Chapter No.

1 Physical Quantities & Measurements Physics (Class 9th)

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q 1. What is science?
The word science derived from the Latin word “Scientia” which means
knowledge. “The knowledge gained through from observations and experimentation
Q 2. Define the two main streams of science.
Science is divided into two main streams:
 Physical Sciences
 Biological sciences.
Biological Sciences:
The branch of science which concerns with the study of living things is called
biological sciences.
Physical Sciences:
The branch of science which deals with the study of non-living things is called
physical sciences.
Q 3. Define mechanics and name its branches.
It is the study of motion of objects, its causes and effects.
Branch
Mechanics is divided into two branches:
 Kinematics
 Dynamics
Q 4. Define physical quantities. Name its types.
Those quantities which can be measured accurately and have some specific units are
called s physical quantities.
Sample:
Length, Volume, Force and Temperature etc.
Types of physical quantities:
There are two types of physical quantities:
 Base quantities
 Derived quantities.
Q 5. What is unit? Name its types.
Standard / Units
To measure a physical quantity we have to compare it with some standard quantity,
that how many times it is bigger or smaller than the standard quantity, is called a unit.
Types of units:
There are two types of units.
 Base Units
 Derived Units.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Q 6. Differentiate between base and derived units.
Difference between Base and derived units as follow:
Sr. Base Units Derived Units
1. The units that describe base The units used to measure derived
quantities are called as base units. quantities are called derived units.
2. Base units are seven in numbers. Derived units are numerous.
3. Metre, kelvin, second , etc. Meter per second, cubic meter,
newton etc.

Q 7. What are prefixes? Give examples.

The way to express a given number as prefixes.
OR
The word or letters added before a unit and stands for the multiples or sub-multiples
of that unit are known as prefixes.
Examples
Prefix Symbol Multiplier
Kilo k 103
Centi c 10–2
Milli m 10–3
Micro µ 10–6
Nano n 10–9
Pico p 10–12
Femto f 10–15

Q 8. Explain scientific natation with examples.

Scientific Natation:
The way to express a given number as a number between 1 and 10 having an
appropriate power and only one digit before the decimal point is called as scientific
notation or standard form .
Examples;
i) 384, 000,000
Its standard form is 3.8 × 108
ii) 0.00045
Its standard form is 4.5 × 10–4
Significance;
Scientific notation saves writing down or interpreting large number of zeros.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Q 9. Differentiate between physical balance and electronic balance.
Sr. # Physical Balance Electronic Balance
1. Physical balance is a modified type An electronic machine which gives
of beam balance used to measure us direct reading of mass as we
small masses by comparison with place the objects over it is called
greater accuracy electronic balance.
2. It is less sensitive. It is more sensitive.
3. Least count of physical balance is Leas count of electronic balance is
0.01 or 10mg. 0.001g or 1mg.
4. A laboratory balance is an example The balances used in sweet and
of physical balance. grocery shops are example of
electronic balances.

Q 10. Define Physics.

Physics is that branch of science which deals with the study of properties of matter,
energy and their mutual relationship.
Q 11. Define Unit.
Once a standard is set for a quantity then it can be expressed in terms of that standard
quantity. This standard quantity is called a unit.
Q 12. Define International system of Units (SI).
A world-wide system of measurements is known as international system of units (SI).
In SI, the units of seven base quantities are meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin,
candela and mole.
Q 13. What is metre rule?
A meter rule is a length measuring instrument. It is one metre long which is equal
to100 centimetres. Each centimetre (cm) is divided into 10 small divisions called
millimetre (mm).
Q 14. What is least count of metre rule?
One millimetre is the smallest reading that can be taken using metre rule and is called
its least count.
Q 15. What is measuring tape?
A measuring tape consists of a thin and long strip of cotton, metal or plastic generally
10 m,20 m, 50 m, or 100 m long.
Q 16. What is the use of measuring tape?
Measuring tapes are used to measure length in metres and centimeters. Measuring tape
is used by blacksmith and carpenters.
Q 17. What is a vernier callipers?
Vernier callipers are a length measuring instrument used to measure the length up to
one tenth part of a millimetre.
 Physics (Class 9th)

Q 18. What is pitch of vernier callipers?

The separation between two smaller lines on main scale is called pitch of vernier
callipers. It is equal to 1 mm.
Q 19 What is vernier scale?
Vernier scale is moveable scale. Total length of this scale is 9 mm and is divided into
ten equal divisions such that each of its division is 0.9 mm.
Q 20. Define least count of vernier callipers.
The difference between one small division on main scale division and one vernier
scale division is 0.1 mm. It is called least count (LC) of the vernier callipers. Least
count of vernier calipers can also be found as:
Least count of vernier calipers=
=
= 0.1mm =0.01 cm
Q 21. What is zero error of vernier calipers?
To find the zero error, close the jaws of vernier calipers gently. Zero error will exist if
zero line of the vernier scale is not coinciding with the zero of main scale.
Q 22. What is positive zero error of vernier calipers?
Zero error will be positive if zero line of vernier scale is on the right side of the zero
of the main scale.
Q 23. What is negative zero error of vernier callipers?
Zero error will be negative if zero line of vernier scale is on the left side of zero of the
main scale.
Q 24. What is screw gauge? Write its use.
A screw gauge is an instrument that is used to measure small lengths up to one
hundredth part of a millimeter. It is also called as micrometer screw gauge.
Q 25. Define pitch of screw gauge.
The distance between consecutive threads on the spindle is 1 mm. This distance is
called the pitch of screw on the spindle.
Q 26. Define least count of screw gauge. How it can be calculated?
Least count is the minimum measurement which can be measured accurately with the
help of screw gauge. It can be calculated as:
Least count of screw gauge =
=
= 0.01mm =0.001 cm
Q 27. What is zero error of screw gauge?
 Physics (Class 9th)
Close the gap between the spindle and the stud of the screw gauge by rotating the
ratchet in the clockwise direction. If zero of circular scale does not coincides with the
index line, then there will be zero error.
Q 28. What is positive zero error of screw gauge?
Zero error will be positive if zero of circular scale is behind the index line. In this
case, multiply the number of divisions of the circular scale that has not crossed the
index line with the least count of screw gauge to find zero error.
Q 29. What is negative zero error of screw gauge?
Zero error will be negative if zero of circular scale has crossed the index line. In this
case, multiply the number of divisions of the circular scale that has crossed the index
line with the least count of screw gauge to find the negative zero error.
Q 30. What is a beam balance?
In a beam balance, the unknown mass is placed in one pan. It is balanced by putting
known masses in the other pan.
Q 31. What is a physical balance?
A physical balance is used in the laboratory to measure the mass of various objects by
comparison.
Q 32. How can we balance a physical balance?
Unknown mass is placed on the left pan and some suitable standard masses are placed
on the right pan that causes the pointer to remain at zero on raising the beam.
Q 33. What is range of Electronic Balance?
Electric balance come in various ranges:
milligram ranges, gram ranges and kilogram ranges.
Q 34. How can we measure mass of an object by using electronic balance?
Before measuring the mass of a body, it is switched ON and its reading is set to zero.
Next place the object to be weighed. The reading on the balance gives us the mass of
the body placed over it.
Q 35. What is the use of stopwatch?
A stopwatch is used to measure the time interval of an event.
Q 36. What is mechanical stopwatch?
A mechanical stopwatch can measure a time interval up to a minimum 0.1 second.
Q 37. What is a digital stopwatch?
Digital stopwatches commonly used in laboratory can measure a time interval as small
as 1/100 second or 0.01 second.
Q 38. What is measuring cylinder?
A measuring cylinder is a glass or transparent plastic cylinder. It has a scale along its
length that indicates the volume in milliliter (ml)
Q 39. What is the use of measuring cylinder?
 Physics (Class 9th)
It is used to measure the volume of a liquid or powdered substance. It is also used to
find the volume of an irregular shaped solid insoluble in a liquid by displacement
method.

Q 40. Name any four safety equipment’s that a school laboratory must have?
1) First aid box 2) Fire alarm
3) Fire extinguisher 4) Sand and water buckets

Q 41. What are the precautionary measures should be taken while measuring the
volume by using measuring cylinder?
While using a measuring cylinder, it must by kept vertical on a plane surface. The
correct method to note the level of a liquid in the cylinder is to keep the eye at the
same level as the meniscus of the liquid.
Q 42. What are significant figures?
All accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an expression are called
significant figures. It reflects the precision of measured value of a physical quantity.
Branches of Physics

Mechanics:
It is the study of motion of objects, its causes and effects.
Heat:
It deals with the nature of heat, modes of transfer and effects of heat.
Sound:
It deals with the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties and
applications.
Light (Optics):
It is the study of physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of optical
instruments.
Electricity and Magnetism:
It is the study of the charges at rest and in motion, their effects and their relationship with
magnetism.
Atomic Physics:
It is the study of the structure and properties of atoms.
Nuclear Physics:
It deals with the properties and behavior of nuclei and the particles within the nuclei.
Plasma Physics:
It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of matter- the fourth state of matter.
Geophysics:
It is the study of the internal structure of the Earth.
Chapter No. 2 Kinematics Physics (Class 9th)
SHORT QUESTIONS (Exercise)
Q 1. Differentiate between the following:
(i)
Rest Motion
1. A body is said to be at rest, if it A body is said to be in motion, if it
does not change its position with changes its position with respect to
respect to its surroundings. its surroundings.
2. Examples: Examples:
 A glass places on table.  A moving bus on road.
 A stationary.  A child walking in the street.
(ii)
Circular motion Rotatory motion
1. The motion of an object in a The spinning motion of a body a
circular path is known as circular body about it axis is called as
motion . rotatory motion.
2. In circular motion the axis is In rotatory motion the axis passes
outside the body. from the body.
3. Examples: Examples:
 Motion of earth around the sun.  Motion of steering wheel.
 Motion of car in a circular  Motion of a top.
track.
(iii)
Sr.# Distance Displacement
1. Length of a path between two Displacement is the shortest
points is called as distance. distance between two points.
2. It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
3.  It has no specific direction.  Its direction is from the initial to
final position.
4. Graph: Graph:
 Physics (Class 9th)
(iv)
Sr. # Speed Velocity
1. The distance covered by an object The rate of change of displacement
in unit time is called its speed. of a body is called its velocity.
2. It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
3. S d
Its formula is V  Its formula is V 
t t
4. Example: Example:
A man covers 20m in 5 Sec. Its A man covers 20m distance in 5
speed is 4ms–1. sec towards north. Its velocity is
4ms–1 towards north.
(v)
Sr. # Linear Motion Random Motion
1. Straight line motion of a body is The disordered or the irregular
known as linear motion. motion of an object is called
random motion.
2. Example: Example:
 Motion of an aero plane in  Motion of gas molecules.
straight line.  Brownian motion of liquid
molecules.
(vi)
Sr. # Scalars Vectors
1. Those physical quantities which Those physical qunatities which
can be completely described by can described compelety by its
their magnitude and units are magnitude, units and direction are
scalars. called vector.
2. Scalars are represented by simple Vectors are represented aby bold
letters i.e. P.S.V. etc. letter i.e. F,Vetc and also
graphically.
3. Scalar are added or subtracted Vector are added or subtracted by
algebraically. head to tail rule.
4. Example: Example:
Length, mass, time, work etc. Displacement, force, velocity etc.
Q 2. Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities?
Ans: Vector quantities are those physical quantities which are completely described by their
magnitude as well as direction. So vectors cannot be added and subtracted like scalars
because while adding or subtracting vectors we have to draw them in particular
 Physics (Class 9th)
directions as well and then we find their resultant vector that has combined effect of
given vectors and has some direction.

Q 3. How are vector quantities important to us in our daily life?

Ans: It can be explained with the following examples.
1. Distance of a place from reference point is insufficient to locate that place. The
direction of that place from reference point is also necessary to locate it.

2. Two forces F1 and F2 are acting on a table.

F2
F2 F1

F1

Certainly two situations differ from each other. They differ due to the direction of the forces
acting on the table. Thus the description of a force would be incomplete if direction is not
given.
In above examples displacement and force are vector quantities that can not only describe by
their magnitude but direction is also needed.
Q 4. How do riders in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion but not rotatory
motion?
Ans: Riders in a Ferris wheel are in a circular motion without rotation, they are not spinning
about their axis that’s why they possess translatory motion but not rotatory motion
Q 5. Derive equations of motion for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion?
Equation of Motion:
There are three equations of motion.
 1st equation of motion:
V f  Vi  at

 2nd equation of motion:

1
S  Vit  at 2
2
 3rd equation of motion:
2aS  Vf 2  Vi 2
Assumptions:
 Body moves in a straight line.
 Body moves with uniform acceleration.
 Only magnitude of displacement, velocity and acceleration are considered.
 Physics (Class 9th)
 These equations relate initial velocity “Vi”, find velocity “Vf”, acceleration,
time and distance covered by moving body.
First equations of motion:
Explanation:
Consider a body moving with initial velocity “Vi” in a
straight line with uniform acceleration “a”. After time
“t” its velocity becomes “Vf”. The motion of the body
can be represented by velocity time graph as shown in
figure.
 Slope of line AB gives the acceleration “a” of a body.
Perpendicular
 Slop of line AB = a =
Base
BC
 Slope of line AB = a =
AC
BD  CD
 Slope of line AB = a =
OD
 From graph BD = Vf, CD = Vi and OD = t.
V f  Vi
 Putting the values in above equation a 
t
Vf – Vi = at
Hence, Vf = Vi + at
Second equation of motion:
Explanation:
Consider a body moving with initial velocity “Vi”
in a straight line with uniform acceleration “a”.
After time “t” its velocity becomes “Vf”. Then
motion of the body can be represented by velocity
time graph as show in figure.
The total distance “S” covered by an object or a
body is equal to the total area graph. So,
Area under the graph = [ Area rectangle OACD] + [ Area Traingle ACB]
Area under the graph = [OA × OD] + [1/2 × AC × BC]
Area under the graph = [ OA × OD] + [1/2 × OD × BC]
From graph:
OA = Vi, OD = t and BC = at
Putting the values in above equation.
Area under the graph = [ Vi × t] [ ½ × t × at]
1
Area under = Vi t  at 2
2
 Physics (Class 9th)
Note: Area under the speed time graph gives the distance covered by the body.
So,
1
Distance = Vi t  at 2
2
Third equation of motion:
Explanation:
Consider a body moving with initial velocity
“Vi” in a straight line with uniform acceleration
“a”. After time “t” its velocity becomes “vf”. The
motion of a body can be represented by velocity
time graph as shown in figure. The total distance
coved by the body is equal to the total area under
the graph, so,
Area under the graph = Area under the trapezius OABD
1
Area under the graph = × [Sum of parallel sides] × [Distance between sides]
2
1
Area under the graph = × [ OA + BD] × [OD]
2
Note: Area under the velocity time graph is equal to the distance covered by the body.
So,
1
Distance = × [OA + BD] × [OD]
2
BC
Multiplying both side with
OD
 S   [OA  BD]  OD 
BC 1 BC
OD 2 OD
 S   [OA  BD]  BC 
BC 1
OD 2
From graph;
BC = a, OA = Vi, BD = Vf and OD.
BC = Vf – Vi
Putting the value in above equation:
[( )]
(( )( ) )
Hence,
2aS = Vf2 – Vi2
 Physics (Class 9th)
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Define kinematics.
Kinematics:
Kinematics is the study of motion of an object without discussing the causes of
motion.
OR
Kinematics is the study of motion of bodies without reference of mass and force.
2. Prove that “every thing in state of rest and motion is relative”.
The state of rest or motion of a boy is relative. For example, a passenger sitting in a
moving bus is at rest because he / she is not changing his / her position with respect to
other passengers or objects in the bus but with respect to on observer outside the bus,
the passengers and the objects inside the bus are in motion.
3. What is meant by surrounding? Give example.
Surrounding:
Surrounding are the places in object’s neighborhood where various objects are
present.
Example:
The trees along the roads when you are sitting in a moving bus.
4. Differentiate between uniform velocity and variable velocity.
Sr. Uniform Velocity Variable Velocity
1. A body has uniform velocity if it A body has variable velocity if it
covers equal displacement in equal covers unequal displacement in
intervals of time however short the equal intervals of time however
interval may be. short the interval may be.
2. A body moving with uniform A body moving with variable
velocity has zero acceleration. velocity has non-zero acceleration.
3. Example: A paratrooper coming Example: A car moving in a
to ground. circular track.
 Physics (Class 9th)

5. Differentiate between dependent and independent variables.

Sr. Independent variables Dependent Variables
1. The Variable which does not The Variable which depends upon
depend on any other quantity in other quantities in the system is
the system is called as called as Dependent Variable.
Independent Variable.
2. In the experiment of determination In the experiment of determination
of value of “g” by simple of value of “g” by simple
pendulum, the mass of simple pendulum, the length of simple
pendulum is changed its time pendulum is changed and its time
period does not changes period changes accordingly.
accordingly. Therefore in the Therefore in the experiment with
experiment with simple pendulum simple pendulum, time period of
mass of simple pendulum is simple pendulum is dependent
independent variable. variable.

