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SC Notes Look Angle Determination

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SC Notes Look Angle Determination

Uploaded by

janakirampilli70
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Look angles Determination

Look angle: The coordinates to which an Earth Station must point to


communicate with a satellite are called look angle. These are Azımuth (AZ) and
Elevation angle (EL).

Azımuth angle (AZ): The angle


measured from N to E to projection of
satellite path onto horizontal plane.

Elevation angle (EL): The angle


measured from the horizontal plane to the
orbit plane.

The sub satellite point: The point, on the


earth's surface of intersection between a
line from the earth's canter of the satellite.

A Point in the sky directly above an


observer, who is located on the ground or
in space, is known as Zenith.

The Nadir pointing directions from the


geosynchronous satellite and for a satellite in an equatorial orbit and it is always
to locate on the equator.

The Zenith and Nadir paths are in opposite direction in the same path.

Steps to calculating Look Angle:

 Need six Orbital Elements


 Calculate the orbit from these Orbital Elements
 Define the orbital plane
 Locate satellite at time t with respect to the First Point of Aries
 Find location of the Greenwich Meridian relative to the first point of Aries
 Use Spherical Trigonometry to find the position of the satellite relative to
a point on the earth's surface.
Elevation angle (EL) Calculation: The angle measured from the horizontal
plane to the orbit plane. The elevation angle can then be calculated from the
coordinates of the sub-satellite point (SSP), the coordinate of the earth station,
the satellite orbital radius, and earth
radius as follows:

From diagram:

d = Orbital Altitude
(Distance from earth station to
satellite)

From the diagram

 =900+El

EL= -900 ---------------- (1)

Apply ‘cos’ on both sides

Cos (El) =cos ( -900)

Cos (El) =sin ---------------- (2)

According to law of sine


𝑟𝑠 d 𝑟𝑠
= Sin = .sin  ---------------- (3)
sin  sin  𝑑
𝑟𝑠
From equation 1&3, Cos(El) = .sin  ---------------- (4)
𝑑
Now, apply cosine rule, to get relation between vector joining the centre of the
earth, satellite and earth station

C2=a2+b2-2ab cos 

Similarly d2=r2s+r2e-2rsre cos  ---------------- (5)


---------------- (6)

From equation (4) & (6)

--------- (7)

Central Angle ( ):

Calculate , angle at earth center between the line that connects the earth-
center to the satellite and the line from the earth-center to the earth station.

is defined so that it is non-negative and

To simplifies eqn using Ls = 00 since the satellie is over the equator:

Where

Ls = Latitude of subsatellite point

ls = Longitude of subsatellte point

Le = Latitude of earth station

le = Longitude of earth station


The magnitude of the vectors joining the center of the earth, the satellite and
the earth station are related by the law of cosine:

Azımuth angle (AZ):

 To find the azimuth angle, an intermediate angle (α) must first to be

found.
 The intermediate angle allows the correct quadrant (see Figs) to be found
since the azimuthal direction can lie anywhere between 0° (true North)
and clockwise through 360° (back to true North again).
 The intermediate angle is found from

Azimuth angle Case 1:

Earth station in the Northern Hemisphere with

(a) Sub satellite point South East (SE) of the earth station: Az = 180° - α

(b) Sub satellite point South West (SW) of the earth station: Az = 180° + α

Azimuth angle Case 2:

Earth station in the Southern Hemisphere with

(c) Sub satellite point North East (NE) of the earth station: Az = α

(d) Sub satellite point North West (NW) of the earth station: Az = 360° - α
Example:

FIND the Elevation and Azimuth Look Angles for the following case:
Earth Station Latitude 520 N, Earth Station Longitude 00
Satellite Latitude 00, Satellite Longitude 660 E
Sol:

Step 1. Find the central angle 


cos() = cos(L ) cos (l -l )
e s e
= cos(52) cos (66-0)
= 0.2504
Yielding  =
75.520
Step 2. Find the elevation angle El
 re  
  cos   
El  tan 1  
rs  
 sin  
 
(or) 
 

Let us assume re = 6378km (Radius of the earth) & rs = 19435 km.

Cos (El) = [Sin(75.52)]/[1+(6378 / 19435)2 – 2(6378 / 19435)0.250]

Then El = 4.58o

Step 3. Find the intermediate angle, 

 tan ls  le  
  tan 1  
 sinLe  

= tan-1 [ (tan (66 - 0)) / sin (52) ]

= 70.6668

The earth station is in the Northern hemisphere and the satellite is to the
South East of the earth station. This gives

Az = 180o - 

= 180 – 70.6668 = 109.333o (clockwise from true North)

Then the look-angles to the satellite are

Elevation Angle = 4.58o

Azimuth Angle = 109.33o

VISIBILITY TEST:

A simple test, called the visibility test will quickly tell you whether you can
operate a satellite into a given location.

A positive (or zero) elevation angle requires (see Fig. 2.13)

re r 
rs    cos1  e 
cos  which yields  rs 

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