reminder
of where he had begun and who he was. Already by his mid-thirties a for-
mer United States consul at Venice and a successful writer, critic, and edi-
tor, he somehow feared meeting the man he might have become.
At half past eight in the morning, he caught the express train from Boston,
which brought him to Albany by three, Rochester by ten, and Buªalo by
midnight. His route retraced that of Basil and Isabel March, the fictional
newlyweds in his first novel, Their Wedding Journey (to be published the
following year). As on any journey, he used the opportunity to gather new
material or check what he had written. At Albany he moved to the draw-
ing-room car for a better view of the Mohawk Valley, which he thought he
had accurately described. Entering into conversation with a fellow traveler,
he sketched the young man as he would a character in a novel, every detail
1
fixed in his memory and spelled out in letters home. “How confidential
people become in travelling,” he wrote. “We became fast friends before we
reached Syracuse.”1 When the train passed Oneida, his companion talked
about the community founded there in 1848 and about John Noyes, its
leader. Howells, knowing far more about Oneida than his informant—
Noyes was his wife’s uncle—feigned ignorance to avoid an embarrassing
subject. To many of his contemporaries, Noyes’ practice of “complex” or
communal marriage smacked of formalized adultery.
At the Buªalo train station, Howells watched a newly married couple
absorbed in themselves, the bride eating a sandwich as big as his two hands.
After a great deal of “playful scuffling,” she fell asleep with her husband’s
stockinged feet in her face.2 Both in life and in fiction, marriages intrigued
Howells. Their Wedding Journey, a story of representative Americans in mo-
tion, describes the behavior of couples from diªerent classes, the intima-
cies of aªection, the silences of love strained or tested. Now, as on any re-
turn home, he reflected on his parents’ hard life together and his own
nine-year marriage to Elinor Mead Howells.
Howells’ journey to meet his father took a whole day, including the ride
from Ashtabula station to Jeªerson, in the northeast corner of Ohio. He
was touched by the courtesy a fire-insurance agent paid him as a literary
man—a detail he probably let slip in his easy, self-deprecating manner—
and there may have been other pleasant surprises. None, however, could
quell the expected but no less devastating anxiety that grew with each mile.
By the time he arrived at the family home in Jeªerson, he could scarcely
“locate or identify” himself except by profession, as if his very self were in
peril. “I tho’t I ws going crazy,” he wrote to his wife Elinor, “though I knew
pretty well what I ws about, too.”3 The “going crazy” belonged with these
journeys. Homesick as he so often was, and deeply attached to his family,
the return to Jeªerson brought back the specters of childhood, with their
reminder that his home lay elsewhere. In the Ohio River country, he wrote,
“I find myself more of a stranger than I would anywhere else in the world.”4
The day after his arrival, Howells and his father set oª on a roundabout
route to Steubenville, not far from Wheeling, West Virginia. They rented a
buggy and drove nearly thirty miles through the afternoon and twilight to
spend the night in Orwell. Howells, who filled ledgers with his observations—
most to be crossed out when he used them in books—made a quick note
about “a bare-legged girl driving home her cows.”5 The next day father and
son visited General James Garfield at his home in Hiram. His father had
PARALLEL LIVES
2
known Garfield before the Civil War as a state senator, then as a repre-
sentative to Congress, elected in 1862 while on active duty. Rising through
the ranks, Garfield fought bravely at Shiloh and, as chief of General Rose-
crans’ staª, earned distinction at Chickamauga. Like William Cooper How-
ells, Garfield grew up in poverty and embraced the principles of a splinter
religious sect—in his case the Disciples of Christ—which had provided his
schooling.
It made sense that Garfield, an imposing speaker and fervent antislavery
man, would be tapped by the radical wing of the Republican party and that
Howells’ father, no less fervent, supported him. Throughout his career,
Garfield relied on the senior Howells’ backing (and that of his paper, the
Ashtabula Sentinel ) for getting out the vote and promoting his ideas. In those
days of frontier America, it was not uncommon to know and befriend politi-
cians from one’s own state or region, men like Garfield, who did favors for
both William Cooper and William Dean Howells. While Garfield’s pa-
tronage to the Howells family suggests a relationship of quid pro quo, it
rested on mutual aªection and respect that lasted until Garfield’s assassi-
nation. After reading Their Wedding Journey, Garfield thanked one of How-
ells’ sisters, “first of all, for having a brother Will . . . and second, . . . for
the pleasure his book is giving us and, finally, . . . all the family for being
our friends.”6
Reluctant as he had been to come to Ohio, Howells entered Garfield’s
house with an enormous sense of relief, as if civilization greeted him “at
the door and at the table.” His later recollection captures the place, the mo-
ment, and the sense he had of his life.
I stopped with my father over a night at his house in Hiram, Ohio, where
we found him home from Congress for the summer. I was then living in
Cambridge, in the fullness of my content with my literary circumstance, and
as we were sitting with the Garfield family on the veranda that overlooked
their lawn I was beginning to speak of the famous poets I knew when Gar-
field stopped me with “Just a minute!” He ran down into the grassy space,
first to one fence and then to the other at the sides, and waved a wild arm
of invitation to the neighbors who were also sitting on their back porches.
“Come over here!” he shouted. “He’s telling about Holmes, and Longfellow,
and Lowell, and Whittier!” and at his bidding dim forms began to mount
the fences and follow him up to his veranda. “Now go on!” he called to me,
when we were all seated, and I went on, while the whippoorwills whirred
and whistled round, and the hours drew toward midnight.7
PARALLEL LIVES
3
Father and son stayed up late with the future president of the United
States talking politics and books. The following morning, they returned
through Ashtabula to continue by train and rented wagon to Steubenville,
arriving in the late afternoon and lingering until nightfall. Red clover cov-
ered the site of the old homestead, and, before they left, the two gathered
and pressed clover blossom to commemorate the visit. After an absence of
fifty years, his father felt a childlike joy, remembering every detail, every
twist and turn of the road. Howells could not separate the loveliness of its
views from the desolation. If he avoided the ghost of what he might have
become, he tasted the despair that in his early manhood had laid him low.