6. What is state of rest?

Ans: A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to its
surroundings. eg Trees are in rest with respect to a person standing on bus stop
7. Define motion.
Ans: A body is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings. eg Trees are in motion with respect to a moving bus.
8. Write names of types of motion.
Ans: a. Translatory motion (It is divided in to three types)
i. Linear motion ii. Circular motion iii. Random motion
b. Rotatory motion
c. Vibratory motion
9. Define Translatory motion.
Ans: In translational motion, a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line may
be straight or curved. eg motion of car in a straight line and motion of riders of a
Ferris wheel.
10. What is Linear motion?
Ans: Straight line motion of a body is known as its linear motion. eg motion of objects
falling vertically down.
11. Define circular motion.
Ans: The motion of an object in a circular path is known as circular motion. eg motion of a
stone tied at the end of a string when whirl.
12. What is meant by random motion?
 Physics (Class 9th)
Ans: The disordered or irregular motion of an object is called random motion. eg The
Brownian motion of a gas or Liquid molecules.
13. What is Brownian motion?
Ans: Random motion of gas molecules along a zig-zag path is called Brownian motion.

Brownian motion

14. Define Scalar quantities.

Ans: Physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude only are
known as scalar. eg mass, length, time speed, volume, work and energy, etc.
15. Define Vector quantities.
Ans: Physical quantities which are described (Completely) by their magnitude and
direction are called vectors. eg Displacement, Velocity, force, momentum and torque
etc
16. How can we represent a vector graphically?
Ans: Graphically, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow head. Length
of line according to suitable scale gives magnitude of vector and arrow shows its
direction. B

A V

Note. End of vector without arrow is called tail.

End of vector with arrow is called Head.
17. What does term position describe?
OR
What is meant by position?
Ans: The term position describes the location of a place or a point with respect to some
reference point called origin. S

H
Position of the School ‘S’ from the home ‘H’
18. How LIDAR gun can calculate the vehicle’s speed?
Ans: LIDAR gun is light detection and ranging speed gun. It uses the time taken by laser
pulse to make a series of measurements of a vehicle’s distance from the gun. The data
is then used to calculate the vehicle’s speed.
 Physics (Class 9th)

19. Draw the distance- time graph showing the constant speed.
y-axis

30

d (m)
20

10

x-axis
0 5 10 15 20
t (s)
20. Draw the distance-time graph to show that object is at rest.

d (m)

20

10

5 10 15
t (s)
21. Draw the distance time graph showing variable speed.

40
30
20
d (m)
10

5 10 15 20 -1
V (ms )
t(s)
6
22. Draw a speed – time graph showing constant speed.
4
2
 Physics (Class 9th)

23. Draw a graph to show that object is moving with uniformly changing speed.

4
-1
V (ms )
2

5 10 15 20
t (s)

24. Define gravitational acceleration.

Ans: When a body is dropped freely it falls down with an acceleration towards Earth. This
acceleration is due to gravity and is called gravitational acceleration. It is denoted by ‘g’. The
numerical value of ‘g’ is approximately 10 ms-2 near the surface of the Earth.
Chapter No. 3 Dynamics Physics (Class 9th)
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q 1. Differentiate between kinematics and dynamics.
Sr. Kinematics Dynamics
1. Kinematics is the study of motion of The branch of mechanics that deals
an object without discussing the with the study of motion of an object
causes of motion. and in which we study the cause of
its motion is called dynamics.
2. In kinematics motion of body is In dynamics motion of body is
studies without the reference of mass studied with the reference of mass
the force. and force.
Q 2. State third law and give examples.
Statement:
To every action there is always an equal but opposite reaction.
Formula:
F12 = – F12
Example:
 A book laying on a table:
The weight of the book is acting on the table in the downward direction. This is the
action. The reaction of the table acts on the book in the upward direction.
 A rocket:
A rocket moves on the same principal. When its fuel burns, hot gases escape out from
its tail with a very high speed. The reaction of these gases on the rocket causes it to
move opposite to the gases rushing out of its tail.
Q 3. What is an Atwood’s machine?
Atwood Machine:
An Atwood machine is an arrangement of two objects of equal masses attached the
ends of a string and the string passes over a frictionless pulley. This is used to find the
acceleration due to gravity.
Formula:
m1  m2
g
m1  m2
Q 4. What do you know about fragile objects?
Fragile Objects:
Fragile objects such as glass waves etc. are packed with suitable materials such as
Styrofoam rings, balls, polythene sheets with air sacks etc.
Working:
Air enclosed in the cavity of these materials makes them flexible and soft. During any
mishap, the increase the impact time on fragile objects. An increase in impact time
 Physics (Class 9th)
lowers the rate of change of momentum and hence lessens the impact of force. This
lowers the possible damage due to an accident.
Q 5. On what principal rockets and jets engines work? Explain.
Rockets and Jet Engines:
Rockets and Jet Engines also work on the same principle. In these machines, hot gases
produced by burning of fuel such out with large momentum. The machines gain an
equal and opposite momentum. This enables them to move with very high velocities.
Q 6. What are cold welds?
Cold Welds:
The contact points between the surfaces are called
cold welds.
Explanation:
A magnified view of two smooth surfaces in contact
shows the gaps and contacts between them. The contact points between the two
surfaces from a sort of cold welds. These cold welds resist the surfaces from sliding
over each other.
Q 7. Define co-efficient of friction. Write its formula and units.
Co-efficient of Friction:
The ratio between the force of limiting friction Fs and normal reaction R is constant.
This constant is called coefficient of friction.
Formula:
FS
S 
R
Units:
Because it is the ration of two forces so it has “no unit”
Q 8. Write any four advantages of friction.
Advantages of Friction:
Some of the advantages of friction are:
 It cannot be written if there would be no friction between paper and pencil.
 Friction enables us to walk on ground. We cannot run on a slippery ground because it
offers very little friction.
 Birds could not fly, if these are no air resistance. The reaction of pushed air enables
the birds to fly.
 Friction is highly desirable when climbing up a hill.
Q 9. Give some disadvantages of friction.
Disadvantages of friction:
Some of the disadvantages of friction are:
 Friction is undesirable when moving with high speeds because opposes the motion
and thus limits the speed of moving objects.
 Physics (Class 9th)
 Most of our useful energy is lost as heat and sound due to the friction between various
moving parts of machine.
 In machines, friction causes wear and tear on their moving parts.
Q 10. Define circular motion. Give examples.
Circular Motion:
The motion of an object in a circular path is known as circular motion.
Examples:
 Motion of the earth around the sun.
 Motion of a car in a circular path.
Q 11. On what factors friction depends?
Frictional force depends upon the following factors:
 Nature of surfaces in contact each other.
 Normal force or pressing force.
Q 12. What it centripetal acceleration? Writ is formula.
Centripetal Acceleration:
The acceleration is produced by the centripetal force is called as centripetal
acceleration.
Formula:
V2
ac 
r
Direction:
It is always directed towards the Centre of the circle.
Q 13. What is the different between: (i) Mas and weight, (ii) Action and Reaction,
(iii)Sliding friction and rolling friction?
(i)
Sr. Mass Weight
1. Mass of body is the quantity of matter Weight of a body is equal to the force
that it possesses. with which earth attracts the body
towards its center.
2. Mass is scalar quantity. Weight is a vector quantity.
3. Mass is measured by physical balance. Weight is measured by spring
balance.
4. Mass of body remains uniform Weight of body varies depending
everywhere. upon the value of “g”.
5. Its formula is m = f/a Its formula is w = mg.
6. Its SI units are kilogram. Its SI units are Newton.
 Physics (Class 9th)

(ii)
Sr. Action Reaction
1. A force that is exerted by 1 body A force that is exerted by 2nd body on the
st

on the 2nd body is called action. 1st body is called reaction.

2.

(iii)
Sr. Sliding Friction Rolling Friction
1. A force between the sliding objects The force of friction between a rolling
which opposes the relative motion body and the surfaces over which it rolls
between then is called sliding is called rolling friction.
friction.
2. Contact area is large in it. Contact area is less in it.
3. Sliding friction is more than rolling Rolling friction is less than sliding
friction. friction.

Q 14. State is the law of inertia?

Newton’s 1st law of motion is also called as law of inertia which states that:
A body continues its state of rest or of uniform motion is straight line provided not net
force acts on it.
Q 15. When a gun is fired, it recoils. Why?
Consider S system of a gun and a bullet. Before firing the gun, both the gun and bullet
are at rest, so the total momentum of the system is zero. As the gun is fired, bullet
shoots out of the gun and it acquires momentum. To conserve of the system the gun
recoils. As
m
V v
M
Negative sign indicates that velocity of gun is opposite to velocity of the bullet i.e. the
gun recoils.
 Physics (Class 9th)

Q 16. Describe two situations in which force of friction in needed?

There are many conditions in which friction is desirable. Two of them are given
below.
 Friction enable us to walk, on the ground. We cannot run on slippery ground. A
slippery ground offers very little friction.
Hence, anybody who tries to run on slippery ground may meet on accident.
 Friction is needed when we write. We cannot write if there would be no friction
between paper and pencil.
Q 17. What is force?
A force moves or tends to move, stops or tends to stop the motion of a body. The
force can change the direction of motion of a body Example. Pushing a door to open
and close requires force.
Q 18. Define inertia.
Inertia of a body is its property due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or
motion.
Example: If we are sitting in a car. Then on application of brakes our body moves in
forward direction due to inertia.
Q 19. Define momentum.
Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion it possesses due to its mass and
velocity.
Formula: P = m.v
where as:
m = mass of a body, P = momentum v = velocity
Unit: kgms-1 = N.s
Q 20. Prove that kgms-1 = N.s.
Take L.H.S:
kgms-1
kgms-1.s-1.s
kgms-2.s
kgms-1
Now R.H.S:
kgms-2 = N
kgms-1 = Ns
 Physics (Class 9th)
Q 21. Define one Newton force.
“1 Newton is the force that produces acceleration of 1ms-2 in a body of mass 1 kg”
Q 22. Define tension in a string.
The force acts along a string is called Tension. It in represented by ‘T’.

Q 23. What is isolated system.

“An isolated system is a group of interacting bodies on which no external force is
acting.
Q 24. Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction?
The wheel rolls without rupturing the cold welds. That is why the rolling friction is
extremely small than sliding friction.
Q 25. Why threading is designed on tyres?
OR
Why friction between wheel and ground is desirable?
The wheel would not roll on pushing it if there would be no friction between the
wheel and the ground. Also due to small friction here is a chance of slipping on wet road.
The threading on tyres is designed to increase friction. Thus threading improves road grip
and make it safer to drive even on wet road.
Q 26. What is meant by centrifugal force?
According to Newton’s third law of motion, there is an equal and opposite outward
reaction of centripetal force that is called centrifugal force.
Q 27. What provides centripetal force in case of coaster cars?
While the coaster carts moves around the loop, the tracks provides centripetal force
preventing them to move away from the circle.
Q 28. Why is it dangerous to travel on the roof of a bus.
It is dangerous to travel on the roof of a bus because when bus turns around, stops or
suddenly speeds up, the passengers on the roof of bus cannot maintain their balance due
to inertia. They may fall on either ahead or behind or left right side.
Q 29. Why does a passenger move outward when bus takes a turn.
When bus takes a sharp turn, passenger falls in the outward direction. It is due to
inertia. That he wants to continue his motion in a straight line and thus falls outwards.
Q 30. How can you relate a force with the change of momentum of a body.
When force acts on a body, It produces acceleration in the body and will be equal to
the rate of change of momentum of the body.
Mathematically;
Pf  Pi
F
t
Q 31. Action and reaction are always equal and opposite. Then how does a body moves.
The body will move because these two force are acting on two different bodies.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Q 32. A horse pushes the cart. If the action and reaction are equal and opposite, then
how does the cart move?
A horse pushes the cart because action and reaction forces act on the two different
bodies.

Q 33. Why is the law of conservation of momentum important.

