COMMISSIONER OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION: ANDHRA PRADESH

CIVICS-I YEAR: FIRST YEAR MEDIUM: ENGLISH

S.No Chapter Question Marks
name
Scope and 1. Define Political Science and explain its scope? 10
1 Significance of 2. Write about ancient city states? 2
Political Science
1. Explain the any two essential elements of the State? 5
2. Point out the difference between state and society? 5
2 State 3. What do you mean by Government? 2
4. How many other elements does the State possess? 2
5. What do you understand by ‘Society’? 2
1. Define Nationality. Explain the essential elements of the 10
Nationality?
3 Nationalism 2. What are the differences between Nation and 5
Nationality?
1. Write about any three sources of Law? 5
4 Law 2. Define the term Rule of Law? 2
3. Constitutional Law? 2
4. What is Natural Law? 2
1. Define Liberty and describe any three types of Liberty 5
5 Liberty and 2. What is Equality? Explain any three types of Equality? 5
Equality 3. What is Civil Liberty? 2
4. What is Equality? 2
5. Social Equality? 2
1. Identify the safeguards of the Rights? 10
2. Explain the Political Rights? 5
6 Rights and 3. Classify Rights? 2
Responsibilities 4. Classification of Responsibilities? 2
5. Give two examples of Responsibilities? 2
1. Point out any three sources of Justice? 5
2. Define Justice? 2
7 Justice 2
3. Distributive Justice?
4. Corrective Justice? 2
1. How Citizenship is lost? 5
2. What are the differences between Citizen and Alien? 5
Citizenship
8 3. What is meant by Jus Sanguinis? 2
4. What is meant by Jus Soli? 2
5. Who is an Alien? 2
1. Suggest the conditions required for the successful 10
9 functioning of Democracy?
Democracy 2. Briefly explain about Direct Democracy Devices? 5

1
 3. Write two definitions of Democracy? 2
4. What do you understand by Representative Democracy? 2
5. What is meant by Recall? 2
1. What are the features of the Secular State? 5
2. What are the types of Secularism? 2
10 Secularism 3. What do you mean by Theocracy? 2
4. Define Secular State? 2
1. Distinguish between written and unwritten 5
11 Constitution Constitution?
2. What is an Evolved Constitution? 2
3. What is an Enacted Constitution? 2
4. Write two differences between Rigid and Flexible 2
Constitutions?
1. What is a Parliamentary Government? Explain its 10
features?
2. Discuss the features of Federal Government? 5
12 Government 3. Write about Aristotle’s classification on Government? 2
4. What is Unitary Government? 2
5. How many organs of government are there? Name 2
them?

***

2
 BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION; ANDHRA PRADESH:
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MATERIAL FOR POOR STUDENTS
CIVICS-I (EM) - 2024-25.

1. Define Political Science and explain its scope? 10 Marks

Aristotle used the term Politics for the first time in his book “Politics”. The term
‘Politics’ is derived from a Greek word “Polis” and Latin word “Politicus” which means the
City State.
Definitions of Political Science
1. “Political Science begins and ends with the State” – J.W. Garner
2. “Political Science deals with the Government” -- Stephen Leacock
Scope of Political Science.
1. Study of Man in relation to Society and State.
Aristotle stated that “Man is a social animal”. Man can satisfy his basic needs like
food, clothing and protection in the society. Political Science explains the relationship
between man and society. It also explains the origin, evolution and purpose of the society.
2. Study of State.
Some Political scientists conceived the Political Science as a study of State. The state
is indispensable for every individual. Political Science studies the relation- ship between the
state and the citizens.
Political Science explains the state under three categories.
1. Study of the State in the present
2. Study of the State in the Past.
3. Study of the State in the Future
3. Study of the Government.
Some Political scientists conceived the Political Science as a study of Government.
Government is agency of the State. There can be no State without a Government.
Government formulates expresses and implements the aims and aspirations of the State
through its organs.
4. Study of Associations and Institutions
Political Science explains the nature, structure and functions of the various
Associations and Institutions. Every individual is a member of various Associations and
Institutions out of their interest.
5. Study of the Rights and Responsibilities
The scope of Political Science explains the significance of Rights like Right to life and
Right to Liberty etc... and the Responsibilities like paying taxes, obeying laws etc… of the
Citizens. Political Science enumerates the definition, classification and different theories of
Rights and Responsibilities.
6. Study of National and International Issues
The scope of Political Science explains the domestic issues and policies of the State
as well as international issues like cold war, balance of power, disarmament, diplomacy,
international politics and international organization etc.