It did not help to have been born in this “queer Ohio country”: the famil-
iar loneliness returned, and the sense, to quote one of his favorite poets,
that “love and fame to nothingness do sink.”8
Howells found no remedy for the unfilled duty owed his father or for
bittersweet reunions, but he could escape (and did as soon as possible) to
his busy life in Cambridge, to his wife and children, house building, friend-
ships, and work. Shortly after his return he took over the Atlantic Monthly.
In the years to follow he would join the editorial staª at Harper & Broth-
ers and write novels such as A Modern Instance and The Rise of Silas Lapham,
pursuing a writer’s career as vigorously as any industrialist built his railroads
or rolled his steel.9
So many nineteenth-century American lives—at least men’s lives—
mirror the plots of fiction, in which boys rise from rags to riches or light
out for the territories. Abraham Lincoln’s is such a story, as is James
Garfield’s, though the wilderness they confronted lay in the strife and
conflicts of their nation. Howells’ life also conforms to and escapes these
conventions. As a ten-year-old boy he set type in his father’s print shop; at
thirteen he lived in a log cabin in the Ohio backwoods. He chose to go east
rather than west from Ohio, and he later declined an oªer from yet another
United States president, Rutherford B. Hayes, to tour California. He be-
came rather than joined the Eastern literary establishment, and he died in
New York a relatively wealthy man, having learned, like Garfield and Lin-
coln, that regions east of the Appalachians could be as perilous as those be-
yond the Rockies.
The troops of writers to follow Howells—the Dreisers and Hemingways—
liked to think of themselves as literary changelings or geniuses working in
isolation. Edith Wharton called herself “a self-made man” and, except for
the bad manners, might have added “self-made genius.” Not Howells. He
objected even to the word genius because it minimized the role of crafts-
PARALLEL LIVES
4
manship and hard work, reducing a writer— or a general like Ulysses S.
Grant—to a freak of nature rather than the product of his own dreams, la-
bor, and luck. Proud of a rich family history, he attributed his success as
much to others as to himself.
It is hard to know the child’s own earliest recollections from the things
it has been told of itself by those with whom its life began.
—w. d. howells, Years of My Youth, 1916
Toward the end of his life, William Cooper Howells (1807–94) wrote Rec-
ollections of Life in Ohio, a spirited account of his family’s origins and grow-
ing up in rural Ohio. His son, who had encouraged the project, finished
the manuscript and, after William died, arranged for its publication with
an introduction of his own. The chronicle of his father’s young life reads
like a history of nineteenth-century uprooting. By 1813, engineers were lay-
ing the Cumberland road, but routes over and beyond the Alleghenies re-
mained rough when not outright impassable. People like William’s parents
traveled in caravans of “road wagons,” drawn by five or six horses, each ca-
pable of hauling seven thousand pounds of passengers and freight. William
remembered their own jammed with clothing, cooking utensils, and books.
His mother, Anne, and his younger siblings arranged themselves inside the
wagon while his father, Joseph, rode alongside on horseback. As the eldest
boy, William trailed on the pony or sat atop the load of piled bedding.
Their route passed through Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia),
where John Brown, the leader of the Harpers Ferry raid, would meet his
end on the gallows nearly fifty years later. There William realized why his
Quaker family opposed any kind of inequality. A whipping post he saw be-
came his emblem of slavery, the issue that divided Ohioans as it did the na-
tion and made William and his son William Dean, peace lovers both, sym-
pathetic to John Brown. As a young man, Howells half-joked that he hoped
to find “a very small pro-slavery orphan boy” and beat him.10
For the last stages of their journey west, William’s parents booked pas-
sage on a flatboat bound for Pittsburgh, then a keelboat to Warrenton, Ohio.
They journeyed the last three miles in a cart sent down from Steer’s Mill,
the site of his father’s employment. The son of a woolens manufacturer from
Hay-on-Wye in Wales, Joseph had come to the United States at a time when
England protected its woolen industry by banning both the sale of equip-
PARALLEL LIVES
5
ment and the emigration of skilled workmen to foreign countries. Joseph
dodged the law by listing himself as a man of leisure, a “gentleman” with-
out occupation; but whatever skills he brought to the New World did him
little good. Even before English woolens swamped the American market
after the War of 1812, his fortune in wool had become another lost hope.
As an omen of things to come, Steer’s Mill had just burned down, taking
with it his chance of a partnership.
It needs an unsentimental novelist, perhaps Howells’ friend Hamlin Gar-
land, to tell the story of a man like Joseph Howells, whose ambitions led
to failure and frustration, to sorting wool in another man’s factory while
his family lived miserably and his wife despaired. Each year brought an-
other unwelcome change, the worst of which may have been Joseph’s con-
version from Quaker to Methodist. The new religion transformed a previ-
ously taciturn man into a ranter whose religious ecstasies left him insensible
for hours. Neighbors joked that whenever Joseph saw an ominous cloud in
the sky, he donned his ascension robes in readiness for eternity.11 Howells’
fascination with the story of Joseph C. Dylks, the false prophet fictional-
ized in his late novel The Leatherwood God, owes much to his grandfather’s
charismatic transformation.