We can explain the importance of law of conservation of momentum by considering
the following examples. In Rockets and Jet engines, hot gases produced by burning of fuel
are rush out with large momentum. In order to conserve momentum they gain an equal and
opposite momentum. This enables them to move with very high velocities.
Q 34. How does oiling the moving parts of a machine lowers friction?
Oiling the moving parts of a machine lowers friction by reducing roughness between
the parts of machine.
Q 35. What is skidding of vehicles?
To stop a car quickly, a large force of friction between the tyres and the road is
needed. But there is a limit to this force of friction that tyres can provide. If brakes are
applied too strongly, car wheels stop turning and car will skid (lose directional control)
due to its large momentum
Q 36. What is meant by banking of road?
The car would skid if the force of friction between the tyres and the road is not
sufficient enough particularly when roads are wet. This problem is solved by banking of
curved roads. Banking of a road means that the outer edge of a road is raised. It causes a
components of vehicle’s weight to provides necessary centripetal force while taking a turn.
Q 37. What is washing machine dryer?
It is basket spinner, with perforated walls. When it spins at high speed, the water from
wet clothes is forced out through these holes due to lack of centripetal force.
Q 38. What is a Cream separator?
It is a high speed spinner. It works on principle of centrifuge machines. The skimmed
milk which is denser than cream is collected at the outer wall of the bowl. The eighter part
(cream) is pushed towards the centre from where it is collected through a pipe.
Q 39. What is a braking force?
It can be explained by following two examples. As soon as brakes of cycle are
applied, the wheels stop rolling and begin to slide over a road, since sliding friction is much
greater than rolling friction. So cycle stops very quickly. In order to reduce the chance of
skidding, it is advisable not to apply brakes too hard that lock up their rolling motion
especially at high speeds.
Q 40. When a gun is fired it recoils why?
It recoils in order to conserve momentum
 Physics (Class 9th)
LONG QUESTIONS
Q 1. State and explain second law of motion.
Newton’s second law of motion
Statement:
When a net force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body in the
direction of net force. The magnitude of this acceleration is directly proportional to the
net force acting on the body and inversely proportion to its mass.
Formula:
F = ma
Proof:
If a force produces an acceleration ‘a’ in a body of mas ‘m’ then we can state
mathematically that
a  F ……… (i)
and
1
a ………. (ii)
m
Combing both equation 1 and 2.
F
Or a
m
Or F  ma
Replacing sign of proportionality
F = Constant × ma
F = Kma
In SI Units, the value of k comes out to be 1.
Hence,
F = ma
This is the mathematically form of Newton’s Second law of motion.
One Newton:
The SI unit of force is newton (N).
Definition:
One newton (1N) is the force that produces an acceleration of 1ms–2 in a body of mass
1 kg.
Mathematically:
1N = 1kg × 1ms–1
Or 1N = 1kgms–2
 Physics (Class 9th)
Q 2. Calculate the tension in the string and acceleration produces in the moving
bodies when two bodies connected by the string that passes over the frictionless
pulley?
Consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively. Let m1 is greater
than m2. The bodies are attached to the opposite ends of an inextensible string. The
string passes over a frictionless pulley as show it figure.
The body “A” being heavier must be moving downward with some acceleration. Let
this acceleration ‘a’. At the same time, the body “B” attached to the other end of the
string moves up with the some acceleration “a”.
As the pulley is frictionless, hence, tension will be the same throughout the string. Let
the tension in the string be “T”.
Net Force acting on Body “A”
As the body A is moving downward so,
Net force = larger force – smaller force
F = m1g – T
According to Second law of motion
F = ma
So,
m1a = m1g – T …………. (i)
Net force acting on body “B”
As the body is B is moving upward
So,
Net force = Large fore – smaller force
F = T – m2g
According to second law of motion
F = ma
So,
m2a = T – m2g ………….. (ii)
Calculation of Acceleration:
By adding equation (i) and (ii)
m1a + m2a = m1g – T + T – m2g
m1a + m2a = m1g – m2g
(m1 + m2) × a = (m1 – m2) × g
(m1  m2 )
a g
(m1  m2 )
Calculation of Tension
Putting the value of acceleration in equation (ii)
 Physics (Class 9th)
(m1  m2 )
m2 g  T  m2 g
(m1  m2 )
(m1  m2 )
m2 g  T  m2 g
(m1  m2 )
(m1  m2 )
T  m2 g  m2 g
(m1  m2 )
Taking “m2g” common
 (m  m2 ) 
T  m2 g  1  1
 (m1  m2 ) 
 2m 
T  m2 g  
 m1  m2 
[ ]
( )
2m1m2
T g
(m1  m2 )
Q 3. Calculate tension in the string and acceleration produced in the moving bodies
when two bodies attached to the ends of the string that passes over the frictionless
pulley such that one body moves vertically and the other moves a smooth horizontal
surface?
Consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively to the ends of an
inextensible string as show in figure. Let the body a moves downward with an
acceleration a. Since the string is inextensible therefore, body B also moves over the
horizontal surface with the same acceleration a. as the pulley is frictionless, hence
tension T will be the same throughout the string.
Net force acting on body “A”
As the body A is moving downward So,
Net force = large force – small force
F = m 1g – T
According to second law of motion
F = ma
So,
m1a = m1g – T ……….. (i)
Net force acting of “B”
The force acting on body “B” is:
(i) Weight m2g of the body to acting downward.
(ii) Reaction R of the horizontal surface action of body “B” in the upward
direction.
 Physics (Class 9th)
(iii) Tension “T” in the string pulling the body “B” horizontal over the smooth
surface.
As body B has no vertical motion, hence resultant of vertical forces (m2g and R) must
be Zero.
As the body “B” is moving upward so,
Net force = T
F=T
According to motion:
F = ma
So,
m2a = T ………(ii)
Calculation of Acceleration
Putting the value of acceleration in equation (2)

( )

( )
Calculation of Tension
Putting the value of acceleration

( )
Q 4. How can you relate a force with change of momentum of a body?
Relation between force and momentum
When a force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body and will be equal to
the rate of change of momentum of the body.
Derivation
Suppose a force “F” increases the velocity of a body of mass “m” form “vi” to “vs”
during the time “t”.
Then, change in momentum = Final momentum – Initial momentum
Pf – Pi = mvf – mvi
Thus the rate of change in momentum is given by
Pf  Pi mvf  mvi

t t
Pf  Pi mvf  mvi

t t
Pf  Pi vf  vi
m
t t
As,
 Physics (Class 9th)
vf  vi
a
t
So,
Pf  Pi
 ma
t
According to Newton’s second law of motion.
F = ma
So,
Pf  Pi
F
t
P
F
t
Rate of change in momentum = Applied force
Q 5. State and explain the law of conservation of linear momentum.
Statement
The momentum of an isolated system of two or more than two interacting bodies
remains same.
Mathematical Expression
m1u1 + m2u2= m1v1 + m2v2
Isolated system:
An isolated system is a group of interacting bodies on which no external force is
acting.
Derivation
Consider an isolated system of two spheres masses m1 and m2 as shown in
figure.
They are moving in a straight line with initial velocities u1and u2respectively,
such that u1is greater than u2. Sphere of mass m1 approaches the sphere of mass
m2 as they more. After sometime mass m1 hits m2 with some force.
According to Newton’s third law of motion m1 exerts an equal and opposite
reaction force on m1. Let their velocities become v1 and v2 respectively after
collision.
Total Momentum before collision:
Momentum of mass m1 = m1u1
Also;
Momentum of mass m2 = m2u2
Total momentum of system before collision = m1v1 + m2v2
 Physics (Class 9th)

Total Momentum after collision:

Momentum of mass m1 = m1v1
Also;
Momentum of mass m2 = m2v2
Total momentum of system after collision = m1v1 + m2v2
Hence,
According to the law of conservation of momentum
[Total momentum of the system before collision] = [total momentum the system after collision]
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Application of Law of Conservation of Momentum
Law of conservation of momentum is very much important because it is
applicable on all objects in the universe either larger or smaller. This law has
vast applications. According to this law the momentum of an isolated system of
two or more than two interacting bodies remains same.
Recoil of Gun
Consider a system of gun and bullet. Before firing the gum, both the gun and
bullet are at rest, so the total momentum of the system is zero. As the gun is
fired, bullet shoots out of the gun and acquire momentum. To conserve
momentum of the system, the gun recoils. According to the law of conservation
of momentum, the total momentum of the gun and the bullet will be zero after
the gum fired. Let m be the mass of the bullet and v be its velocity on firing the
gun; M be after the mass of the gun and V be the velocity with which it recoils.
Thus the total momentum of the gun and the bullet after the gun is fired will be;
[Total momentum of the system before firing] = MV + mv
According to the law of conservation of momentum:
[Total momentum of the system before firing] = [ Total momentum of the system after firing]
MV + mv = 0
Or MV = –mv
Hence
m
V v
M
Equation gives the velocity v of the gun. Negative sign indicates that velocity
of the gun is opposite to the velocity of the bullet i.e., the gun recoils. Since
mass of the gun is much larger than the bullet, therefore the recoil is much
smaller than the velocity of the bullet.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Rockets and jet engines:
Rockets and jet engines also work on the same principle. In these machines, hot
gases produced by burning of fuel such out with large momentum. The
machines given an equal and opposite momentum. This enables then to move
with very high velocities.
Q 6. Define friction. Describe its cause and explain its different types.
Force of Friction
Definition:
The force that opposes the motion of moving objects is called friction.
Unit:
Its SI Units are Newton.
Direction:
It is always opposite to the direction of motion.
Dependence
Frictional force depends upon the following factors.
 Nature of surfaces in contacts each other.
 Normal force or pressing force.
Cause of friction
No surface is perfectly smooth. A surface that appears smooth has pits and bumps that
can be seen under a microscope. A magnified view of two smooth surfaces in contact
shows the gaps and contact between them. The contact points between the two
surfaces from a sort of cold welds. These welds resist the surface from sliding over
each other.
Types
There are following types of friction:
 Static Friction.
 Limiting Friction.
 Kinetic Friction.
 Sliding Friction.
 Rolling Friction.
 Static Friction
The resisting force between the two surfaces before the motion starts is called stalic
friction. It is denoted by FS.
 Limiting Friction
The maximum of force of static friction is called liming friction. It denoted by
FS(max).
 Kinetic Friction:
 Physics (Class 9th)
The fore of friction that operates during the movement is called kinetic friction. It is
denoted by Fk.
 Sliding Friction:
This is the friction produced by sliding the surfaces of one object on the other is called
rolling friction.
 Derivation
Limiting friction increases with the increase in normal force. So,
FS  R
FS = Constant × R
FS = µR
Where µ is called as co-efficient of friction.
Coefficient of Friction
The ration between the force of limiting friction FS and normal reaction R is constant.
This constant is called coefficient of friction.

Formula:
FS
S 
R
Units
Because it is the ratio of two forces so it has “No unit”
Q 7. Define the terms centripetal force and centripetal acceleration. Also derive their
expression.
Centripetal Force
Definition:
The force which keeps the body to move in a circular path is called the centripetal.
Formula:
mv 2
FC 
r
Direction
It is always directed toward the centre of the circle:
Explanation:
Consider a body tied at the end of a string
moving with uniform speed In a circular
path. A body has the tendency to move in a
straight line due to inertia. The string to
which the body is tied keeps it to move in a
circle by pulling the body towards the centre of the circle. The string pulls the body
perpendicular to its motion as show in figure. This pulling force continuously changes
the direction of motion and remains towards the centre of the circle. This centre
 Physics (Class 9th)
seeking force is called centripetal force. It keeps the body to move in a circle
centripetal force always acts perpendicular to the motion of the body.
Derivation:
Let a body of mass “m” moves with uniform speed “v” in a circle of radius “r” as
show in figure.
Greater the mass of object greater the centripetal force required
So,
Fc  m ………… (i)
Greater the velocity of object greater the centripetal force required. So,
FC  v2 ………… (ii)
Lesser the radius of circle greater then centripetal force required. So,
1
FC  ……….. (iii)
r
Combining equation (i), (ii) and (iii)
mv 2
FC 
r`
mv 2
FC  Cons tan t 
r
mv 2
FC 
r
Centripetal Acceleration:
The acceleration is produced by the centripetal force called as centripetal acceleration.

Direction
It is always directed towards the centre of the circle.

Formula
According to Newton’s second law of motion.
FC = nac
Putting the value of centripetal force (FC) in above equation:
mv 2
 mac
r
v2
ac 
r
Q 8. Write a detailed note on applications of centripetal force.
Application of Centripetal Force
Centripetal force has vast applications but some of them are discusses below:
 Banking of the roads
 Washing machine dryer
 Physics (Class 9th)
 Cream separator
 Banking of Road:
Definition
The out edge of the curved road is elevated / raised to prevent the skidding. This is
called as banking of road.
Explanation:
Baking of road causes of component of vehicles weight to provide the necessary
centripetal force while taking a turn. Thus banking of roads prevents skidding of
vehicle and makes the driving safe.
 Washing machine Dryer
Definition
The dryer of a washing machine is basket spinners. They have a perforated wall
having large numbers of fine holes in the cylindrical rotors.
Principle
It works on the principle of centrifuge.
Working
The lid of the cylindrical container is closed after putting wet cloths in it. Spinner of
washing machine is made to spin at a very high speed because when it spins at high
speed, the water from wet cloth is forced out through these holes due to lack of
centripetal force.
 Cream Separator
Definition
Most modern plants use a separator to control the fat contents of various products. A
separator is a high-speed spinner.
Principle
It works on the principle centrifuge.
Working
The bowl spins at very high speed causing the heavier contents of milk to move
outward in the bowl pushing the lighter contents inward towards the spinning axis.
Cream or butter fats are lighter than other components in milk. Therefore, skimmed
milk, which is denser than cream is collected at the outer wall of the bowl. The lighter
part (cream) is pushed towards the center from where it is collected through a pipe.
Q 9. Define centrifuged force.
According to Newton third law of motion,
Every action have equal reaction but opposite in direction. Centrifugal force is the
reaction force of centripetal force.
Direction: Its always directed out wards the center of the circle.
Chapter No. 4 Turning effect of Forces Physics (Class 9th)
SHORT QUESTIONS

Q 1. What are parallel forces? Name its types.