3
7. Study of Power
The Behaviouralists of 20th century conceived the Political Science as a study of
sharing and shaping of the Power. They pointed out that the Political Science explains how
power is grabbed, manipulated and perpetuated in order to have a control over the political
society.
8. Study of Public Policy
Modern Political Scientists like Anderson and David Easton considered the Political
Science as a study of formulation, execution and evaluation of Public Policy. They
emphasized the role of formal Political Structures and informal Political groups.
Two Marks Question & Answer.
1. Write about ancient city states?
The Political Scientists felt that the study of Political Science had its origin in the
ancient Greek city states. They are:- Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Thebes, Sparta, Milan etc.
***

1. Explain any two essential elements of the State? 5Marks

State is considered as the most important, powerful and sovereign institution. It has
the following essential elements.
1. Population 2. Territory
3. Government 4.Sovereignty
1. Population
State is an organized human association. Population is its first and fore-most
element. No State can exist and survive without people as there must be some to rule and
others to be ruled.
Political thinkers expressed different opinions in regard to the size of the Population
of the State. For example Plato, the ideal state should not comprise more than 5040 people,
as per Rousseau 10,000 people.
In modern times the maximum and minimum size of population has not been
prescribed. The qualitative aspect of population is more important for a state. If the people
are committed, disciplined, hardworking, honest and intelli-gent, then the state achieves
rapid progress.
2. Territory
Territory is the second essential element of the State. Territory denotes geographical
area of state. It is owned and controlled by a government which exercises sovereign power.
The State cannot be constituted without fixed territory. For example Gypsies tribe.
State requires a fixed territory with clear demarcated boundaries for exercising
undisputed authority. Territory of a state comprises:-
1. Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frontiers.
2. Territorial waters extending up to 12 nautical miles into the sea.
3. Terrestrial space lying above its land.
***

4
2. Point out the difference between state and society? 5 Marks

State Society
1. State is a political organization 1. Society is a social organization
2. State regulates the external 2. Society controls the both internal and
relations of men in society only. external activities of the individual.
3. State derives its strength mainly from laws 3. Society derives its strength from customs
and traditions
4. State is a territorial organization. It has a 4. Society is not a definite territory.
definite territory.
5. State alone has sovereignty 5. Society does not possess sovereignty
6. State is an important part of Society. 6. Society is wider than the State.
7. Laws of State are uniform 7. Rules of Society are not uniform

Two Marks Questions & Answers

1. What do you mean by Government?
Government is one of the essential elements of the State. It is the executive branch
of the State. It is essential for administering the political, economic, social and cultural
affairs.
2. How many other elements does the State possess? Name them?
There are four other elements:-
1. International recognition 2. Permanence
3. General Obedience 4. Popular Will
3. What do you understand by ‘Society’?
Society is an important human organization. The term ‘Society’ refers to the
interaction of complex norms among the people. It is a sum of all relationships –
political, religious, cultural etc.
***

1. Define Nationality. Explain the essential elements of the Nationality? 10 Marks

Nationality is a term which denotes the status of a person in a state. The term is derived
from the latin word ‘Natio’ which means birth or descent.
Definitions
1. “Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by racial and other
bonds.” --J.W. Garner.
2. “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of the race, language,
religion, traditions and history.” --R.G. Gettle.
Essential elements of the Nationality
1. Purity of Race
Race is a physical phenomenon. Racial purity helps in the formation and
strengthening of the idea of nationality. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature,

5
hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a
group.
2. Common Language
Language is a medium of communication and deliberations among the people.
People having a common language can very easily form into a single nation. Common
Language embodies common literature. It brings together like minded persons nearer. This
leads to a sort of psychological unity among the people.
3. Common Religion
In the past religion played an important role in the consolidation of the nation.
Common religion prompted and promoted strong bonds of unity. It helped in the formation
of nationality through the common ideas and ideals of the people.
4. Geographical Unity.
Geographical unity is considered to be very essential for the formation of nationality
and nation. It is inherent in nature. It attempts to design a separate entity to ascertain the
unity of the country. Such unity affords an opportunity to the people to live together under
similar climatic conditions.
5. Common History.
Common History invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together.
Sometimes historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national
sentiments.
6. Common Culture
Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common
elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc.
They easily develop into a single nation.
7. Common Political Aspirations
People living together in a territory will be imbibed with common political and
economic aspirations. These in turn play a dominant role in the emergence of a nation.
***
1. What are the differences between Nation and Nationality? 5 Marks