Joseph’s aªairs grew desperate through the winter of 1819. Borrowing six
hundred dollars, he uprooted his family to the first of several worn-out
farms, this one five miles from Steubenville. Picking the red clover there
fifty years later, Howells marveled at its unsuitability for an underfed and
growing family. Only an enthusiast would drag his wife and children into
such isolation, Howells wrote his wife in Boston. “It must have made life
cruelly hard for grandmother.”12 The move put an end to the children’s pub-
lic education, and since Joseph worked during the week in Steubenville,
much of the daily labor fell to William, who —among his never-ending
chores—cut cordwood with a small, unsharpened saw and split it with a
five-pound ax before dragging it uphill to their cabin. Like so many of their
neighbors, the family lived hand to mouth, mostly on what they could pro-
duce themselves, subsisting on salt pork, bread, beans, and hominy. Why
Joseph dreamed of farming, his son never understood. Every eªort to in-
crease the family’s income dragged them further into poverty. Newly
planted fruit trees succumbed to an early frost. Animals repaid less than
their price and keep. Had his father been given a farm “ready-stocked,”
William wrote, “he would scarcely have been able to live on it.”13 Some-
time in 1838 it occurred to Joseph himself that he had gained no advantage
from farming. That year he moved across Ohio to Hamilton, north of Cin-
PARALLEL LIVES
6
cinnati, to run a combined drugstore and bookstore. Partly because one of
his sons had become a local physician, another a dentist, this enterprise
brought him better fortune.
By training and temperament an optimist, William Cooper Howells per-
sisted in seeing the brighter side of his childhood. He described Ohio in
summer as Edenic, a land where small boys feasted on fruit ripening in aban-
doned orchards, wild rabbits leapt into cooking pots, and whip-poor-wills
sang like nightingales in the starlight. “Entering upon the voyage of life,”
he wrote, “we are to seek the best opportunities, and failing to find the best,
to improve the second best.”14 In its charitable reminiscing, Recollections
anticipates the tone of Howells’ own autobiography, Years of My Youth. Most
families have goals passed on from generation to generation, whether bet-
ter schooling for children, ambition for political office, or the accumula-
tion of wealth. The Howells family aimed at wealth and upward movement
and liked to remember Joseph’s father packing a barrel of silver, sailing to
the Americas, conferring with George Washington, and marketing his good,
plain flannel before returning to Wales. They also valued a type of stoicism,
a determination to downplay their hardships and make the best of misfor-
tune. “We are here on the conditions which were made without our con-
sent in the beginning,” Howells would tell his sister Aurelia, “and we must
bear our lot, quite as if we had chosen it. We did not make our bed, but,
as the proverb has it in the case of those who do, we must lie in it.”15
The story of William Cooper Howells diªers from Joseph’s more in tone
than in broad outline. William’s children regarded him with the same ex-
asperation and feigned amusement that he felt for his father. To his broth-
ers and sisters, Howells himself indulged an occasional criticism. “Father
was what God made him,” he told his brother Joe, “and on the whole the
best man I have known, but of course he was trying.”16 Maddening might
have been a better word. William had enormous energy and ingenuity, and,
like Joseph before him, tried any number of ways to make a living or a quick
dollar. Loving his father as he did, and eager to see him independent, How-
ells knew better than to invest in “any of his patent sixteen-bladed,
corkscrew-attachment” inventions.17
William moved from newspaper to newspaper as his father moved from
farm to farm. Yet William’s failings tell only a small part of his story. The
boy who sat next to Lincoln’s secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, in school
and worked closely with powerful Ohio politicians before the Civil War
went on to serve a term in the Ohio state legislature and won appointment
to American consulships in Quebec City and Toronto. William’s short his-
PARALLEL LIVES
7
tory with the Scioto Gazette, from the fall of 1833 to the spring of 1834,
testifies to the power wielded even by small-town Western editors. The pa-
per belonged to a Swedenborgian named B. O. Carpenter, who introduced
William to the teachings of the Swedish theologian and the principles of
the Whig party. William in turn persuaded Carpenter to support William
Henry Harrison for president in 1836, on the assumption that Harrison
secretly opposed slavery. When other papers reprinted the Scioto Gazette’s
editorial endorsement, backers of Harrison staged a mass meeting in Cin-
cinnati to promote him as the Log-Cabin candidate—a bizarre irony given
Harrison’s patrician Southern heritage. Despite the mysteries about his po-
litical views, Harrison proved such a spellbinding orator that reporters
counted the acres rather than numbers of people who gathered to hear him
stump. Though he lost the 1836 election, five years later Harrison became
the ninth president of the United States—and the first to die in office, col-
lapsing from pneumonia one month after his inaugural address.
It might be said that William Cooper Howells and the state of Ohio came
into their own in the same years. During the first quarter of the nineteenth
century, Ohio had grown in population more than any other state, from
42,000 in 1800 to 800,000 in 1826.18 By 1850 it would rank third in pop-
ulation, a position it held until 1890.19 With the completion of the Erie
Canal in 1825, the West had begun to feel its commercial power. By the
time William turned twenty-two, Andrew Jackson’s presidency had inau-
gurated a new era, symbolized perhaps by the western reach of the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad, which bound the eastern states to the rapidly develop-
ing new territories.