Parallel Forces:
If a number of forces act on a body such that their points of action are different but
lines of action are parallel to each other, these forces are called parallel forces
Example
In the given figure the forces F1, F2 and F3 are parallel forces.
Types:
There are two types of parallel forces.
 Like parallel forces.
 Unlike parallel forces.
Q 2. Define head to tail rule. Give example.
Head to tail rule
In order to get the resultant of two or more vectors; draw the representative lines of
the given vectors in such a way that the head of one coincides with the tail of other.
The straight line is draw by joining the tail of first vector to the head of the last one;
give the resultant vector of these vectors. The direction of this resultant vector is
directed from tail of first vector to the head of last one.
This method is known as head to tail rule of vector addition.
Example
In the given figure vector A is added into vector B which results in the form of vector
R.
Q 3. What are conditions for equilibrium?
Condition for equilibrium:
A body at rest or in uniform motion is in equilibrium if the resultant force acting on it
is zero. For a body in equilibrium, it must satisfy certain conditions
 First condition for equilibrium ΣF = 0 and Σfx = 0 and Σ fy = 0
 Second condition for equilibrium = Στ = 0
Q 4. Define neutral equilibrium. Given an example.
Neutral Equilibrium
If a body remains in its new position when disturbed from its previous position, it is
said to be in a state of neutral equilibrium.
Example:
A ball placed on a horizontal surface.
Effect of the height of C.G.
In neutral equilibrium all the new states in which a body is
moved are the stable states and the body, remains in its
new state. In neutral equilibrium the centre of gravity of
 Physics (Class 9th)
the body remains at the same height, irrespective to its new position.
Q 5. Define stable equilibrium. Given an example.
Stable Equilibrium
A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if after a
slight title it returns to its previous position.
Example:
A book lying on a table.
“Effect on the height of C.G.”
When a body is in stable equilibrium, its centre of gravity is at the lowest position.
When it is titled, its centre of gravity rises. It returns to its table state by lowering its
centre of gravity. A body remains in stable equilibrium as long as the through the base
of the body.
Q 6. Define unstable equilibrium. Give an example.
Unstable equilibrium:
If a body does not return to its previous position when sets free
after a slightest tilt is said to be in unstable equilibrium.
Example:
A pencil balanced at its tip.
Effect on the height of C.G.
The centre of gravity of the body is at its highest position in the state of unstable
equilibrium. As the body topples over about its base (tip), its centre of gravity moves
towards its lower position and does not return to its previous position.
Q 7. Define the following.
(i) Resultant Vector
(ii) Torque
(iii) Centre of Mass
(iv) Centre of Gravity
(i) Resultant Vector
Definition
A resultant vector is a single vector that has the same effect as the combined effect of
all the vectors to be added.
Or
Representation of all the vectors into a single vector is known as Resultant vector.
(ii) Torque
Definition
The turning effect of a force is called torque or moment of a force.
Formula
Its formula is τ = F × L
Units
 Physics (Class 9th)
Its SI units are Nm.
Quantity
It is a vector quantity.
(iii) Centre of Mass
Definition
Centre of mass of a system is such a point where an applied force causes system to
move without rotation.
Importance
It plays an important role in stability. Lower the centre of mass greater is the stability
and vice versa.
(iv) Centre of Gravity
Definition
A point where the whole weight of the body appears to act vertically downward is
called centre of gravity of a body.
Examples:
 Centre of gravity of uniform square is point of intersection of diagonals.
 Centre of gravity of uniform circular ring is the centre of the ring.
Differentiate the following:
i. Like and unlike forces. ii. Torque and couple. iii. Stable and neutral equilibrium

(i)
Sr. Like Forces Unlike Forces
1. Like parallel forces are the forces Unlike parallel forces are the forces
that are parallel to each other and that are parallel but have opposite
have the same direction. direction.
2. In the figure F1 and F2 are like In the figure F1 and F2 are unlike
parallel forces. parallel forces
(ii)
Sr. Torque Couple
1. The turning effect of a force is A couple is formed by two unlike
called torque or moment of force. parallel forces of the same magnitude
but not along the same line. (but
opposite in direction)
2. To produce a torque we need only To produce a couple we need two
one force at least. unlike parallel forces at least.
3. The SI unit of torque is “Nm”. The SI unit of couple is “Nm”
4. Turning pencil in a sharpener, Steering of wheel, double arm spanner
turning stop cock of water tap and etc. are some examples of couple.
turning doorknob etc are some of
 Physics (Class 9th)
examples of torque.

(iii)
Sr. Stable equilibrium Neutral equilibrium
1. A body is said to be in stable If a body remains in its new position
equilibrium if after a slight title it when disturbed from its previous
returns to its previous position. positon, it is said to be in state of
neutral equilibrium.
2. On tilting the C.G. of body is raised On distributing the C.G. of body
up from its original position. remains at the same height, irrespective
to its new position.
3. A book placed on the table The rolling ball is an example of
horizontally of stable equilibrium. neutral equilibrium.

Q 8. How head to tail rule helps to find the resultant of forces?

Head to Tail Rule:
Head to tail rule helps to find the resultant forces. Method is given as.
Step 1
Select a suitable scale and draw the representative lines of vector to be added.
Step 2
Join head to first vector to the tail of second.
Step 3
Draw a vector from the tail of first vector to head of second vector called resultant
vector.
Q 9. Define resultant force.
A resultant force is a single force that has the same effect as the combined effect of all
the forces to be added.
Q 10. What is head to tail rule?
It is a graphical method of vector addition. In this method vectors are redrawn in such
a way that head of first vector coincides with the tail of the next vector. The resultant
vector is obtained by joining the tail of the first vector with the head of the last vector by
a line. Length of the line according to suitable scale represents the magnitude of resultant
vector. Its direction is from tail of first vector to the head of Last vector.
Q 11. What is meant by trigonometric ratios?
The ratios between any two sides of a right angled triangle are called trigonometric
ratios.
These ratios are given certain names. Such as sine, cosine, etc. In ABC
Sin = Perpendicular

BC
Hypotenuse AB
 Physics (Class 9th)

Base AC
Cos = 
Hypotenuse AB
Perpendicular Bc
tan  = 
Base Ac
Q 12. Define perpendicular components of a force.
If a force splits up in to two mutually perpendicular components then such
components are called its perpendicular Components.
Y
A

F
Fy

Fx B

Fx and Fy are perpendicular components of F.

Q 13. How can the magnitudes of forces Fx and Fy and F be found? Also write the
formula to find direction of F with x- axis.
Fx = F Cos 
Fy = F Sin  F
Fy
Fx  Fy
2 2
F =
Fy
 = tan 1
Fx Fx

Q 14. In a right angled triangle length of base is 4cm and its perpendicular is 3 cm.
Find
i. Length of hypotenuse
Hyp 2  Base2   perp2
hyp  Base  Perp
2 2

 4cm2  3cm2
 16cm 2  9cm 2  25cm 2 hyp  5cm
perp 3cm
ii. Sin    0.6
Hyp 5cm
Base 4cm
iii. Cos    0.8
Hyp 5cm
Perp 3cm
iv. tan     0.75
Base 4cm
 Physics (Class 9th)

Q 15. Define rigid body.

A rigid body is the one that is not deformed by force or forces acting on it.

Q 16. Define axis of rotation.

Consider a rigid body rotating about a line. The particles of the body move in circles
with their centers all lying on this line. This line is called the axis of rotation of the body.
Q 17. What is moment arm?
The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of action of the
force is called the moment arm of the force. Represented by L.

Q 18. State principle of moments.

According to the principle of moments, the sum of clockwise moments acting on a
body in equilibrium is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments acting on it
Q 19. How can we calculate torque produced by a couple?
Torque produced by couple is given by product of one of the two forces and the
perpendicular distance between them.
F

Note: Couple produces

B O turning effect in a body.

F Spanner

Torque of the couple = F x AB

Q 20. What is equilibrium? OR When a body is said to be in equilibrium?
A body is said to be in equilibrium if no net force acts on it.
Q 21. Why vehicles are made heavy at the bottom?
Vehicles are made heavy at the bottom. This lowers their centre of gravity and helps
to increase their stability.
Q 22. How do you know whether a body is in the state of stable or unstable equilibrium
due to the position of its Center of gravity?
 Physics (Class 9th)
On disturbing the object, if its centre of gravity becomes lower than the initial state,
then the object will be in the state of unstable equilibrium. However, if on disturbing the
object, the centre of gravity becomes higher than the initial state, then the body will be in the
state of stable equilibrium.

Q 23. Where the centre of gravity of symmetrical shaped objects lies?

The centre of gravity of symmetrical shaped objects can be found from their
geometry. It is always at centre of symmetry of such objects.
 Physics (Class 9th)
LONG QUESTIONS
Q 1. Write a detailed not on resolution of forces?
Resolution of Forces
Definition
Splitting up of a force into two mutually perpendicular components it’s called
resolution of that force.
Component
A part of vector which is effect in a particular direction is called component of vector.
Rectangular components.
Those components which are mutually perpendicular to each other are called the
rectangular components.
Explanation:
Consider a force “F” represented by line OA making an angle θ
with x – axis as shown in figure. Draw a perpendicular AB on x –
axis from A. Now according to head to tail rule OA is the resultant
of vectors represented by OB and BA.
Thus
OA = OB + AB
The component OB and BA are perpendicular to each other. They are called the
rectangular components of OA representing force F. Hence OB represents its F x and
BA represents its y- Component Fy.
Therefore;
F = Fx + F y
Horizontal component of Force (Fx)
In right angle triangle OBA
Base
Cos 
Hypotenuse
OB
Cos 
OA
F
Cos  x
F
FCos  Fx
Or
Fx = F Cosθ
Vertical Component of Force (Fr)
In right angle triangle
OBA
Perpendicular
Sin 
Hypotenuse
 Physics (Class 9th)
AB
Sin 
OA
Fy
Sin 
F
Sin  Fy
Or
Fy = FSinθ
Magnitude of Resultant Force (F)
Apply Pythagoras theorem in right angle triangle OBA
(Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2
(OA)2 = (OB)2 + (AB)2
F 2  Fx 2  FY 2
Taking square of root both sides
F 2  Fx 2  FY 2
F  Fx    FY 
2 2

Direction of resultant force

In right angle triangle of OBA
Perpendicular
tan  
Base
AB
tan  
OB
Fy
tan  
Fx
AB
tan  
OB
 Physics (Class 9th)
Q 2. Explain what is meant by stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium. Give one
example in each case.
Sates of Equilibrium
There are three states of equilibrium
 Stable equilibrium
 Unstable equilibrium
 Neutral equilibrium
A body may be in one of these three states of equilibrium.
Stable Equilibrium
Definition
A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if
after the slight tilt it return to its previous
position.
Example
Consider a block as show in figure. When the block is tilted, its centre of gravity G
rises. If the vertical line through G passes through its base in the tilted position as
shown in figure.
(b) The lock returns to its previous position. If the vertical line through G gets out of
its base as show in figure.
(c) The block does not return to its previous position. It topple over its base and moves
to new stable equilibrium position.
Effect on the height of C.G.
When a body is in stable equilibrium, its centre of gravity is at the lowest position.
When it is titled, its centre of gravity rises. It returns to its stable state by lowering its
centre of gravity. A body remains in stable equilibrium as long as the centre of gravity
acts through the base of the body.
Unstable Equilibrium
Definition
If a body does not return to its previous position when sets free
after a slightest tilt is said to be in unstable equilibrium.
Example
A pencil balanced at its tip.
Explanation
Consider of pencil and try to keep it in the vertical position on its tip as shown in
figure. Whenever you leave it the pencil topples over about its tip and fall down. This
is called the unstable equilibrium. In unstable equilibrium a body may be made to stay
only for a moment. Thus a body is unable to keep itself in the state of unstable
equilibrium.
 Physics (Class 9th)

Effect on the height of C.G.

The centre of gravity of the body is at its highest position in the state of unstable
equilibrium. The body topples over about its base (tip), its centre of gravity moves
towards its lower position and does not return to its previous position.
Neutral Equilibrium
Definition
If a body remains in its new position when disturbed
from its previous position, it is said to be in a state of
neutral equilibrium.
Example
A ball placed on a horizontal surface.
Explanation
Consider a ball and place it on a horizontal surface as shown in figure. Role the ball
over the surface and leave it after displacing from its previous position. This is called
neutral equilibrium.
Effect on the height of C.G.
In neutral equilibrium, all the new states in which a body is moved, are the stable
states and the body, remain in its new states. In neutral equilibrium, the centre of
gravity of the body remains at the same height, irrespective to its new position.
Chapter No. 5 Gravitation Physics (Class 9th)
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q 1. What is relation between gravitational law and Newton’s third law of motion?
It is to be noted that mass m1 attracts m2 towards it with a force F while mass m2
attracts m1 with a force of the same magnitude F but in opposite direction if the acting
on m1 is considered as action the force actin on m2 will be reaction. The action and
reaction due to force of gravitation are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
This is in consistence with Newton’s third law of motion which states, to every action
there is always on equal but opposite reaction.
Q 2. What is gravitational field?
Gravitational Field:
The filed around the earth in which other bodies feel force / pull of earth is called
gravitational field.
Explanation:
It is assumed that gravitational field exists all around the earth. This field is directed to
the centre of the earth. The gravitational field is weaker and weaker as we go farther
and farther away from the earth and it becomes stranger as we go near to the centre of
earth.
Q 3. Define altitude?
Altitude:
Altitude is the height of an object or place above sea level.
Q 4. What are satellites? name their types?
Satellite
An object that revolves around a planet is called satellite.
Types:
There are mainly two types of satellite:
 Natural Satellites
 Artificial Satellites
Q 5. Define natural Satellites.
Natural Satellites:
Satellites which natural exist in the universe are called as natural satellites.
Example:
The moon revolves around the earth so moon is a natural satellite of earth.
Q 6. What are artificial satellites? Write some of their uses?
Artificial Satellites:
Scientists have sent many objects into space. Some of these objects revolve around the
earth. These are called artificial satellites:
 Physics (Class 9th)
Uses:
Artificial satellites are used for:
Word wide communication Weather observation
Navigation Purposes Military Purposes

Q 7. What do you know about geostationary orbits?

Geostationary Obits:
Communication satellite takes 24 hours to complete their one revolution around the
earth. Earth also completes its one rotation about its axis in 24 hours, hence, this
communication satellite to be stationary with respect to earth. It is due to this reason
that the orbit of such a satellite is called geostationary orbit.
Q 8. What is GPS? Explain.
Global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite navigation system. It helps us to find the
exact positon of an object anywhere on the land, on the sea or in the air, GPS consists
of 24 earth satellite. These satellites revolve around the earth twice a day with a speed
of 3.87 kms–1.
Q 9. Define orbital velocity?
Orbital velocity:
It is the velocity of a satellite which moves around the earth at a specific height.
Formula:
Vo  gh ( R  h)
Q 10. On which factors the orbital speed of a satellite depends?
As we know that
Vo  gh ( R  h)
So, we can say that orbital speed depends upon
 The gravitation acceleration
 Distance between the center of the earth and satellite ( R + h)
Q 11. Why communication satellites are stationed at geostationary orbits?
Geostationary satellites take 24 hours to complete their one revolution around the
earth. As earth also completes its one rotation about its axis in 24 hours. Hence, these
geostationary satellites appear to be stationary with respect to earth.
Q 12. On what factors value of ‘g’ on the surface of a celestial object depends?
Value of ‘g’ on the surface of a celestial object depends on its mass and its radius, e.g.
value of g on Sun is 274.2 ms-2 and on Mercury is 3.7 ms-2
Q 13. Do you attract the earth or the earth attracts you? Which one is attracting with a
larger force? Your or the earth.
 Physics (Class 9th)
We attract the earth and earth also attracts us with the same force of gravitation given
by Newton’s Law of gravitation. These two forces are action and reaction forces. So these
are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Q 14. What is a field force?
OR
How can you say that gravitational force is a field force?
Gravitational force is a non contact force. For example, the velocity of a body, thrown
up, goes on decreasing while on return its velocity goes on increasing. This is due to the
gravitational pull of the earth acting on the body whether the body is in contact with the
earth or not. Such a force is called the field force.
Q 15. Why law of gravitation is important to us?
Gravitational force between body and earth given by this Law is equal to weight of
this body.
Mass of earth & moon can be determined by Newton’s Law of gravitation.
Motion of satellites can be explained with help of this Law.
Q 16. Can you determine the mass of our moon? If yes, then what you need to know?
Yes, mass of moon can be determined by Newton’s Law of gravitation, using the
formula:
R2m gm
Mm 
G
So we need: Rm = Radius of moon
gm = Value of gravitational acceleration on moon
G = Universal Constant of gravitation.
i.e. equal to 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2Kg-2
Q 17. Why does the value of ‘g’ vary from place to place?
OR
Explain how the value of ‘g’ varies with altitude.
Value of ‘g’ depends on the distance of the body from the centre of earth given as R + h.
i.e.
Me
gh  G
( R  h) 2
‘g’ decreases with altitude. Altitude is the height of an object or place above sea level.
The value of ‘g’ is greater at sea level than the hills
Q 18. How Newton’s Law of gravitation helps in understanding the motion of
Satellites?
The gravitational force of attraction between the satellite and the earth provides the
necessary centripetal force. To move satellite around earth. This force is given by
Newton’s Law of gravitation and then by determining its orbital velocity, motion of a
satellite can be explained using this equation. Vo  g h ( R  h )
 Physics (Class 9th)

Q 19. Why Communication Satellites are stationed at geostationary orbits?