Nation Nationality
1. Nation is a Political concept. 1. Nationality is a psychological
feeling.
2. Nation is always a politically 2. Nationality is always an un-
organized state. organized and flexible feeling.
3. Nation is always independent. 3. Nationality is not independent.
4. There can’t be a nation without 4. There can be nationality with a
nationality. nation.
5. People who form into a nation 5. Until the people of a nationality
obey the laws of the State. form into a nation, there can’t be
constitutional laws.

***

6
6. Write about any three sources of Law? 5 Marks
Sources of Law
Professor T.E. Holland mentioned six sources of Law. They are:
1. Customs. 2. Religion. 3. Equity
4. Legislation 5. Judicial decisions. 6. Scientific Commentaries
1. Customs
Customs are regarded as the earliest source of Law. In ancient period disputes between
individuals were settled in accordance with the prevailing social customs. In due course,
practices became usages. Ex. Marriage laws.
7. Religion
In ancient period, Customs and Religion were closely related to each other. The ancient
city states were governed on the basis of divine laws which were made by priests and kings.
Religion served as the basis of laws in many states.
8. Equity
The term ‘Equity’ stands for the principles of fairness and justice. When the existing laws
are inadequate, judges use their common sense and fair understanding to give relief to the
party concerned. It is viewed as judge made law.
Two Marks Questions & Answers
1. Define the term Rule of Law?
Rule of Law is a unique feature of British Constitution. It is purely based on the
principle of common law. It should be uniformly applicable to all the citizens. All are equal
before law.
2. Constitutional Law?
Constitutional Law is basically different from ordinary laws. It is supreme law of the
State. It determines the structure of the government. It explains the relationship among
the organs of the government.
3. What is Natural Law?
Natural law is also known as divine law. It is abstract. It is not created by any human
agency. It is considered as the gift of nature based on metaphysical power.

1. Define Liberty and describe any three types of Liberty? 5 Marks

Every individual desire liberty for the overall development of their personality. The term
Liberty is derived from the Latin word ‘LIBER’ which means free from restrictions.
Definitions
1. “Liberty means absence of coercion” --F.A. Hayek
2. “Liberty is the opposite of over government” -- J.R. Seeley.
Types of Liberty
1. Natural Liberty 2. Civil Liberty 3. Economic Liberty.
4. Political Liberty. 5. National Liberty.
7
1. Natural Liberty
Natural Liberty denotes unrestrained freedom to do whatever one pleases. It gives no
scope for interference or restraint of any type. It prevails when individuals are allowed to do
what they wish.
2. Civil Liberty
Civil Liberty is also known as personal liberty. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the
society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human
beings. It enables them to lead happy, honorable and civilized life in the state.
Ex: 1. Right to life 2. Right to work.
3. Economic Liberty
Economic Liberty means the right of everyone to earn his livelihood. Laski described this
liberty as ‘the security and opportunity to find reasonable significance in earning one’s daily
bread’. Democracy in the absence of economic liberty is meaningless.
***
2. What is Equality? Explain any three types of Equality? (5 Marks)
The concept of equality, like liberty is a significant one in the study of Political Science.
Some considered equality as the main indicator of democratic polity.
Definition
1. “Equality does not mean identical treatment. It means equal treatment under equal
conditions”. – Pathanjali Shastri
Types of Equality
1. Natural Equality 2. Social Equality 3. Economic Equality
4. Political Equality. 5. International Equality.
1. Natural Equality
Natural Equality implies freedom from all restraints and social customs. It means
absence of restraints of any type in individual sphere. Natural Equality was mentioned in the
social contract theory as propounded by Thomas Hobbes.
2. Social Equality
Social Equality denotes presence of equality of status and absence of class distinctions
and discrimination. It exists when no individual is made to suffer on account of his caste,
religion, class, colour, creed, race etc.
3. Economic Equality
Economic Equality is considered as the basis of social and political equalities. It serves as
the main driving force behind all activities. Economic equality means elimination of vast
inequalities in income, property and wealth.

Two Marks Questions & Answers

1. What is Civil Liberty?
Civil Liberty is also known as personal liberty. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the
society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human
beings. It enables them to lead happy, honorable and civilized life in the state.