In William’s day even small towns tended to have one or two newspapers
for reporting on the fortunes of local businesses and on political and reli-
gious contests. Within decades, America witnessed the rise of New England
Transcendentalism, Unitarianism, Universalism, the growth of Catholicism
from immigration, the Presbyterian disruption of 1837, the Methodist and
Baptist schisms over slavery, and, among dozens of feuding sects, the Camp-
bellite Disciples of Christ, embraced by James Garfield and directed by one
of William’s employers, Alexander Campbell. William worked only briefly
for Campbell. Without capital—he never had capital—he tried to build
his own press and fashioned balls of buckskin stuªed with wool for inking
the type. In December 1828 he published his first issue of The Gleaner, “a
monthly periodical devoted to literature and miscellaneous selections: price
one dollar a year in advance.”20 It lasted a year, twice as long as the average
paper. Papers like William’s sprang up as fast as mushrooms, wrote one con-
PARALLEL LIVES
8
temporary, before the arrival of a killing frost “in the form of bills due and
debts unpaid.”21 In 1829 William and a partner, S. R. Jones, proposed a
semimonthly paper, The African Liberator, to advocate the emancipation
of “the oppressed and degraded sons of Africa, from their present state of
bondage, to that freedom guaranteed them by Heaven, in the common right
of man.” When this project failed to materialize, he launched, with the sup-
port of spiritualist and reformist followers of Robert Dale Owen (son of
the capitalist architect of British socialism), the Electric Observer and Work-
ingman’s Advocate. That folded within six months. His next scheme, the
printing of an anti-Catholic diatribe—The Rise, Progress and Downfall of
the Aristocracy—drove him out of business and out of Wheeling, West Vir-
ginia, but not before he had met Mary Dean (1812–68) and married her
(on July 10, 1831).
A native of New Lisbon, Ohio, Mary Dean was the eldest of eleven chil-
dren from a family with German roots in the disputed territory of Alsace.22
Her early portraits show a bright-eyed, pretty woman smiling happily, the
later ones a dour-looking woman with heavy brows and a pronounced chin
looking grimly at the camera. “I wish I could recall her,” Howells wrote,
“in the youth which must have been hers when I began to be conscious of
her as a personality; I know that she had thick brown Irish hair and blue
eyes, and high German cheekbones, and as a girl she would have had such
beauty as often goes with a certain irregularity of feature.”23 He thought
he inherited from his parents a poetic mix of Celtic and German blood.
With her new husband, Mary made literature into a religion. William il-
lustrated and colored a “wreath book” composed of her favorite poems. In
the evenings, he read or quoted to her from Shakespeare or the still-popular
William Cowper, and she sang to him the songs of Robert Burns. Howells
remembered her retaining “a rich sense in words like that which marked
her taste in soft stuªs and bright colors.”24 The little that has survived to
give a direct sense of Mary’s voice or personality suggests a feisty, intelli-
gent woman who worried about her children and shared their ambitions.
Consenting bravely to one daughter’s going to New Orleans, she felt im-
mediate pangs about the boat’s blowing up or burning and the girl facing
a lynch mob as an antislavery Northerner. “That would . . . be the case if
I were to go,” she wrote with her eccentric spelling, “for my republican prin-
cipals would be sure to show themselves on every occation.”25 Writing to
her daughters, she could be humorous, ironical, and, surprisingly, more
worldly than the romanticized woman of family tradition. It made her feel
“real ‘fighty’” to see John Brown Jr. wearing revolvers when he came into
PARALLEL LIVES
9
her house: “He took his belt oª and laid it on the table. & I saw he had a
bowie knife in it. He told us some of his and his Father’s exploits in
Kansas.”26 Mary’s objections may have been either to the guns themselves
or Brown’s need to carry them. She did not object to the man or his deeds.
Given a dreamer for a husband and eight children to be kept clean, fed,
and out of mischief, Mary had to be practical. She agreed with her hus-
band’s contradictory views about the equally important but distinct
“spheres of actions and duties,” in which girls did the indoor work, boys
the outdoor—except milking, a designated “feminine” responsibility.27 Im-
prove seems to have been their household word. “It is your duty to improve
every advantage you have,” she told her eldest daughter, who was visiting
relatives in Pittsburgh. “I want you to see and hear every thing that will
have a tendency to elevate and improve your mind read all the good and
useful books you can get . . . if your cousin Lizzie can help you any in your
music I hope you will improve the chance for when you get home again
the chances will be poor enough.”28 Mary instilled in her children a scale
of values associated with the so-called better classes and held them to ever-
rising standards. Highly strung, she had ways of making them conscious
of her displeasure and eager to make amends for real or imagined wrongs.
Howells, who as a young boy once threw a rose to startle her, recalled the
moment with words that might have been written by D. H. Lawrence.
“When she looked around and saw me oªering to run away, she whirled
on me and made me suªer for her fright. . . . She could not forgive me at
once, and my heart remained sore, for my love of her was as passionate as
the temper I had from her.”29 It was she who held him accountable and she
who had to be pleased. Howells would assert that Mary loved all her chil-
dren equally. “What a great heart” she had, he told his sisters. “We were all
alike to her; she was the home in which we were all equal and dear.”30 Else-
where, however, he made it clear that she favored Joe, her firstborn son.
The sisters might have claimed that she favored the boys over the girls. When
he forgot his mother’s hardships, Howells recalled her frolicking with her
children on the grass or in a rare moment free from work. Writing half a
century later, he describes her standing with his father, looking “at her boys
in the river. One such evening I recall, and how sad our gay voices were in
the dim, dewy air.”31 In that vision of himself watching his parents as they
watch him (and he in memory watching them all), he suggests both the
boyhood yearning for inclusion and the pathos of time past.
His mother’s failings he blamed largely on his father: “I suppose a woman
is always bewildered when a man comes short of the perfection which would
PARALLEL LIVES
10
be the logic of him in her mind.”32 During their first two years of marriage
William changed jobs five times, each job requiring another move, another
difficult beginning.33 In 1835, he brought his wife and three-year-old Joe to
the family farm about six miles from Chillicothe, not far from where he
had once lived as a boy. They stayed a few months, while William recov-
ered from influenza and toyed with the idea of becoming a doctor. Still with-
out income, they moved to Martinsville (later called Martins Ferry), on the
Ohio River across from Wheeling. Although by now the National Pike had
been extended through Belmont County, Martinsville itself remained lit-
tle more than an isolated settlement. William made a living by painting
houses; when time permitted he worked on his own, which amounted to
two cramped rooms connected by a passage and a lean-to kitchen.