Communication Satellites are stationed at geostationary orbits, due to this these
satellites appears to be stationary with respect to earth. So Dish antennas sending and
receiving the signals from them have fixed direction depending upon their location on the
earth.
 Physics (Class 9th)
LONG ANSWER QUESTION
Q 1. Explain the law of gravitation?
Law of Gravitation
Statement:
Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between their centers.
Mathematical Expression:
m1m2
F G
d2
Explanation:
Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2.
The distance between the centers of masses
is d as show in figure.

Derivation:
According to the law of gravitation the gravitational force of attraction F with which
the two masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance d attract each other is given by
F  m1m2
1
F 
d2
m1m2
F 
d2
m1m2
F  Constant ×
d2
m1m2
F  G
d2
Gravitation Universal of Gravitation
Definition
It is equal to the force of gravitation between the two objects having mass 1 kg each
and separated by a distance of 1 meter.
Value
Its value is same everywhere. It is unit its value is 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2Kg–2 .
Weakest force:
Gravitational force is the weakest force due to small value of G, the gravitational force
of attraction between objects around us is very small and we do not feel it.
Q 2. Write a detailed note on variation of “g” with attitude?
Variation of “g” with Altitude:
 Physics (Class 9th)
The value of g is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the earth and
hence, obeys the inverse square law.
Case 1:
Consider a body is placed at the surface of earth. According of law of gravitation the
value of gravitational acceleration is
GM
g ………. (1)
R2
Explanation:
The above equation shows that the value of acceleration due to gravity g depends on
the radius of earth at its surface. Strictly speaking the earth is elliptical so its radius is
not uniform through the periphery of earth. Its radius s is less at poles so the value of g
is greater at poles and vice versa.
Case 2:
Consider a body of mass “m” at an altitude ‘h’ as shown in figure the distance of the
body form the center of the earth becomes (R + h).
Therefore:
GM
gh  ………. (2)
 R  h
2

Altitude:
Altitude is the height of an object or place above sea level.
Explanation:
According to this equation, it is clear that a height / altitude value of g will decrease.
The value of g is greater at sea level than at the hills. This is the reason that our weight
is less at mountains.
Derivation”
As we know that
GM
g
R2
gR 2  GM
Putting the value of “GM” in equation (2)
GR 2
gh 
 R  h
2

This equation clearly shows the relation between value of g at surface and value of g h
at altitude.
Conclusion:
According to the above equation, we come to know that at a height equal to one earth
radius above the surface of the earth, g becomes one fourth of its values on the earth.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Similarly at a distance of two earth’s radius above the earth surface, the value of g
becomes one ninth of its value on the earth.

Q 3. How the mass of earth can be determined?

“Mass of Earth”
Consider a body mass ‘m’ on the surface of the earth be me and radius of the earth is
‘R’. The distance of body from centre of earth will also be equal to radius ‘R’ of earth.
Derivation
According to law of gravitation
m1m2
F G
d2
From the above figure
mM e
F G
R2
According to Newton’s second law of motion
F = ma
Also,
w = mg
Putting the value of ‘w’ in equation
mM e
mg  G
R2
GM
g  2c
R
By cross multiplication
gR 2  GM e
gR 2
Me 
G
Determination of value of mass of earth
We know that
g = 10ms–2
R = 6.4 × 106m
G = 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2Kg–2
gR 2
Me 
G
Putting the values in the above equation

Me 

10  6.4  106 
2

6.673  1011
Me = 6.0 × 1024kg
 Physics (Class 9th)
Thus, the mass of equation is approximately equal to
6.0 × 1024 kg

Q 4. Write a detailed note on artificial satellites?

Artificial Satellites:
Satellite:
An object that revolves around a planet is called a satellite.
Types:
There are mainly two types of satellites.
 Natural satellites.
 Artificial Satellites.
Natural Satellites:
Satellites which naturally exist in the universe are called as natural satellites.
Example:
The moon revolves around the earth so moon is natural satellites of the earth.
Artificial satellites:
Scientists have sent many objects into space. Some of these objects resolve around the
earth. These are called artificial satellites.
Example:
Geostationary satellites or communication satellites are examples of artificial
satellites.
Importance:
Artificial satellites are used for:
 Worldwide communication.
 Navigation purpose
 Weather observation.
 Military Purposes.
Motion of Artificial Satellite
A satellite requires centripetal force that keeps it to move around the earth. The
gravitational force of attraction between the satellite and the earth provides the
necessary centripetal force.
Orbital Velocity:
It is the velocity of a satellite which moves around the earth at a specific height.
Formula:
Vo  g h  R  h 
Derivation:
 Physics (Class 9th)
Consider a satellite of mass “m” revolving around the earth with an altitude of ‘h’ in
an orbit of radius ‘ro” with orbital velocity “vo”.
The necessary centripetal force required by the satellite is provided by the
gravitational force of attraction between the earth and satellite. So,
Fc = Fg
mv 2 GMm

R  h  R  h 2
GM
v2 
Rh
Taking square root on both sides:
GM
v2 
Rh
GM
v
Rh
GM
vo  ……………. (1)
Rh
As we know that
GM
gh 
R2
g h Ro 2  GM …………… (2)
Putting the value of GM in equation ……… (1)
g h Ro 2
vo 
Ro
vo  g n Ro
Or vo  g h  R  h 
When satellite is at attitude ‘h’ from the surface of earth.
Calculation:
For low orbiting satellite
Ro  R  h  R
vo  gR
g  10ms 2
R = 6.4 × 106m
vo = ?
vo  10  6.4 106
vo = 8 × 103 ms–1
vo = 8 kms–1
Chapter No. 6 Work and Energy Physics (Class 9th)
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q 1. Define SI unit of work.
SI unit of work is joule (J).
Joule
The amount of work is one joule when a force of one Newton displaces a body
through one meter in the direction of force
Thus mathematically
1J =1N × 1m
1J = 1Nm
Q 2. What are the conditions for work?
Conditions for work:
For work following conditions must be fulfilled;
 A force should act on the body.
 The body should cover same distance in the direction of force.
Q 3. An object has 1 joule of energy. What does it mean?
An object has 1 joule of energy it means that it has the ability to do work of one joule.
Or
An object has 1 joule of energy it means that a force of 1 newton is displacing a body
through 1 meter in the direction of force.
Q 4. Define kinetic energy. Also give its mathematical expression.
Kinetic Energy
The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called its kinetic energy.
Mathematical Expression:
1 2
K .E  mv
2
Q 5. Define potential energy and name its types?
Potential Energy
The ability of a body to do work due to its position is called potential energy.
Examples:
 Hammer raised up have potential energy in it.
 Stored water in dam has potential energy in it.
Types
There are many types of potential energy however the basic two types are:
 Gravitational potential energy
 Elastic potential energy
Q 6. What is elastic potential energy? Give example.
Elastic potential energy
The energy stored in the stretched or compressed object is called elastic potential
energy.
 Physics (Class 9th)

Examples:
 A stretched bow
Q 7. Define gravitational potential energy?
The ability of a body to do work due to its specific height from the surface of the earth
is called gravitational potential energy.
Formula
P.E. = mgh
Examples
 Energy stored in the dam water.
 A hammer lifted up.
Q 8. What is mechanical energy? Give its examples.
Mechanical Energy
The energy possessed by a body both due to its motion or position is called
mechanical energy.
Examples:
 Water running down a stream
 A catapult or a compressed spring.
Q 9. Describe nuclear energy?
Nuclear Energy:
Nuclear energy is the form of nuclear radiations in addition to heat and light during
nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion reactions.
Explanation:
Heat energy released in nuclear reactors is converted into electrical energy. The
energy coming from the sun for the last billions of years is the result of nuclear
reactions taking place on the sun.
Q 10. What do you know about soil erosion?
As the rain water flows down, its kinetics energy changes into thermal energy while
parts of the kinetic energy of following water is used to wash away soil particles of
rocks known as soil erosion.
Q 11. Name some major sources of energy?
Major sources of energy:
There are many sources of energy but some of major sources of energy are given
below:
 Fossil fuels
 Nuclear Fuels
 Solar energy
 Energy from water
 Geothermal energy
 Physics (Class 9th)
 Wind energy
Q 12. What are nuclear fuels? Write their two advantages?
Nuclear Fuels
In nuclear power plants we get energy as result of fission reaction. During fission
reaction, heavy atoms, such as uranium atoms, split use into smaller parts releasing a
large amount of energy.
Disadvantage
 Power plants give out a lot of harmful nuclear radiation.
 A lot of heat is wasted into the environment.
Q 13. What are solar cells? Explain.
Solar Cells
Silicon wafers which are used to convert solar energy directly into electricity are
called as solar cells.
Uses:
Solar cells are used in:
 Calculations
 Watches and toys
 Telephone booths
 Scientific research centers
Q 14. What is magma?
There is a hot molten part deep in the earth called magma.
Q 15. Define geothermal energy?
Geothermal Energy
There is hot molten part deep in the earth called magma water reaching close to the
magma changes to steam due to the high temperature of magma. This energy is called
geothermal energy.
Q 16. What is biomass? Give problems related with it?
Biomass:
Biomass is plant or animal wastes that can be burnt as fuel. Other forms of biomass
are garbage, farm wastes, sugarcane and other plants.
Problems:
When animal dung, dead plants and dead animals decompose, they give off a mixture
of methane and carbon dioxide. These gases are harmful for health.
Q 17. Describe mass-energy equation.
Mass Energy Equation
In 1905 Einstein formulated theory of relativity and predicated the inter-conversion of
matter and energy. He declared that mass and energy, the two concerns of physics, are
forms of each other.
 Physics (Class 9th)

Relation:
The relation between mass ‘m’ and energy ‘E’ is given by Einstein’s mass energy
equation:
E = mc2 Here C is the speed of light (3 × 108 ms–1)
Q 18. What is meant by pollution? Name different types of pollution.
Pollution:
Pollution is the change in the quality of environment that can be harmful and
unpleasant for living thing.
Types:
Different types of pollution are;
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Thermal pollution
 Noise pollution
Q 19. How we can control pollution?
Pollution Control
Pollution can be controlled by;
 Limiting the waste released by power plants, factories and automobiles
 Using catalytic converters
 Using lead free petrol
 Sharing rides and using public transportation to reduce the number of automobiles
in use.
Q 20. What is an ideal machine?
Ideal Machine
An ideal system is that which gives an output equal to the input. In other words, it
efficiency is 100%.
Q 21. What are Kilowatt hours?
Kilowatt hours:
Work done in one hour at a rate of one kilowatt is called as one kilowatt hour.
1kwn = 36000 × 1000
1kwn = 3.6 × 106
1kwn = 3.6 MJ
Q 22. What do you mean by interconversion of energy?
Energy cannot be destroyed however it can be converted into some other forms.
During the interconversion of energy from one form to other forms, the total energy at
any time remains constant.
Q 23. What are fossil fuels?
 Physics (Class 9th)
They are usually hydrocarbons (compounds of hydrogen + carbon). They take
millions of years for their formation. They are known as non-renewable resources.
Q 24. What are the uses of fossil fuels?
We use fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas to heat our houses to run industry and
transport.
Q 25. What are the waste products of fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels release harmful waste products. These wastes includes carbon mono-oxide
and other harmful gases which pollute the environment.

Q 26. What are the harmful effects of the waste products produced by fossil fuels?
Headache, tension, nausea, allergic reactions, irritation of eyes, nose and throat,
asthma, lungs cancer heart diseases and damage to brain are the harmful effects of these
waste products. These harmful waste products of fossil fuels also pollute the environment.
Q 27. What is pollution?
Pollution is the change in the quality of environment that can be harmful and
unpleasant for living things.
Q 28. What is thermal pollution?
A temperature rise in the environment that disturbs life is called thermal pollution.
Q 29. What are the harmful effects of thermal pollution?
Thermal pollution upsets the balance of life and endangers the survival of many
species.
Q 30. What are the sources of air pollutants?
Natural processes such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires and dust storms add pollutant
to the air. On the other hand burning of fuel and solid wastes in homes, automobiles and
factories release harmful amount of air pollutants.
Q 31. What is the difference between nuclear power plants and the other power plants?
Nuclear power plants produce dangerous radioactive wastes and other power plants
produce carbon dioxide.
Q 32. How can we control air pollution?
By using cars having catalytic convertor, by using lead free petrol and the car engines
that use electricity or energy sources other than diesel and petrol.
Q 33. How individuals can help to control air pollution?
By reducing the use of cars and other machines that burn fuel, by sharing rides and using
public transportation individuals can help to control air pollution.
Q 34. What is an energy convertor?
In an energy convertor a part of the energy taken. (used up) by the system is converted
into useful work. Remaining part of the energy is dissipated as heat energy and sound
energy (noise) into the environment.
Q 35. Define input.
 Physics (Class 9th)
The energy given to a machine to do work is called input
Q 36. Define output.
Useful work done by the machine is known as output.
Q 37. Define efficiency.
Efficiency of a system is the ratio of required form of energy obtained from a system
as output to the total energy given to it as input.

Efficiency =

%Efficiency = x 100
Q 38. What is an ideal system?
An ideal system is that which gives an output equal to the total energy used by it. In
other words its efficiency is 100%.
Q 39. Define power.
Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
Power =

Its unit is watt.