8
2. What is Equality?
The concept of equality, like liberty is a significant one in the study of Political Science.
According to Pathanjali Shastri “Equality does not mean identical treatment. It means equal
treatment under equal conditions”.
3. Social Equality
Social Equality denotes presence of equality of status and absence of class distinctions
and discrimination. It exists when no individual is made to suffer on account of his caste,
religion, class, colour, creed, race etc.

1. Identify the safeguards of the Rights? 10 Marks

Individuals enjoy their rights only when they were fully protected or safeguarded by
the state. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights of
individuals.
1. Democratic Rule
Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can
enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system formulates constitutional
and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.
2. Written and Rigid Constitution
A written constitution clearly defines the powers and functions of the government.
Besides, it will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and
legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.
3. Incorporation of Fundamental Rights
Incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution will prevent the
encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the
rights of individuals to a great extent.
4. Separation of Powers
The powers of government should be separated among the three organs of the
government. Such a measure would act as a check against other organ. Ultimately, it serves
as a safeguard of individual liberty.
5. Decentralisation of powers
Individuals enjoy their rights when powers are decentralised among the
governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels i.e national,
provincial and local-either on functional or territorial basis.
6. Rule of Law
Rule of law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to
the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of region,
religion, caste, colour, community etc.
7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary
Judges in higher judicial organizations will deliver judgment with impartial and
independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they issue certain writs for
immediate protection of the rights.

9
8. Independent Press
Independent Press will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and
without fear or favour to anybody. In this regard the state should not try to threaten and
silence the press. Then only individuals enjoy their rights to the maximum extent.
9. Social and Economic Equalities
Social and economic equalities are essential for enjoying one's rights. People will be
able to utilize their rights properly and positively when there are social and economic
equalities in the state.
10. Eternal Vigilance
Eternal vigilance is most important safeguard of rights of individuals. Individuals
must be vigilant and cautious about the policies of the government. They should oppose the
despotic tendencies of the government through democratic and constitutional methods.
2. Explain the Political Rights? (5 marks)
Political Rights enable the citizens to participate in the political affairs of the State.
The Citizen of the State only can enjoy these rights.
1. Right to Vote
It serves as a powerful weapon for adult citizens in choosing their representatives to
various legislative bodies. All adult citizens are entitled to this right without any
discrimination based on caste, colour, language, race, region, religion, sex etc.
2. Right to Contest as candidate in Elections
This right empowers the citizens to contest as candidates to various legislative
bodies in the state. Especially it enables our dynamic citizens, to actively participate in the
political affairs of the state.
3. Right to hold Public Offices
This right provides opportunities to the citizens to hold various public offices for a
definite period. It gives no scope for exclusion of citizens or conferring special privileges to
some at the cost of others.
4. Right to Petition
This right enables citizens to forward petitions to the government denoting their
requirements or grievances. Citizens could be able to find solutions to their pending issues
by bringing them to the notice of the government.
5. Right to Criticism
This right gives opportunity to the citizens to criticize the various public policies and
programs. It enables them to highlight the omissions and commissions of the leaders and
administrative personnel at various levels.
Two Marks Questions and Answers
1. Classify Rights
Rights are broadly classified into three types.
1. Natural Rights 2. Moral Rights 3. Legal Rights
Legal rights also classified into three types
1. Civil Rights 2. Political Rights 3. Economic Rights.

10
 2. Classification of Responsibilities
Responsibilities are broadly classified into two types.
1. Moral Responsibilities
2. Legal Responsibilities
Legal Responsibilities are also classified into two types.
1. Positive Responsibilities
2. Negative Responsibilities
5. Give two examples of Responsibilities
1. Loyalty to State
2. Obedience to Laws

1. Point out any three sources of Justice? 5Marks

The word ‘Justice’ is derived from a Latin word ‘Justitia’ which means “to bind”.
Sources of Justice.
Earnest Barker gave four sources of Justice. They are: -
1. Nature 2. Ethics, 3. Religion, 4. Economic elements.
These may be explained as follows.
1. Nature
The Greek stoics perceived nature to be a source of justice. Their perception of nature
was a combination of moral philosophy and religious beliefs.
They viewed that nature embodies three things. They are:-
1. Man should be free
2. Man should be treated equally
3. Man should be associated with his fellow beings by the common element of reason.
2. Ethics
Idealist thinkers like Plato and Earnest Barker propounded that justice originated from
ethical practices. They pointed out that values accepted by the society, over a period of time
it become the impersonal source of positive Justice. State enforced this positive justice in
course of time.
3. Religion
This source has been in force since medieval age. The church authorities held the notion
that it was God who propounded the notions of justice, right and wrong. God, through
church, initiated the concept of justice as the rule of the theory of might.