In this makeshift house, on March 1, 1837, Mary gave birth to their sec-
ond son, William Dean Howells. They would call him Will.
At that time the American frontier lay not far beyond the confluence of
the Mississippi and the Ohio Rivers. Will Howells was born both a West-
erner and a Northerner, in a state separated by the Ohio from neighboring
slave states. That year, on his last day as president, Andrew Jackson recog-
nized the Republic of Texas. In Cambridge, Massachusetts, Ralph Waldo
Emerson made his famous “American Scholar” address (and P. T. Barnum
began his career in New York City by exhibiting Joyce Heth, a black woman
who, he claimed, had nursed George Washington). It was a bad financial
time for the nation, which saw the failure of hundreds of banks and busi-
nesses in what came to be known as the Panic of 1837, an economic catas-
trophe that lasted seven more years.
It was a worse time for the Howells family. As daunting as it must have
been to bring children into what seemed almost certain poverty, Mary had
another baby in July of the following year, a daughter they named Victo-
ria, soon nicknamed Vic (1838–86). She had five more children in rapid
succession: Sam (1840–1925), Aurelia (1842–1931), Anne (1844–1938), John
(1846–64), and finally Henry (1852–1908), whose mental infirmity would
keep him a child his entire life.
In 1840, cries of “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” launched William Henry
Harrison into the presidency, and William Cooper Howells moved once
again, this time more luckily, to take over the Hamilton Intelligencer. The
family would remain in Hamilton—now also home to William’s father
and two brothers—for nearly a decade. Will Howells, three years old when
they arrived, looked back to this “boy’s town,” situated on the banks of
the Great Miami River, as the “gladdest” place of his childhood.34 For him,
PARALLEL LIVES
11
Hamilton meant the river, its banks lined with barrels of whiskey and pork
houses, where he and his friends caught fish, swam, and smoked their first
smokewood “cigars.” In the spring, when the river rose, its waters yellow
with boiling currents smoothing into “oily eddies,” he watched debris drift
by, bits and pieces of people’s lives and property; he saw logs, fencing,
chicken coops, and once a stable, followed by “swollen bodies of horses
and cattle.”35 These years gave him, if not quite a sense of belonging, at
least one of self and security. Long afterward, in Venice, Boston, or New
York, he would break in every new pen by writing, “W. D. Howells, Hamil-
ton, Butler County, Ohio.”36
To the chagrin of his Methodist father, William had baptized his children
in the Swedenborgian New Church of Jerusalem. His lessons about the
struggle between good and evil and every person’s responsibility to godli-
ness did not stop his Sunday afternoon quarrels with Joseph over the “true
religion.” Mary, who had converted to and lapsed from an evangelical sect
of Methodism, found herself caught between her husband and father-in-
law. William held his children to a strict standard. “We were made to feel
that wicked words were of the quality of wicked deeds,” Howells writes,
“and that when they came out of our mouths they depraved us, unless we
took them back. I have not forgotten, with any detail of the time and place,
a transgression of this sort. . . . My mother had got supper, and my father
was, as he often was, late for it, and while we waited impatiently for him,
I came out with the shocking wish that he was dead.”37 William survived
the curse and, true to his beliefs, pardoned his son, who acknowledged the
transgression but still lived in fear of letting loose the evil spirits.
Howells remembered being taught that when the children teased one an-
other “there was nothing the fiends so much delighted in as teasing. When
they were angry and revengeful, they were told that . . . the good angels
could not come near them if they wished while they were in that state.”38
Howells grew skeptical about Swedenborg’s doctrine of correspondence,
central to the thinking of American transcendentalists like Emerson, but
not its social extension. Urged as a boy to work in the spirit of Christ and
to see this world as probationary, he would grow up to cast his lot with vi-
sionary, socialist reformers.
In religion as in politics, William Cooper Howells stood apart from his
Hamilton neighbors. Most of the town’s inhabitants had crossed over from
Kentucky or Virginia, and to them William might as well have been a Yan-
kee. He was down-to-earth but an intellectual, religious but a Swedenbor-
gian, a laborer and a man of business who employed three journeymen, a
PARALLEL LIVES
12
boy apprentice, and several girl compositors—a practice commonly decried
for lowering wages and morals. Caught between rival values, he tempered
his antislavery rhetoric in the Intelligencer and warned against radical so-
cialist theories. As the editor of a religious paper, The Retina, from July 1843
to July 1844, he argued a socialist agenda by which labor should be divided
according to talents and natural inclinations.39 Expecting with his usual op-
timism that the New Church would adopt The Retina (hopelessly subtitled
“The Tablet whereon Truth’s Rays Impress the Images of Thought”) as its
official publication, William took a four-month break from the Intelligencer.
When he found New Churchers no improvement on previous readers, who
preferred scandal to political lectures and exegeses of religious texts, he re-
turned to work on the newspaper.