Q 40. Define watt.
The power of a body is one watt if it does work at the rate of 1 joule per second (1Js-1).
Q 41. Why do we need energy?
We need energy to do work.
Q 42. Why fossils fuels are called non-renewable form of energy?
Fossils fuels are called non-renewable forms of energy because they run out.
Q 43. Which form of energy is most preferred and why?
Solar energy is most preferred because this form of energy does not pollute the
environment in any way.
Q 44. Name five devices that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 Fans
 Washing machine
 Electric motor
 Water room cooler
 Juicers and grinders

Q 45. Name a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Electric generator or A.C generator.
 Physics (Class 9th)
LONG QUESTIONS ANSWER
Q 1. Define K.E. and derive its relation?
Kinetic Energy Definition:
The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called its kinetic energy.
Explanation:
Moving air is called wind. We can use wind energy for doing
various things. It drives windmills and pushes sailing boats.
Similarly, moving water in river can carry wooden logs through
large distances and can also be used to drive turbines for
generating electricity. Thus a moving body has kinetic energy.
Because it can do work due to its motion. The body stops moving
as soon as all of its kinetic energy is used up.
Derivation:
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’. the body stops after moving
through same distance S due to some opposing force such as force of friction acting
on it. The body possess kinetic energy and is capable to do work against opposing
force ‘F’ until all of its kinetic energy is used up. According to third equation of
motion.
Vf2– Vi2(1)
As Vf = 0 amdVi= v
Putting the values in equation (1)
2as = (0)2 – (v)2
2as = 0 – v2
2as = –v2 …………. (2)
According to second law of motion:
F = ma
F
And a Negative sign is indicate that its opposite to the direction of force.
m
When breaks are applied negative acceleration is produced…
So,
F
a …………… (3)
m
Putting the value of ‘a’ in equation ….. (2).
 F 
2    S  v 2
 m 
2FS
 v 2
m
FS
2  v2
m
 Physics (Class 9th)
2FS = mv2
1 2
FS  mv
2
1
Work  mv 2
2
1
K .E.  mv 2 ….. (4)
2
Above equation gives the kinetic energy passes by a body of mass m moving with
velocity v.
Dependence of K.E.
It depends upon the following factors.
 Mass (m)
 Velocity (v)
Q 2. Define potential energy and derive its relation?
Potential Energy
Definition:The ability of a body to do work due to its position is called potential
energy.
Example:
 Hammer raised up have potential energy in it.
 Stored water in dams has potential energy in it.
Types:
There are many types of potential energy however the basic two
types are:
 Gravitational potential energy.
 Elastic potential energy.
Q 3. Gravitational potential energy.
Definition
The ability of a body to do work due to its specific height from the surface of the earth
is called gravitation potential energy.
Derivation:
Let the body of mass “m” be raised up through height “h” from the ground. The body
will acquire potential energy equal to work done in lifting it to height ‘h’.
Thus
Potential energy = F×h
P.E. = F × h ….. (1)
As W= F = mg
Put in equation (1)
So, P.E. = mgh
 Physics (Class 9th)

Dependence of P.E.
It depends upon the following factors:
 Mass (m)
 Height (h)
 Gravitational acceleration (g)
Q 4. How energy is converted from one form to another? Explain.
Inter conversion of energy
Energy cannot be destroyed however it can be converted into one form of energy to
another.
Examples:
 Rub your hands together quickly. You will feel them warm.
You have used you muscular energy in rubbing hand as a result
heat is produced. In the process of rubbing hands, mechanical
energy is converted into heat energy.
 When a ball is thrown up initially then it approaches maximum
height. When it stops and about to return back then has P.E.
then its starts again and attains K.E.
Inter-conversion of Energy in Nature:
Processes in nature are the results of energy changes. For example, some of the heat
energy from the sun is taken up by water in the oceans. This increases the thermal
energy. Thermal energy causes water to evaporate from the surface to form water
vapours. These vapours rise up and form clouds. As they cool down, they form water
drops and fall down as rain. Potential energy changes to kinetic energy as the rain
falls. This rain water may reach a lake or a dam. As the rain water flows down, its
kinetic energy changes into thermal energy while parts of the kinetic energy of
flowing water is used to wash away sail particles of rock knows as soil erosion.
Conclusion:
During the inter-conversion of energy from one form to others forms , the total energy
at any time remains constant.
Chapter No. 7 Properties of Matter Physics (Class 9th)
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q 1. State the postulates of the kinetic molecular model of matter.
The kinetic molecular model of matter has some important features. These are
 Matter is made up of particles called molecules.
 The molecules are always in continuous motion
 Molecules attract each other.
Q 2. What is plasma? How it is formed?
Plasma
Matter assumes the state of gas, comprising of ions and electrons at a very high
temperature. This state of matter is called plasma.
Formation:
The kinetic energy of gas molecules goes on increasing if a gas is heated
continuously. This causes the gas molecules of the gas become so strong that they
tears off the atoms and become positive ions. This ionic state matter is called plasma.
Q 3. Describe the existence of Plasma in nature.
Plasma exists in gas discharge tubes when electric current passes through these tubes.
 Most of the matter that fills the universe is in plasma state.
 In stars such as over sun Plasma exists.
Q 4. What is the effect of temperature on kinetic energy of gas molecules?
The kinetic energy of gas molecules goes on increasing, if a gas is heated
continuously. This causes the gas molecules to move faster and faster. The collision
between atoms and molecules of the gas become so strong that the tear off the atoms.
Q 5. What is the effect of temperature on density of an object?
As the temperature of an object is increased then its molecules move faster and faster.
Hence, it weakness the intermolecular forces and increases the volume of that object
which ultimately decreases the density.
Because
Mass
Density 
Volume
1

V
Q 6. Define Pascal.
Pascal:
When one newton forces acts normally per unit area on the surface of the body then
the pressure is said to be one Pascal, Mathematically;
1 Pa = 1Nm–2
 Physics (Class 9th)
Q 7. Explain that to fix a thumb pin, “Pressure exerted on the top increase thousands
time on the pin point.
We know that
F
P
A
According to above expression it is clear that effectiveness of a small force is
increased of small force is increased if the effective area of the force is reduced. The
area of the tip of thumb pin is very small and hence increases the effectiveness of the
force thousands time on the pin point.
Q 8. What do you know about atmosphere?
The Earth is surrounded by a cover of air called atmosphere.
Explanation:
Earth’s atmosphere extends upwards about a few hundred kilometers with
continuously decreasing density. Nearly half of is mass is between sea level and 10
km. up to 30 km from sea level contains about 99% of the mass of the atmosphere.
The air becomes thinner and thinner as we go up.
Q 9. Define atmospheric pressure?
Atmospheric pressure
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. At sea level,
the atmospheric pressure is about 101,300 pa or 101,300 Nm–2.
Q 10. How a vacuum cleaner work?
The fan in a vacuum cleaner lowers air pressure in its bucket. The atmospheric air
rushes into it carrying dust and dirt with it through its intake port. The dust and directy
particles are blocked by the filter while air escapes out.
Q 11. On what factors pressure of a liquid depends?
Factors affecting liquid pressure
We know that
P = ρgh
The above expression shows that liquid pressure depends on three factors;
 Density of liquid (ρ)
 Depth of liquid (h)
 Gravitational acceleration (g)
Q 12. Enlist some of the applications of Pascal’s law.
Pascal’s law finds numerous applications in our daily life. Some of its applications are
given below:
 Hydraulic brake system
 Hydraulic press
 Hydraulic Jack
 Hydraulic machine
 Physics (Class 9th)

Q 13. What is hydro-meter? Give its construction/

Hydrometer is a device used to measure the density of a fluid.
Construction:
It consists of a glass tube with a scale marked on its stem and heavy weight in the
bloom. It is practically immersed in a fluid, the density of which is to be measured.
Q 14. How Archimedes principle is helpful in determining the density of on object?
Archimedes principle is also helpful to determine the density of an object. The ratio in
the weights of a body with an equal volume of liquid is the same as in their densities.
So,
W1
D 
W1  W2
Thus, finding the weight of the solid in air ‘w1’ and its weight in water ‘w2’ we can
calculate the density of the solid by using above equation.
Q 15. Why does an object sink or float?
Case I: (W > F)
In object sinks if its weight is greater than the up thrust acting on it.
Case II: (W < F)
An object floats if its weight is equal or less than the up thrust.
Q 16. What are elastic materials? Give some examples?
Elastic Materials
Those materials which restore their original size and shape after the removal of
external forces are called elastic materials.
Examples:
 Steel
 Aluminum
 Brass
 Rubber
Q 17. What is meant by a deforming force? What happens to a body when the
deforming force is removed?
Deforming Force:
The applied force that changes shape, length or volume of substance is called
deforming force.
In most of the cases, the body returns to its original size and shape as soon as the
deforming force is removed.
Q 18. Define the term stress.
Stress
The force acting on unit area at the surface of a body is called stress.
Formula
 Physics (Class 9th)
F
Its formula is stress =
A
Unit
Its SI units are newton per square meter (Nm–2)
Quantity
It is scalar quantity.
Q 19. What is tensile strain? Why I has no unit?
Tensile strain
The strain which produces a change in the length of an object is called Tensile strain.
Formula
Its formula is
L
Tensile Strain =
Lo
Unit
It has not unit because it is a ratio between two similar quantities.
Q 20. Define young’s modulus. On what factors it depends?
Young’s modulus
The ratio of stress to tensile strain is called young’s modulus.
Formula
Its formula is
F  Lo
Y
A  L
Units
Its SI units are Nm–2.
Dependence
Young’s modulus only depends upon the nature of material.
Q 21. How can we calculate the density of an object?
The density of an object can be calculated by using the following formula

w1
D f
w1  w2

Where D = Density of the object

F = Density of the liquid
W1 = Wt of object in air
W2 = Wt of object in liquid.
Q 22. Describe principle of floatalion.
“ A floating object displaces a liquid having weight equal to the weight of the object”
 Physics (Class 9th)

Q 23. How does vacuum cleaner works?

The fan in a vacuum cleaner lowers air pressure in its bucket. The atmospheric air
rushes into it carrying dust and dirt with it through its in take port. The dust and dirt
particles are blocked by the filter while air escapes out.
Q 24. What is deforming force?
The applied force that changes shape, length or volume of a substance is called
deforming force.
Q 25. State Hooke’s law.
“The strain produced in a body by the stress applied to it directly proportional to the
stress with in the elastic limit of the body”
Mathematical = Stress α Strain
Form stress = Constant x strain
Stress = Constant
Strain
Q 26. Define elastic limit.
“When stress is removed, the object does not come back to its initials state. This limit
of stress is called elastic limit”
Q 27. Can we use a hydrometer to measure the density of milk.
Yes, we can use hydrometer to measure the density of milk.
Q 28. It is easy to remove air from a balloon but it is very difficult to remove air from a
glass bottle. Why?
It is easy to remove air from a balloon because of its elasticity we can remove air from
the balloon. And elasticity of a glass is not such that air can not come out from it
automatically because to remove air from the glass bottle we have to pump out the air by
doing some work on it.
Q 29. Why water is not suitable to be used in a barometer?
Because we have to use a glass tube having length 11m. Which is not convenient to
use in laboratory.
Q 30. What makes a sucker pressed on a smooth wall slicks to it.
Because atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure inside the
Q 31. Why does the atmospheric pressure vary with height.
Atmospheric pressure depends upon density and density varies with the height from
sea level.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Q 32. What does it mean when the atmospheric pressure at a place fall suddenly?
A sudden atmospheric pressure often followed by a storm, rain and typhoon to occur
in few hours time.
Q 33. What changes are expected in weather If the barometer reading shows a sudden
increase?
The weight of stone is greater than upllrust that why stone sink in water but ship with
huge weight floats because it works on the principle of floatation. According to principle
of floatation, a body floats if it displaces water to the weight of the body when it is
partially or completely immersed in water.
Q 34. Why does a piece of stone sink in water but a ship with s huge weights floats?
The weight of stone is greater than up llrust that why stone sink in water but ship with
huge weight floats because it works on the principle of floatation. According to principle
of floatation, a body floats if it displaces water to the weight of the body when it is
partially or completely immersed in water.
Q 35. What is hydrometer?
Hydrometer is a glass tube with a scale marked on its stem and heavy weight in the
bottom. It is partially immersed in a fluid, the density of which is to be measured.
Q 36. What is acid meter.
It is used to measure the concentration of acid in a battery.
 Physics (Class 9th)
LONG ANSWER QUESTION
Q 1. What is a barometer? Write its construction and explain that how atmospheric
pressure is measured using a barometer?
Barometer
The instrument that measures atmospheric pressure is called
barometer.
Types
On the basis of material barometers are classified into two types
 Mercury Barometer
 Water Barometer
Mercury Barometer
One of the simple barometers is a mercury barometer in which
mercury is used as a fill material.
Construction
It consists of glass tube 1 m long closed at one end. After filling it with mercury it is
inverted in mercury through.
Working
Mercury in the tube descends and stops at a certain height. The column of mercury
held in the tube exerts pressure at its base. At sea level the height of mercury column
above the mercury in the trough if found to be about 76cm.
Pressure exerted by 76 cm of mercury column is nearly 101,300 Nm–2 equal to
atmospheric pressure. It is common to express atmospheric pressure. It is common to
express atmospheric pressure in terms of the height of mercury column. As the
atmospheric pressure at a place does not remain constant, hence, the height of mercury
column also varies with atmospheric pressure.
Water Barometer
Another cheap barometer is a water barometer in which water is used as a fill material.
Explanation:
Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water. Atmospheric pressure can hold vertical
column at a place. Thus, at sea level, vertical height of water column would be 0.76m
× 130.6 = 10.34m. Thus a glass tube more than 10 m long is required to make a water
barometer.
Comparison
By the above calculation it is clear that 11 meter should be the approximate length of
glass tube to construct a water barometer. Whereas only 1 meter long glass tube is
required to construct the mercury barometer. Hence, water is not suitable material to
be used in a barometer.
 Physics (Class 9th)

Q 2. Define static liquid pressure. Also derive an expression for liquid pressure.
Pressure in liquids
Liquids exert pressure. The pressure of a liquid acts in all directions. If we take a
pressure sensor (a device that measure pressure) inside a liquid, then the, pressure of
the liquid varies with the depth of sensor.
Static Liquid Pressure
Definition
The pressure exerted by the liquid on the bottom of the container due to its weight in
static positon is calls static liquid pressure.
Formula
P = ρgh
Derivation
Consider a surface of area “A” in a liquid at a depth “h” as show by shaded region in
figure. The length of the cylinder of liquid over this surface will be the weight “w” of
the liquid above this surface “p” is the density of the liquid and ‘m’ is mass of liquid
above the surface.
As we know that
F
P
A
W
Or P
A
 w  mg
mg
So, P
A
m
 
v
ρv = m
 vg
So, P
A
v  A  h
  A h  g
So, P
A
Hence,
P = ρgh
Dependence
The above expression shows that liquid pressure depends on three factors
 Density of liquid (ρ)…….(i)
 Depth of liquid (h) ………(ii)
 Physics (Class 9th)
 Gravitational acceleration (g)

Q 3. State Archimedes principle. Also derive its mathematical relation.