Two Marks Questions & Answers.

1. Define Justice
1. “Justice means speaking truth and paying one’s debts”---Caphalous
2. “Justice means to help friends and harm enemies”---Polymarchus
2. Distributive Justice
Distributive Justice implies distribution of goods and wealth of citizens by the State
on merit basis. According to Aristotle it is the most powerful instrument against revolutions.

11
3. Corrective Justice
Corrective Justice comprises restoring the lost rights to each person due to the
infringement of his rights by others. In brief, it embodies moral excellence of individuals.

1. How Citizenship is lost? 5Marks

Citizenship denotes status of a person recognized under the custom or law of the
State. Persons who possess citizenship are known as citizens.
Conditions for loss of citizenship
1. Renunciation
A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of another
state.
2. Marriage
Generally a woman loses her citizenship when she marries an alien. Some states
allow retention of citizenship.
Ex: In Britain, there is an option to retain British citizenship who marries an alien.
3. Accepting Foreign Service
A person may lose his citizenship when he enters into the service of another state. If
a person accepts a permanent job in the government of a foreign state, he foregoes the
citizenship of his native state.
4. Obliging Foreign Decorations or Titles
When a citizen obliges to receive foreign decorations or titles without the consent of
the native state it may lead to the forfeiture of his Citizenship.
5. Prolonged Absence
Prolonged absence in the native state beyond a certain period may lead to the loss
of citizenship. In France and Germany the citizens who are absent themselves more than 10
years, it leads to the loss of their citizenship.
6. Treason
Involvement of a citizen in a serious crime and subsequent evidence of his action will
also lead to the loss of citizenship.
7. Desertion from Army
Desertion from Army there by jeopardizing the security of a state leads to the
forfeiture of citizenship.
***
2. What are the differences between Citizen and Alien? (5 Marks)

Citizen Alien
1. A citizen resides in a particular state on 1. An alien resides in a state on temporary
permanent basis. basis
2. A citizen owes loyalty to the state in 2. An alien owes allegiance to the State to
which he resides. which he belongs.

12
3. A citizen is entitled to enjoy civil and 3. 3. An alien will have civil rights only.
political rights.
4. A citizen can criticize the policies and 4. An alien has no right to criticize the
programmes of the government policies and programmes of the
government.
5. A citizen will have both the rights and 5. An alien has more responsibilities than
responsibilities. the rights.

Two Marks Questions & Answers

1. What is meant by Jus Sanguinis?
This type of citizenship denotes acquiring citizenship by kinship or blood
relationship.
2. What is meant by Jus Soli?
Jus Soli means acquisition of citizenship by the principle of land or place of birth.
3. Who is an Alien?
All persons residing in a state are not considered as citizen. Sometimes some of them
may reside in other state. Then they are known as aliens.
***

1. Suggest the conditions required for the successful functioning of Democracy? 10 Marks
The following conditions are essential to the success of democracy.
1. Sound system of Education
The success of democracy requires adequate education for the citizens. Ignorance,
innocence and uneducation prevent them from adopting right attitudes and large-scale
reforms. Education sharpens the intellect of individuals.
2. Enlightened Citizenship
Enlightened citizens are an asset to the democratic state. Such citizens can excercise
proper vigilance. They can actively participate in public affairs and help their fellow citizens
in the exercise of their rights and discharge of their responsibilities.
3. Independent Press
An independent press is a prerequisite of democracy. It enables the people to
receive accurate and unbiased information regarding the governmental activities. It strives
to promote harmonious relationship between the people and the government.
4. Strong Opposition
The success of democracy depends to a great extent on the strong and effective
opposition. Such an opposition will act as a check against the government by pointing out its
lapses.
5. Decentralization of powers
Decentralization of powers and establishment of democratic institutions at the grass
roots level is indispensable for the healthy organisation of democratic institutions.