William transformed what had been a collection of front-page advertise-
ments and political endorsements into a paper addressing local and inter-
national news, fiction, and poetry. Its masthead announced in bold letters
that “republics are only safe when both people and officers
are controlled by constitutions and laws.” His transition to edi-
tor and proprietor went smoothly except for complaints by local merchants
about unfair monopoly. Now and for decades to come, the family business
operated as a family store purveying stationery and sundries. What William
didn’t sell, his father did. Anyone glancing through the Intelligencer would
assume that patent medicines for baldness, liver ailments, and dyspepsia
could be bought nowhere but at Joseph Howells’ drugstore. As soon as his
sons had the necessary dexterity, William put them to work in the shop,
first folding papers, then setting type. Except for his own tutoring—and
what they read in books—he gave them little education. Resenting his fa-
ther as an exacting boss, Howells felt closer to his mother. Still, he liked the
chatter of the printers and the press they worked. He could remember not
knowing how to read; setting type he had known forever.
William might have stayed permanently in Hamilton if he had not lost
the paper to politics. In democratic Butler County, which approved the
annexation of Texas and California, William’s affiliation with the Whigs
placed him in jeopardy; then he alienated his Whig base by disapproving
of Zachary Taylor as a former slaveholder. William believed Taylor’s ad-
vances to be an obvious ploy for increasing slaveholding territory and lift-
ing himself into the presidency. He may have been right, but once the “im-
moral” Mexican-American War started in May 1846, he felt obliged to
support American soldiers while protesting his country’s policies. To fellow
Whigs, William appeared at best indecisive, at worst a turncoat. Taylor, in
PARALLEL LIVES
13
the meantime, won praise as commander of the U.S. Army along the Texas
border and came home a hero.
Since William had made enemies with The Retina, a fringe publication
at best, and had become the target of a rival paper, even he accepted the
inevitable. With Taylor elected as the twelfth president of the United States,
William sold the Intelligencer to a new proprietor, who vowed that the pa-
per would resume its proper role of advancing “Whig men and Whig mea-
sures.”40 Later when Taylor declared for the admission of California and
New Mexico as free states and opposed the compromise proposals of a fel-
low Whig—the powerful Henry Clay—William returned to the party.
Whether because of his conscience or because he lacked the skills to suc-
ceed, William and his family found themselves once again homeless and
nearly destitute. After casting about for work, he relocated in Dayton, the
home of his younger brother Israel, and on May 17, 1849, published the
first issue of the Dayton Transcript. The following year rivaled any for un-
happiness. Whatever the hardships of Hamilton might have been, Mary
missed her friends, along with the gossip, teas, and quilting parties. How-
ells, at twelve, continued as a child laborer. Townspeople remembered him
as “an awkward and countrified youth, timid and quiet.”41 He rose in the
morning between four and five to deliver papers; in the evenings he worked
until eleven putting into type the new telegraphic dispatches that trans-
formed the role of newspapers. In between, he set (as the Transcript an-
nounced on June 15, 1850), 9,500 ems, or four columns of the day’s paper.
His father and brother Joe worked even harder. The shop itself had walls
spattered with ink and a floor carpeted with waste paper. William, who did
everything he could to save money, plumbed his own gas pipes, which leaked
and made everyone ill.
Once again the family shifted from house to house, rather like the fam-
ilies of Charles Dickens and James Joyce, settling for ever-smaller and
meaner lodgings to reduce expenses. Howells could not help comparing his
mother’s modest parlor, decorated with scattered books, with his aunt’s,
which boasted upholstered chairs, lace curtains, and a piano. If he later
satirized such middle-class trimmings—“Jamescracks,” he called them in
A Hazard of New Fortunes—he now yearned for the unassailable respecta-
bility that came with money.
Dayton, with the “airs of a city,” boasted performances of light comedy
and Negro dancing, popular lectures on phrenology, a Swiss bellringer’s “pos-
itively last” concert, and traveling art shows. Howells began his lifelong in-
terest in art thanks to Claude-Marie Dubufe’s painting Adam and Eve in a
PARALLEL LIVES
14
State of Innocence. “The large canvas was lighted up so as to throw the life-
size figures into strong relief,” which spectators viewed through a pasteboard
“binocle.” What he saw came as a shock of recognition. “If that was the
way our first parents looked before the Fall, and the Bible said it was, there
was nothing to be urged against it, but . . . a boy might well shrink ashamed,
with a feeling that the taste of Eden was improved by the Fall.”42 In the
same hall he attended the theater, for the actors in large part paid their
printer with promises and free tickets. “As nearly as I can make out,” How-
ells would write, “I was thus enabled to go every night to the theater, in a
passion for it which remains with me ardent still.”43 Farces and melodra-
mas with names like Barbarossa and The Miser of Marseilles, as well as pro-
ductions of Macbeth, Hamlet, and Richard III, became early models for his
own plays.
Since the theater drew large audiences, Howells’ father thought to make
money with a play of his own—an extravaganza about the War of 1812 based
on the military exploits of his hero, William Henry Harrison. But neither
the play, which folded after one performance, nor any other strategy could
keep food on the table or the troubled paper afloat. The family circum-
stances worsened in the summer, when a cholera epidemic killed more than
two hundred of the town’s inhabitants and President Taylor declared a day
of fasting to purge the nation’s sins. Will Howells might have thought Day-
ton and his own family had been singled out for special punishment. He
watched the victims of cholera passing in a steady stream of caskets by his
front door, “three and four, five and six, ten and twelve a day,” each a re-
minder of his own mortality. In his imagination he contracted cholera,
pneumonia, or any of the prevailing diseases and would soon be mourned
by his family. He did come down with a mild attack of cholera and “lay in
the Valley of the Shadow of Death while it lasted.”44 He also suªered from
rheumatic fever and recalled with rare bitterness his father’s refusing to buy
him an undershirt until after he had taken sick. As an old man, he asked
Joe, “What could poor father have been thinking?”45 William was of course
thinking about money.