Archimedes Principle
More than two thousand years ago, the Greek Scientist, Archimedes noticed that there
is an upward force which acts on an object kept inside a liquid.
Statement:
When an object is totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an up thrust acts on it equal
to the weight of the liquid it displaces.
Derivation
Consider a solid cylinder of cross-sectional area “A” and height “h” immersed in a
liquid as a shown in figure. Let ‘h1” and “h2” be the depths of the top and bottom
forces of the cylinder respectively from the surface of the liquid.
Pressure on Top surface (P1)
As we know that
P = ρgh
So, P1 = ρgh1
Pressure on Bottom Surface (P2)
As we know that
P = ρgh
So, P2 = ρgh2
Net Pressure (P)
As h2> h1 h2 = h1 – h P2
So, P2> P1 h2 – h1 = h
Now,
P = P2 – P1
Putting the values of P1 and P2 in above equation:
P = ρgh2 –ρgh1
P = ρg(h2 –h1)
As, h = h2 – h1
So,
P = ρgh
Up thrust Force
Definition
The force that pushes an object immersed in a liquid in the upward direction is known
as up thrust.
As we know that
F
P
A
 Physics (Class 9th)
Or, F = P × A
Putting the value of ‘P” in above equation
F = ρghA
As, V = A × h
So,
F = ρgv
Or ρv = m
So equation becomes
F = mg
Conclusion:
Above equation shows that a up thrust acting on the body immersed in a liquid is
equal to the weight of liquid displaced.
Q 4. State Principle of floatation under what conditions object sinks or floats. Also
explain different application of principle of floatation.
Principle of Floatation
Statement:
A floating object displaces a fluid having weight equal to the weight of the object.
Conditions:
Case I: (W > F)
An object sinks if its weight is greater than the up thrust acting on it.
Case II: (W < F)
An object floats if its weight is equal or less than the up thrust.
Explanation:
When an object floats in a fluid, the up thurst acting on it is equal to the weight of
object. In case of floating object, the object may be partially immersed. The upthrust
is always equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. This is the principle
of floatation.
Application:
Archimedes principle is applicable on liquids as well as gases. We find numerous
applications of this principle in our dilly life. Some of them are given below.
Wooden Blocks
A wooden block floats on water. It is because the weight of an equal volume of water
is greater than the weight of the block. According to the principle of floatation, a body
floats if it displaces water equal to the weight of the body when it is partially or
completely immersed in water.
Ships and Boats
Ships and boats are designed on principle of flotation. The carry passengers and goods
over water. It would sink in water if its weight including the weight of its passengers
and goods becomes greater than the upthrust of water.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Submarines
The submarines are designed in such a way that they can either float on water surface
or submerge in it. Submarine consists of tank, which can be filled with water. If it
wants to hide itself from the enemy the tank are filled with water. Thus the weight of
the submarine becomes more then the weight of water displaced and so it is
submerged in water and when the tanks are empty, its weight becomes less than the
weight of water displaced. Thus it floats up to the water surface.
Q 5. State and explain Hooke’s law.
Hooke’s Law
It has been observed that deformation in length, volume or shape of a body depends
upon the stress acting on the body.
Statement
The Strain produced in a body by the stress applied to it is directly proportional to the
stress within the elastic limit of the body.
Mathematical Expression
Stress  Strain
Explanation
Consider a spring balance hanging vertical downward through
an iron stand. When some weight is suspended from it, the
pointer of the spring balance is lowered. That is weight
produces extension in the spring balance. If we go on
increasing the weight, the extension in the spring will also
increase. It means the strain produced in the spring (increase in
length in this case) is directly proportional to the stress (weight
in this case) applied on the spring.
Derivation
According to Hooke’s law Weight = “W”
Stress  Strain
Stress = Constant × strain
Scope
Hooke’s law is applicable to all kinds of deformation and all types of matter i.e.
solids, liquids or gases with certain limits.

Elastic Limit:
The limit, within which a body recovers its original shape after removing deforming
force, is called elastic limit.
Explanation:
This limit tells the maximum stress that can be safely applied on a body whithout
causing permanent deformation in its length, volume or shape. In
 Physics (Class 9th)
other words, it is a limit with which a body recovers its original length, volume or
shape after the deforming force is removed.
Graph
If we draw a graph between Extension (x) and Force (F), a Straight line is obtained till
an elastic limit is obtained. After the elastic limit, the graph does not remain straight.
The point after elastic limit is called breaking point.
Reason of Deformation
When a stress crosses this limit, called the elastic limit, a body is permanently
deformed and is unable to restore its original state after the stress is removed.
Q 6. Define young’s modulus. Also derive its mathematical formula.
Young’s Modulus
Definition
The ratio of stress to tensile strain called young’s modulus.
Formula:
Its formula is
FLo
Y
AL
Units
Its SI Unit is newton per square (Nm–2)
Explanation
Consider a long bar of length “Lo” and cross sectional area “A”. Let an external force
“F” equal to the weight ‘W’ stretched it such that the stretched length becomes “L”.
According to Hooke’s Law, the ratio of this stress to tensile strain is constant within
the elastic limit of the body.
Derivation
According to Hooke’s law
Stress  Strain
Stress = Constant × strain
Stress
Constant =
Strain
Here the constant of proportionality is called as young’s modulus (Y)
Tensile Stress
Young’s Modulus =
Tensile Strain
As we know that
Force
Tensile stress =
Area
F
Tensile stress =
A
And
 Physics (Class 9th)
Change in Length
Tensile stress =
Original Length
L  Lo
=
Lo
L
=
Lo

So, putting the values of ‘tensile stress’ and tensile strain in equation (1)
F/A
Young’s Modulus =
L / Lo
F L
= 
A Lo
F Lo
= 
A L
FLo
Y=
AL
Dependence:
Young’s modulus is the material property and only depends upon nature of material
and does not depend upon dimensions.
Q 7. Explain the working of hydraulic press.
Hydraulic Press
Hydraulic press is a machine which works on Pascal’s law.
Construction
Hydraulic Press consists of two cylinders of different cross sectional area as shown in
the given figure.
These both cylinder are fitted with pistons of
cross section area ‘a’ and ‘A’
Working
In the hydraulic press the object which has to be
compressed place over the position of large
cross sectional area “A” the force. F1 is applied
on poison of small cross sectional area ‘a’ .
The pressure P, produced by small piston is
transmitted equally to the large piston and a
force “F2” acts on A which is much larger than “F” .
Pressure on Piston of small area
Pressure on piston of small area is given by:
 Physics (Class 9th)
F1
P ……….. (1)
a
Pressure on Piston of large area
According to Pascal’s law the pressure on the large of area “a” will be the same as on
the small piston.
F2
P ……… (2)
A
By comparing (1) and (2) we get
F2 F1

A a
F
F2  1  A
a
A
F2   F1
a
Ans.
Conclusion
A
Since the ratio is greater than 1.
a
Hence, the force “F2” that acts on the larger piston is greater than the force “F1” acting
on the smaller piston.
Hydraulic systems working in this way are known as force multiplies.
Chapter No. 8 Thermal properties of Matter Physics (Class 9th)

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q 1. Define the term thermometry.
Thermometry
The art of measurement of temperature is called as thermometry.

Q 2. What do you know about thermal equilibrium?

Thermal Equilibrium
According to the Principle of thermometry, if two objects at different temperatures are
joined together, after a certain time they attain the same temperature. This state is
called a thermal equilibrium.

Q 3. Why the heat is also called energy in transit?

By the definition of heat, we come to know that it is the form of energy that is
transformed from on body to other in thermal contact with each other as a result of the
difference of temperature between them. Therefore, heat is also called as energy in
transit.

Q 4. What is a liquid in glass thermometer?

Liquid in Glass Thermometer
A liquid in glass thermometer has a bulb with a long capillary tube of uniform and
fine bore. A suitable liquid is filled in the bulb. When the bulb contacts a hot object,
the liquid, in it expands and rises in the tube. The glass stem of a thermometer is thick
 Physics (Class 9th)
and acts as a cylindrical lens. This makes it easy to see the liquid level in the glass
tube.

Q 5. Describe briefly about clinical thermometer.

Clinical Thermometer
A clinical thermometer is used to measure the temperature of human body. It has a
narrow range from 35oC to 42oC. It has a constriction that prevents the mercury to
return. Thus, its reading does not change until reset.

Q 6. Why water is used as a coolant in the radiator or automobiles?

Water has a large specific heat capacity. For this reason, it is very useful in storing
and carrying thermal energy dueto its high specific heat capacity. The cooling system
of automobiles uses water to carry away unwanted thermal energy. In an automobile,
large amount of heat is produced by its engine due to which its temperature goes on
increasing. The engine would case unless it is not cooled down. Water circulating
around the engine maintains its temperature. Water absorbs unwanted thermal energy
of the engine and dissipates heat through its radiator.
Q 7. What is absolute zero?
Absolute Zero
It is the unattainable temperature at which the volume of gas would become zero and
all the molecular motion would cease is called absolute zero. It is equal to –273oC or
0 kelvin.

Q 8. Why evaporation cause cooling?

During evaporation fast moving molecules escape out from the surface of the liquid.
Molecules that have lower kinetic energy are left behind. This lowers the average
kinetic energy of the liquid molecules and temperature of the liquid. Since
temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of its molecules.

Q 9. Define the terms fusion and fusion point.

Fusion
When a substance is changed from solid into liquid state by adding heat the process is
called melting or fusion.
Fusion Point:
The temperature at which as solid starts melting is called its fusion point or melting
point.

Q 10. What is meant by freezing point?

Freezing point
 Physics (Class 9th)
The temperature at which its changes from liquid to solid state is called its freezing
point.

Q 11. Define thermal expansion. Why does a substance expand on heating?

Thermal Expansion
Most of the substances i.e. solids, liquids and gases expand on heating. This
phenomenon is called thermal expansion.
Reason
The kinetic energy of the molecules of on object depends on its temperature. The
molecules of solid vibrate with larger amplitude at high temperature than at low
temperature. Thus, on heating the amplitude of vibration of the atoms molecules of an
object increases. They push one another farther away as the amplitude of vibration
increases.

Q 12. Define linear expansion. On what factors it depends?

Linear Expansion
They lengthwise expansion of a material or expansion of material in on dimension is
called as linear expansion.

Depends:
It depends upon the following factors:
 Original / actual length
 Change in temperature
 Nature of material

Q 13. What is volume expansion?

Volume expansion:
The cubical or three dimensional expansion of a material is called as volume
expansion.

Q 14. What is thermostat? Explain.

Thermostat
An automatic switch which is used to control the temperature of a device is called
thermostat.
Construction:
A bimetal strip consists of two thin strips of different metals such as brass and iron
joined together. On heating the strip, brass expands more than iron. This unequal
expansion causes bending of the strip.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Uses:
Bimetal strips are used for various purposes such as:
 Bimetal thermometers are used to measure temperatures especially in furnaces
and ovens.
 Bimetal strips are also used in thermostats.
 Bimetal thermostat switch is used to control the temperature of heater coil in on
electric iron.
Q 15. Describe briefly about the anomalous expansion of water?
Anomalous Expansion of water
Water on cooling below 4oC beings 0oC on further cooling its volume increase
suddenly as it change into ice at 0oC. When ice is cooled below 0oC, it contracts i.e. its
volume decreases like solids. This unusual expansion of water is called the anomalous
expansion of water.

Q 16. What is meant by real and apparent expansion of liquid?

Real Expansion
The expansion of the volume of liquid taking into consideration the expansion of the
container also, is called the real volume expansion of the liquid.
Apparent Expansion
The expansion of the volume of a liquid without into consideration the expansion of
the container also, it called the apparent volume expansion of the liquid.

Q 17. Define co-efficient of real and apparent expansion?

Co-efficient of Real Expansion
The real increase in volume of one cubic meter volume of a liquid when heated
through one kelvin temperature is called as co-efficient of real expansion.
Co-efficient of apparent Expansion
The apparent increase in volume of one cubic meter volume of a liquid when heated
through one kelvin temperature is called as co-efficient of apparent expansion .

Q 18. Define thermal capacity. On what factors it depends?

Thermal capacity:
Thermal capacity of a body is the quantity of thermal energy absorbed by it for one
Kelvin (1K) increase in its temperature.
Formula
Its formula is Thermal capacity is = mc
Unit
Its SI units are Jk–1
Dependence
 Physics (Class 9th)
It dependence upon the following factors
 Mass of substance
 Nature of substance

Q 19. Define specific heat. How would you find the specific heat of a solid?
Definition
Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one kg mass of that substance through 1K.
Formula
Q
Its formula is C 
mT
Unit
Its SI unit is joule per kg per Kelvin (Jkg–1K–1).
Determination of Specific Heat
Specific heat capacity of a solid can be found by using the ‘method of mixture’.
Q 20. Define latent heat of vaporization.
Definition
Heat energy required to change unit mass of a liquid completely into gas at its boiling
point without any change in its temperature is called latent heat of vaporization.
Formula
Q
Its formula is H v 
m
Unit
Its unit is joule per kilogram (Jkg–1)
LONG QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Q 1. What is specific heat capacity? Derive its formula and describe the importance of
large specific heat capacity.
Specific Heat Capacity
Definition
Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one kg mass of that substance through 1k.
Formula
Q
Its formula is C =
mT
Unit
Its SI Unit is Joule per kg per kelvin (Jkg–1 k–1 )
Dependence
The value of specific heat depends upon the nature of material only.
Explanation
 Physics (Class 9th)
When a body is heated, its temperature increases. Increase in the temperature of a
body is found to be proportional to the amount of heat absorbed by it. It has also been
observed that the quantity of heat ΔQ required to raise the temperature ΔT of a body is
proportional to the mass m of the body. Thus
Q  m...........(1)
Q  T ........(2)
By combining equation (1) and (2)
Q  mT
Or Q  cmT
Here ΔQ is the amount of heat absorbed by the body and C is the constant of
proportionality called the specific heat capacity or simply specific heat.
“Importance of large specific heat capacity of water”
Moderate temperature near the sea
Specific heat of water is 4200 Jkg–1 k–1 and that of dry soil is about 810Jkg–1 k–1. As a
result the temperature of soil would increase five times than the same mass of water
by the same amount of heat. Thus, the temperature variations from summer to winter
are much smaller at places near the sea than land for away from the sea.
Cooling system of automobiles
Water has a large specific heat capacity. For this reason, it is very useful in storing and
carrying thermal energy due to its high specific heat capacity. The cooling system of
automobiles uses water to carry away unwanted thermal energy. In an automobile,
large amount of heat is produced by its engine due to which its temperature goes on
increasing. The engine would cease. Unless it is not cooled down water circulating
around the engine maintains its temperature. Water absorbs unwanted thermal energy
of the engine and dissipates heat through its radiator.
Central heating system
In central heating system hot water is used to carry thermal energy through pipes from
boiler to radiators. These radiators are fixed inside the house at suitable places.

Q 2. Discuss about Graph.

Graph
Draw the temperature time graph such as show in the figure.
 Physics (Class 9th)

Explanation of graph:
Part AB:
On this portion of the curve, the temperature of ice increases from –30oC to 0oC.
Part BC
When the temperature of ice reaches 0 °C the ice water mixture remains atthis
temperature until all the ice melts.
Part CD:
The temperature of the substance gradually increases from 0°C to 100°C; amount of
energy so added is used up in increasing the temperature of water.
Part DE:
At 100 °C water begins to boil and changes into steam. The temperature remains
100 °C until all the water changes into steam.