13
Representative bodies at the grass roots level (Panchayat Raj Institutions) in India will act as
mini legislatures.
6. Absence of economic disparities
Democracy cannot function smoothly when there are economic disparities in a
country. When a country comprises a large number of poor people and a few wealthy
persons, democracy could not work successfully. Hence, every effort must be made by the
government to reduce economic inequalities in the society.
7. Social Equality
Caste, class and racial distinctions will impede the healthy working of democracy. To
be successful, democracy must open its doors to everybody on equal basis by providing
equal opportunities to all in social sphere.
8. Faith in Democracy
Certain democratic beliefs and values like individual's worth, need for tolerance of
differences, decisions through discussions etc should be inculcated among the people.
9. Agreement on Fundamental Issues
Democracy for its success presupposes agreement on fundamental issues.
Otherwise, there prevail sharp differences between individuals. They must be willing to
settle their differences through discussions.
10. Sagacious Leadership
Sagacious leadership is another essential condition to the success of democracy.
Sagacious leaders, by virtue of their administrative acumen, political propriety, social
commitment and economic perspective, will be able to lead the democratic state to greater
heights of glory.
***
2. Briefly explain about Direct Democracy Devices? 5Marks
Direct Democratic devices prevailed and practiced in some ancient Greek city states.
However, some states like Switzerland and USA have adopted these devices.
There are four devices of Direct Democracy. They are:-
1. Referendum 2. Initiative 3. Recall 4. Plebiscite.
1. Referendum
The term Referendum means ‘refer to’. Referendum is a device whereby the opinion
of the people is ascertained through a direct reference to the people. Referendum is two
types. 1. Compulsory 2. Optional.
2. Initiative
The advocates of direct democracy were not satisfied with mere referendum. So
they pleaded for Initiative for enabling the people to propose legislation. If it is approved by
the majority citizens, it becomes a duly enacted law.
3. Recall
Recall is an important direct democratic device which allows the voters to call back
an elected officer or representative when he fails to carry out his obligations faithfully or
properly.

14
4. Plebiscite
The term Plebiscite is derived from two Latin words ‘plebis’ and ‘scitum’ which
means ‘people’ and ‘decree’. The method of Plebiscite is used for ascertaining the opinion
of the people on an important public policy.
***
Two Marks Questions and Answers.
1. Write two definitions of Democracy?
1. “Democracy is a government of People, by the people and for the people”.
--- Abraham Lincoln.
2. “Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share”—J.R.Seeley
2. What do you understand by Representative Democracy?
People living in these states govern indirectly through their elected representatives.
The will of state formulated and expressed not by the people, it is indirectly expressed
through their representatives.
3. Recall
Recall is an important direct democratic device which allows the voters to call back
an elected officer or representative when he fails to carry out his obligations faithfully or
properly.

1. What are the features of the Secular State? 5 Marks

Secularism is an important social and political phenomenon. Many states of the
contemporary world have adopted secularism as their policy in public matters.
Features of Secular State.
1. No place for religion
Secular State does not assign significance to a particular religion. It will not make or
implement laws on religious grounds.
2. Equal status
Secular state accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between
individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, language, race, region, religion
etc.
3. No state religion
Secular state does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. It adopts
neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures
without basing on the religious feelings of the people.
***
Two Marks Questions & Answers
1. What are the types of Secularism?
Secularism is two types.
1. Subjective Secularism
2. Objective Secularism

15
 2. What do you mean by Theocracy?
Theocracy technically means rule by God. The word ‘Theo’ means ‘God’ and ‘cracy’
means ‘rule’. In practice, it implies rule by priests. It originated from the theory that all
legitimate powers emanate from God.
3. Define Secular State?
Secular State does not recognize any religion as the state religion. It adopts neutral
policy in religious matters. It will not make or implement laws on religious grounds. It
accords equal status to its people.
***

1. Distinguish between written and unwritten Constitution? 5 Marks

Written Constitution Unwritten Constitution

1. Written constitution comprises several 1. It denotes a sum of customs,
principles and rules of the government. conventions and usages which have not
been documented.
2. All the basic principles of the State are 2. All the basic principles of the State exist
clearly written. in the form of customs and traditions.
3. It is framed by a constitution assembly or 3. It contains some written elements in the
a convention. form of Laws.
4. It is formulated at a particular time 4. It is evolutionary in nature
5. It can’t be amended easily 5. It can be amended easily
6. It provides political stability 6. It may not ensure political stability
7. It is useful to Federal States 7. It is useful to the Unitary States
Two Marks Questions & Answers
1. What is an Evolved Constitution?
Evolved Constitution is also called as Cumulative Constitution. It is the result of
evolutionary changes. It may be the product of collected material.
2. What is an Enacted Constitution?
Enacted Constitution is also known as Conventional Constitution. It is the outcome of
the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly specially convened for that purpose.
3. Mention any two differences between Rigid and Flexible Constitutions?
Rigid Constitution Flexible Constitution
1. Constitutional matters are clearly 1. Constitutional matters are not clearly
written. mentioned.
2. It can’t be easily amended 2. It can easily be amended