In August 1850, the end of William’s employment came almost as a re-
lief. Joe proudly remembered his father’s thumbing his nose at tragedy by
locking the office and going for a swim. After the collapse of the Transcript,
William looked for work, and his oldest sons earned their keep in a Ger-
man print shop. That fall, Israel Howells helped finance a bold proposal
for communal living that would rescue William and bring together four of
the brothers. Like so many utopian communities, this one proved a naive
PARALLEL LIVES
15
undertaking. William, as he editorialized in the Transcript, believed that
family homesteads give “birth to an aªection for home and its associations,
and elicit a new and more intimate patriotic relation to the State.”46 To
what extent his brothers shared his dream of self-sufficiency and fellowship
remains unclear, as in fact did the idea for the community itself. None of
the brothers considered practicalities like living arrangements, the estab-
lishment of a communal laundry or kitchen, the care and education of chil-
dren, the roles of individual members, a system of management, or the dis-
tribution of (never-realized) profits. William might have found a working
model in a local agency like the Ashtabula County Western Emigrant Asso-
ciation, except that well-planned communities foundered as often as the
unplanned.
Originally, the scheme called for William and his family to prepare the
way for the larger group to resettle along the Little Miami River, about twelve
miles east of Dayton, on the site of the Eureka Mills. Purchased for $3,100,
the property consisted of sixty acres, deeded to William’s brothers Israel
and Joseph. The cabin’s logs had at least been plastered with mortar; the
chimney was of stone and the floor of new oak planking—hard, as How-
ells knew from sleeping on it. The previous owner had squirted tobacco
juice on the walls, which William papered with newsprint both to cover
the stains and to keep out drafts. The children soon discovered that few of
the torn and pasted stories had an ending, and the wind came through as
before. Writing about the experience in My Year in a Log Cabin, Howells
remembered jumping out of bed on winter mornings into snow that had
drifted silently into the house. In New Leaf Mills, his fictionalized account
of the experience, he described the property and its setting: the “huge grist-
mill, gray and weather-beaten” fronting on “an acre of open space, with the
hitching-rail for the farmers’ horses in the middle.” On the western hill-
side, blue smoke curled from outlying cabins. To the east, a road wound in
and out of trees until it disappeared between “the mill-races and the river.”47
North and south, the woods gave way to a hundred acres of standing corn,
and, farther away still, to virgin forest.
Once William restored the grist- and sawmills on the property, his broth-
ers planned to join them and to convert the mills to the production of pa-
per. No one seemed concerned, as Howells wrote, that his father had never
run either a sawmill or a gristmill, “much less evoke a paper-mill from
them.”48 Neither had he come close to being self-sufficient. And however
unfitted he might have been himself, William got no help from his broth-
ers, who doomed the enterprise by making excuses and begging oª work.
PARALLEL LIVES
16
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
päästäkseen kololleen, joka oli syvässä pajujen reunustamassa
notkelmassa, ja näytti siltä, kuin niittokone olisi tehnyt leveän jäljen.
Mutta nyt Freckles oli jo niin lähellä tupaa, että jaksoi kantaa
hänet sisälle ja laskea vuoteelle. Hän lähetti vanhimman pojan
telatietä pitkin kiireimmiten noutamaan lähimmän naapurin, ja
yhdessä he sitten riisuivat vaimon ja huomasivat, ettei hän ollut
saanut mitään vammaa. He pesivät ja sitoivat verta vuotavan
ranteen ja saivat hänet lopulta tajuihinsa. Hän nyyhkytti ja vapisi
maatessaan. Ensimmäiset järjelliset sanat, jotka hän lausui, olivat:
"Freckles, katsoppa sitä ruukkua keittiön pöydällä, ettei hiivani
juokse yli."
Kului monta päivää, ennenkuin hän saattoi yksityiskohtaisesti
kertoa Duncanille ja Frecklesille, mitä hänelle oli tapahtunut, eikä
hän sittenkään voinut olla itkemättä kuin pieni lapsi. Freckles oli
kovin suruissaan ja hoiti häntä yhtä hyvin kuin mikään nainen olisi
osannut; sillä välin pitkä Duncan huolissaan kummankin puolesta
puuhasi varhain ja myöhään, tukkien tuvassa joka raon ja tarkastaen
ympäristössä joka kolkan, minne käärme ehkä saattoi olla
kätkeytynyt. Vahtipolulla vietetyn aamun vaikutukset tärisyttivät
Saaraa yhä edelleen. Hän ei saanut rauhaa, ennenkuin oli lähettänyt
hakemaan McLeania ja pyytänyt häntä pelastamaan Frecklesin
kaikista vastaisista vaaroista tällä kauhun paikalla. Johtaja lähti
rämeelle vahvasti päättäneenä tehdä hänelle mieliksi. Mutta Freckles
vain nauroi hänelle. "No no, herra McLean! Suotta on minun tähteni
kiusaantua hermostuneen naisen pelotteluista!" sanoi hän.
"Tiedänhän minä, miltä hänestä on tuntunut, kun itse olen kokenut
samaa, mutta se on kaikki ollutta ja mennyttä. Minun suurin kunniani
on suorittaa otteluni loppuun rämeen ja kaiken sen kanssa, mitä
siinä on tai voi sinne tulla, ja sitten jättää se teille, sir, niinkuin olen
teille ja itselleni luvannut. Te ette voi pahoittaa mieltäni kipeämmin
kuin ottamalla sen minulta nyt, kun juuri olen päämäärään tulossa.
Eihän siihen ole enää kuin kolme neljä viikkoa, ja kun minä olen
täällä vaeltanut jo melkein vuoden, niin mitä tuo lisä merkitsee, sir?
Teidän ei tarvitse antaa naisten sekaantua asioihin, sillä olen aina
kuullut, kuinka siitä on vain kiusaa."
McLean myhäili. "Entä kuinka oli viime puun laita?" sanoi hän.
10. luku.
"Ja aina voitte ylpeillä siitä, että olette syntyänne iiriläinen. Minun
isäni on iiriläinen, ja jos tahdotte nähdä hänen oikaisevan itseään ja
pröystäilevän, niin antakaa vain hänelle pieni aihe rehennellä
rodullaan. Hän sanoo, että jos iiriläisillä olisi riittävästi maata, he
johtaisivat koko maailmaa. Hän sanoo, että tilan ja hedelmällisen
maan puute on aina ollut heitä kahlehtimassa ja että jos Irlanti olisi
ollut yhtä avara ja hedelmällinen kuin Indiana, niin ei Englannilla
koskaan olisi ollut siellä ylivaltaa, vaan se olisi ainoastaan pieni
Irlannin lisäalue. Ajatelkaahan Englantia lisämaaksi! Hän sanoo, että
Irlannilla nykyään on paraimmat puhujat ja terävimmät valtiomiehet
koko Euroopassa, ja jos Englanti tahtoo tapella, niin millä se täyttää
juoksuhautansa? Iiriläisillä tietenkin! Irlannissa on vihreimmät ruohot
ja puut, kauneimmat kivet ja järvet, ja siellä on erikoiset rattaatkin,
nimeltä jaunting-car. En tunne tarkalleen, millaisia ne ovat, mutta
Irlannissa on kaikkea mitä yleensä on olemassa. Heillä on joukko
suuria näyttelijöitä ja joitakuita laulajia, eikä koskaan ole ollut
ihanampaa runoilijaa kuin eräs heikäläinen [Thomas More. Suom.].
Kuulisittepa vain isäni lausuvan runoa 'Maani armas harppu'. Tähän
tapaan se käy."
"En", sanoi McLean, "en luule. Mutta poika poloinen sen tiesi.
Taivas auttakoon häntä!"
11. luku.
Kuinka hän sen tiesi, sitä hän ei voinut selittää, mutta hän tiesi
jonkun täällä käyneen, istuneen hänen penkeillään ja astuneen
hänen permannollaan. Ei mitään ollut liikutettu, ja kuitenkin hänestä
tuntui, että vielä voi nähdä, missä tunnustelevat sormet olivat
koetelleet lukkoa. Hän astui kaapin taakse, tarkasti huolellisesti
maata sen ympärillä ja tapasikin aivan lähellä puuta, mihin se oli
naulattu kiinni, syvän, vereksen jalanjäljen kosteassa maaperässä —
pitkän, kaidan jäljen, jota ei ainakaan Wessnerin jalka ollut tehnyt.
Hänen sydämensä hätkähti, kun hän mielessään mittasi jälkeä,
mutta sen kauemmin hän ei viivytellyt, sillä nyt heräsi hänessä se
tunne, että häntä pidettiin silmällä. Hänestä tuntui aivan kuin joku
tunkeilija tähystäisi takana. Hän älysi liiaksi tarkastavansa
ympäristöä; jos joku piti häntä silmällä, ei hän tahtonut antaa
vieraan tietää, että oli päässyt sen perille.
Hän odotti, kunnes oli varma, että Duncan jo oli kotona, jos hän
näet aikoi tulla yöksi. Kulkiessaan notkon poikki hän heti huomasikin
pihalla kookkaat kimot.
Ei kukaan ollut kulkenut sieltä ohitse sinä päivänä, ja Duncan
suostui auliisti pitämään vahtia sen aikaa, kun Freckles pyöräili
kaupunkiin. Hän puhui Duncanille jalanjäljestä ja käski vartioimaan
tarkasti. Pitkä Duncan kehoitti häntä olemaan levollinen ja täyttäen
piippunsa ja ottaen turvakseen hyvän revolverin meni Limberlostiin.
"En kehtaa", sanoi Freckles. "En ole puettu siten, että minun sopisi
esiintyä ystäväinne parissa, ja sitäpaitsi voisin unohtaa itseni ja
viipyä liian kauan."
"No sitten", sanoi keiju, "ei mennä sisälle, jotta emme häiritsisi,
mutta minä tahdon, että tulette ulkotietä kasvihuoneeseen saamaan
joitakin syntymäpäivämakeisiani ja vähän kakkua viedäksenne rouva
Duncanille ja pienokaisille. Eikö se ole mukavaa?"
Tyttö nauroi.
"Nauru tekee aina hyvää", vastasi keiju. "En pane pahakseni toista
annosta sitä lajia. Antakaa tulla!"
"No niin", sanoi Freckles. "Tahdon vain sanoa, että minusta aivan
tuntuu siltä kuin itsekin kuuluisin tuonne. Minäkin kulkisin hienoissa
vaatteissa ja liikkuisin noilla permannoilla ja pitäisin puoleni
parastakin vastaan heistä."
"Mutta millä kohtaa minun pitää nauraa?" kysyi tyttö ikäänkuin
pettyneenä.
12. luku.
Oli miten oli, Freckles kohotti päänsä ja päätti pitää mielessä, mitä
oli kerran kuullut Lintunaisen sanovan. Hän eroaisi maailmasta
ilomielin. Ei koskaan hän sallisi heidän nähdä, että hänessä oli
pelkoa. Ja kaiken kaikkiaan, vähät siitä, mitä he tekisivät hänen
ruumiilleen, jos saisivat jonkun pirullisen juonen kautta syöstyksi
hänet häpeään.
Tämä oli hyvin etäällä, mutta hän saattoi eroittaa hänen kalvakat
huulensa ja suuret huolestuneet silmänsä.
Freckles nyökkäsi.