16
 1. 1. What is a Parliamentary Government? Explain its features? 10Marks
Parliamentary government is one in which the executive (the council of ministers
headed by the Prime Minister) owes to the legislature for its formation, continuation and
survival in office. Britain and India are best examples of this government.
Definition
Prof. Garner defined parliamentary government as "a system in which the real
executive- the cabinet or ministry- is (i) immediately and legally responsible to the
legislature for its political policies and acts and (ii) immediately or ultimately responsible to
the electorate."
Features of Parliamentary Government
1. Nominal and Real Executive Heads
Parliamentary government comprises two types of executive heads, namely, nominal
and real. The nominal executive enjoys all powers only in name. E.g., The British Queen, the
President of India etc.
In practice, all the executive powers are exercised by a group of persons namely
Council of ministers with the Prime Minister as its head or leader.
2. Collective Responsibility
Ministers are collectively responsible to the lower house of the legislature. They take
policy decisions collectively under the leadership of the Prime Minister. Every minister is
individually and jointly responsible to the legislature for his omissions and commissions
during his tenure.
3. Political Homogeneity
In this system ministers normally belong to the same party. However, when no single
party is able to form the government due to lack of securing majority seats in the lower
house of the legislature, some parties join together as Alliance or some other coalitions.
4. Harmony between Executive and Legislature
Parliamentary government brings harmony between the executive and legislative
branches of government. This is possible due to the simultaneous membership of the
ministers in the two organs
5. Party Discipline
Every party in this system imposes discipline on its members by asking them to strictly
adhere to its ideology, principles and programmes. Such a policy makes the members both
in the party and government to fulfil their respective obligations with honesty, impartiality
and sincerity.

17
6. Leadership of the Prime Minister
Parliamentary government is described as prime ministerial government. The Prime
Minister in this system acts as the real executive head of the government. He acts as the
leader of the majority party or coalition ministry in the lower house of the legislature.
***

2. Discuss the features of Federal Government? (5 Marks)

The term ‘Federation’ is derived from a Latin word “Foedus”, which means Treaty or
Agreement. Normally in a Federation, the powers are demarcated, distributed between the
Centre and State Governments.
Features of Federal Government
1. Written Constitution
A Federal Government normally will have a written constitution. Such a constitution is
considered as the supreme law of the land. It defines, decides and divides powers between
the central and state governments.
2. Dual Citizenship
Federal state provides dual citizenship to the citizens. Accordingly, citizens will have
membership in both the Centre and the States simultaneously.
3. Division of Powers
In a federation, the powers of government are divided between the Centre and the
States. The central government exercises control over the matters of national importance
like defense, external affairs, customs, etc.

4. Bicameralism
In a federal state, we observe two chambers in the union legislature and some of the
provincial legislatures. The first or lower chamber represents the interests of the people.
The second chamber or upper house comprises the members representing the states.
5. Rigidity
Generally the constitution of a federation is very rigid. So it cannot be amended both
easily. The concurrence of the Centre and States is required for amending some of the
important provisions.
6. Independent Judiciary
Independent judiciary is another essential feature of a federal government. Such an
organization will settle disputes between the Centre and the States. Judges constitutionally
possess independent position.
***

18
1. Write about Aristotle’s classification on Government?
Aristotle’s classification of Government

Number of persons having End of the State

ruling power Normal form Perverted form
One Monarchy Tyranny
Few Aristocracy Oligarchy

Many Polity Democracy

2. What is Unitary Government?

The word Unitary consists of two words. Namely,‘Uni’ and ‘Tary’. Uni means ‘one’
and ‘Tary’ means ‘rule’. Unitary government is a single integrated government with all
executive powers.
3. How many organs of government are there? Name them?
There are three organs.
1. Legislature : It makes the Law.
2. Executive : It implements the Law.
3. Judiciary : It interprets the Law.
E-----N-----D

19