Q 3. Define linear thermal expansion in solids. Derive a mathematical relation for

linear thermal expansion.
Linear Thermal Expansion
Definition
The length of a solid changes with the change in temperature and is called linear
thermal expression.
Derivation
Before expansion of a solid initial length was ‘Lo’ at certain temperature ‘To’. On
heating the solid to a temperature T, its length became ‘L’. Thus,
Change in length ΔL = L – Lo
Change in temperature ΔT = T – To
The change in length AL is proportional to its original length Lo and change in
temperature ΔT. Thus
ΔL  LoΔT
ΔL = αLoΔT
L – Lo = αLoΔT
 Physics (Class 9th)
L = Lo + αLoΔT
L = Lo (1+ αΔT)
Where a is called the coefficient of linear thermal expansion.
Coefficient of linear expansion
Definition
“The fractional change in length of a substance per Kelvin change in temperature is
called coefficient of linear thermal expansion.”
Formula
L
Its formula is α =
Lo T
Unit
Its SI unit is per Kelvin (K–1)
Relation between Coefficient of Linear Expansion and Volume Expansion
The coefficient of linear thermal expansion and volumetric thermal expansion are
related by the equation
β = 3α

Q 4. Define and explain latent heat of fusion.

Latent Heat of Fusion
Definition
Heat energy required to change unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid state at
its melting point without change in its temperature is called its latent heat of fusion.
Formula
Qf
Its formula is H f 
m
Unit
Its unit is joule per kilogram (Jkg–1)
Fusion point / Melting Point
Definition
The temperature at which a solid starts melting is called its fusion point or melting
point.
Freezing Point
Definition
The temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to solid is
called is; freezing point.
Experiment
Take a beaker and place it over a stand. Put small pieces of ice in the
beaker and suspend a thermometer in the beaker to measure the
temperature. Place a burner under the beaker.The ice will start melting.
 Physics (Class 9th)
The temperature of the mixture containing ice and water will not increase above 0 °C
until all the ice melts. Note the time which the ice takes to melt completely into water
at 0 °C. Continue heating thewater at 0 °C in the beaker. Its temperature will begin to
increase. Note the time which the water in the beaker takes to reach its boiling point at
100 °C from 0oC.
Graph:
Draw the temperature-time graph such as shown in the figure.

Calculating Hf from graph

Calculate the latent heat of fusion of ice from the data as follows:
Time Taken by ice to melt:
Completely at 0oC = tf
= t2 – t1
= 4.2 – 0.6
= 3.6 min
Time taken by water to heat from 0oc to 100oC = to
= t3 – t2
= 8.8 – 4.2
= 4.6 min
Mass of ice = m
Specific heat of water = 4200Jk–1 g–1
Increase in temperature = ΔT
= 100oC or look
Heat required by water from 0oC to 100oC
ΔQ = mcΔT
= m × 4200 × 100
= m × 4.2 × 105 …….. (1)
Heat required to convert 0oC ice into 0oC water
ΔQf = m × Hf ……… (2)
Rate of absorbing heat
The rate of absorbing heat by water in the beaker is given by
 Physics (Class 9th)
Heat absorbed in time to = ΔQ
Q
Heat absorbed in unit time =
to
Q
Heat absorbed in time tf = tf
to
Q
Q f = tf
to
Now putting the values in above equation
tf
m ×Hf = m  4.2  105 
to
3.6
Hf = 4.2 105 
4.6
Hf = 3.29 × 105Jkg–1
Result:
The latent heat of fusion of ice found by the above experiment 3.29 × 105Jkg–1 while
its actual value is 3.36 × 105Jkg–1 .

Q 5. What is meant by evaporation? On what factors the evaporation of a liquid

depends? Explain how cooling is produced by evaporation.
Definition
Evaporation is the changing of a liquid into vapours(gaseous state) from the surface of
the liquid without heating it.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation of a Liquid
Evaporation takes place at all temperature from the surface of a liquid. The rate of
evaporation is affected by various factors.
 Temperature
 Surface Area
 Wind
 Nature of the Liquid
Explanation
Temperature
At higher temperature, more molecules of a liquid are moving with high velocities.
Thus, more molecules escape from its surface. Thus, evaporation is faster at high
temperature than at low temperature.
Surface Area
Larger is the surface area of a liquid, greater number of molecules has the chance to
escape from its surface.
Wind
Wind blowing over the surface of a liquid sweeps away the liquid molecules that have
just escape out. This increases the chance for more liquid molecules to escape out.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Nature of the Liquid
Spirit and water does not evaporate at the same rate because they have different
nature.
Evaporation causes cooling
During evaporation fast moving molecules escape out form the surface of the liquid.
Molecules that have lower kinetic energies are left behind. This lowers the average
kinetic energy of the liquid molecules and the temperature of the liquid. Since
temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of its molecules.
 Chapter No. 9 Transfer of Heat Physics (Class 9th)

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q 1. What do you mean by transfer of heat? Write its two properties?
Transfer of Heat
The flow of heat energy from hot body to cold body when both bodies are in thermal
contact with each other is called transfer of heat.
Properties
 Transfer of heat is a natural process
 It continues all the time as long as the bodies in thermal contact are at different
temperature.

Q 2. Name the modes to transfer of heat.

Modes of Transfer of Heat
There are three ways by which transfer of heat take place. These are
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation

Q 3. Define conduction.
Conduction
The mode of transfer of heat by vibrating atoms and free electrons in solids from hot
to cold parts of a body is called conduction of heat.

Q 4. Give two disadvantages of conduction.

Disadvantages of Conduction
This is a slow process.
 Very small transfer of heat takes placefrom hot to cold parts in solids.

Q 5. Differentiate between conductors and insulators.

Sr. Conductors Sr. Insulators
1 The substances that allow heat to 1 The substances through which
pass through them are called the heat does not conduct easily
conductors of heat. are called bad conductors or
2 Conductors have free electrons. 2 Insulators
insulators. have no free electrons.
 Physics (Class 9th)
3 The value of thermal 3 The value of thermal
conductivity of conductor is very conductivity of insulators is very
high. low.
4 All metals (aluminum, iron, 4 Wood, cork, cotton, glass, rubber
copper etc.) are good conductors etc are bad conductors or
of heat. insulators.

Q 6. What is meant by rate of flow of heat? On what factors it depends?

Rate of flow of heat
The amount of heat that flow in unit time is called the rate of flow of heat.
Formula
Q
Rate flow of heat =
t
Unit
SI unit of rate of flow of heat is joule per second or Js–1.
Dependence
It is observed that the rate at which heat flows through a solid object depends upon
various factors. These are
 Cross sectional area of the solid
 Length of the solid
 Temperature difference between ends

Q 7. Define the term thermal conductivity. On what factors it depends upon?

Thermal Conductivity
The rate of flow of heat across the opposite faces of metre Cube of substance
maintained at a temperature difference of one Kelvin is called the thermal
conductivity of that substance.
Formula
Q L
K 
t A(T1  T2 )
Unit
SI unit of thermal conductivity is Wm–1K–1.
Dependence
Thermal conductivity of a substance only depends upon the nature of material.

Q 8. Write some uses of conductors.

Uses of conductors
 Physics (Class 9th)
 Good conductors are used when quick transfer of heat is required through a
body.
 Cookers, cooking plates, boiler, radiators and condensers of refrigerators, etc.
are made of metals such as aluminum and copper for the better conduction.
 Metal boxes are used for making ice, ice cream, etc.
 Sauce pans are made of metal for quick heat transfer.

Q 9. Give some uses of insulators / bad conductors.

Uses of Insulators
 Insulators or bad conductors are used in home utensils such as handles of sauce
pans, hot plates, spoons etc. they are made up of wood or plastic.
 Air is one of the bad conductors or best insulator. That is why cavity walls i.e
two walls separated by an air space and double glazed windows keep the
houses warm in winter and cool in summer.
 Some of the non-conductors are used for laggings to insulate water pipes, hot
water cylinders, ovens, refrigerators, walls and roofs of houses.
 Woolen cloth is used to make warm winter clothes.
 Feathers give good thermal insulation especially when fluffed up.

Q 10. Define convection.

Convection
Transfer of heat by actual movement of molecules from hot place to a cold place is
known as convection.

Q 11. Write some uses of convection currents.

Uses of Convection Current
 Convection currents set up by electric, gas or coal heaters help to warm our
homes and offices.
 Central heating systems in buildings work on the same principle air convection.
 Convection current occurs on a large scale in nature. The day to day
temperature changes in the atmosphere result from the circulation m warm or
cold air that travels across the region.
 Land and sea breezes are also the examples convection currents.
 Air fans also set up convection currents to blow the air in the room
 Physics (Class 9th)
This phenomenon is called forced convection currents.

Q 12. What is a glider? What causes a glider to remain in air?

Glider
A glider looks like a small Aeroplane without engine. Glider pilots use upward
movement of hot air currents due to convection of heat.
Cause of Glider’s Flight
Glider pilot uses upward movement of hot air currents due to convection of heat.
These rising currents of hot air are called thermals. Gliders ride over these thermals.
The upward movement of air current in thermals helps them to stay in air for a period.

Q 13. What are thermal air currents?

Thermal Air Currents
Hot air expands, becomes lighter and thus, rises up in the sky due to its less density.
Thus, convection currents are easily setup due to the difference in the densities of air
at various parts in the atmosphere. These rising currents of hot air are calledthermals
or thermal air currents.

Q 14. On what factors the rate of radiation depends upon?

Factors Effecting the Radiation
Radiations are emitted by all bodies. The rate at which radiations are emitted from a
body depends upon various factors. Some of these are:
 Colour of the surface
 Texture of the surface
 Surface temperature
 Surface area

LONG QUESTIONS ANSWER

Q 1. Define conduction of heat. Explain the process of conduction of heat in the light
of kinetic molecular model of matter.
Ans Definition
The mode of transfer of heat by vibrating atoms and free electrons in solids from hot
to cold parts of a body is called conduction of heat.
Mechanism/Process
 Physics (Class 9th)
The mechanism or process of conduction is described below in detail.
Conduction due to motion of atoms
In solids, atoms and molecules are packed close together as shown in figure. They
continue to vibrate about their mean position. When one of its ends is heated the
atoms or molecules present at that end begin to vibrate more rapidly. They also collide
with their neighbouring atoms or molecules.
In doing so, they pass some of their energy to neighbouring atoms or molecules during
collisions with them with the increase in turn pass on a part of the energy to their
neighbouring particles. In this way some heat reaches the other parts of the solids.
Disadvantages
 This is a slow process.
 Very small transfer of heat takes place from hot to cold parts in solids.
Conduction due to motion of free electrons
Heat flow from hot to cold parts in metals so rapidly than non-metals because metals
have free electrons as shown in figure. These free electrons move with very high
velocities within the metal objects. They carry energy at a very fast rate from hot to
cold parts of the object as they move. Thus, heat reaches the cold parts of the metal
objects from its hot part much more quickly than non-metals.
Applications and consequences
Some of applications and consequences of conduction are given below:
Conductors
Definition
The substances that allow heat to pass through them are called conductors of
heat.
Uses of conductors
 Good conductors are used when quick transfer of heat is requiredthrough a
body.
 Cookers, cooking plates, boiler, radiators and condensers ofrefrigerators, etc.
are made of metals such as aluminumand copperfor the better conduction.
 Metal boxes are used for making ice, ice cream, etc.
 Sauce pans are made of metal for quick heat transfer.
Non-Conductors
Definition
The substances through which the heat does not conduct easily are called bac
conductors or insulators.
Uses of Insulators
 Insulators or bad conductors are used in home utensils such as handles of sauce
pans, hot plates, spoons etc. they are made up c wood or plastic.
 Air is one of the bad conductors or best insulator. That is why cavity walls i.e
 Physics (Class 9th)
two walls separated by an air space and double glaze: windows keep the houses
warm in winter and cool in summer.
 Some of the non-conductors are used for laggings to insulate water pipes, hot
water cylinders, ovens, refrigerators, walls and roofs of houses.
 Woolen cloth is used to make warm winter clothes.
 Feathers give good thermal insulation especially when fluffed up.

Q 2. Define thermal conductivity and derive its expression?

Heat Flow Rate
Definition
The amount of heat that flows in unit time is called the rate of flow of heat.
Formula
Q
Rate of flow of heat =
t
Units
The SI units of rate of flow of heat is joule per second (JS–1)

Factors effecting
It is observed that the rate at which heat flow through a solid object depends upon
various factors. These are
 Cross sectional area of the solid
 Length of the solid
 Temperature different between ends
Derivation
Consider a solid block as shown in figure. One of its two opposite faces each to cross
sectional area “A” is heated to a temperature “T1” Heat “Q” flows along its length “L”
to opposite face at temperature T2 in ‘t’ seconds.
Cross – Sectional area of the solid
Larger cross sectional Area
A of solid contains larger number of molecules and free electrons on each layer
parallel to its cross sectional area and hence greater will be the rate of flow of heat
through the solid.
Q
 A ………….. (1)
t
Length of the solid
Larger is the length between the hot and cold ends o the solid, more time it will take to
conduct heat to the colder end and smaller will be the rate of flow of heat.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Q 1
 ………….. (2)
t L
Temperature difference between ends
Greater is the temperature difference T1 – T2 between hot and cold faces of the solids,
greater will be rate of low of heat. Thus
Q
 T1  T2  ………….. (3)
t
Combining equation (1) (2) and (3)
Q A(T1  T2 )

t L
Q kA(T1  T2 )

t L
Here k is the proportionality constant called thermal conductivity of solid.
Thermal conductivity
The rate of flow of heat across the opposite faces of a meter cube of substance
maintained at a temperature difference of one kelvin is called the thermal conductivity
of that substance.
Formula:
Q L
Its formula is k  
t A(T1  T2 )
Unit
SI unit of thermal conductivity is Wm–1 k–1 .
Dependences
Thermal conductivity of substances only depends upon the nature of material.
Significance
The value of thermal conductivity differentiates between conductors, if the value of
thermal conductivity is greater than the material is good conductor and vice versa.

Q 3. What is meant by convection? Describe an activity to show the transfer of heat

by convection process in liquids?
Convection
Definition
Transfer of heat by actual movement of molecules from hot place to a cold place is
known as convection.
Explanation
Liquids and gases are poor conductors of heat. However, heat is transferred through
fluids (liquids or gases) easily by another method called convection. It is observe: and
concluded that in convection process the transfer of heat through fluids takes place by
the actual movement of heated molecules from hotter part to colder parts a the fluids.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Examples
Convection process can be explained by an example suppose a part of a liquid or a gas
rises up above the heated area.
 A liquid or a gas becomes lighter (less dense) as it expands aim heating. Hot
liquid or gas rises up above the heated area.
 The cooler liquid or gas from the surroundings fills the place which in turns is
heated up. In this way, all the fluid is heated up.
Experiment
To show that the transfer of heat in liquids is done only due to convection process,
following experiment is performed.
Procedure
 Take a beaker and fill two third of it with water.
 Heat the beaker by keeping a burner below it.
 Drop two or three crystals of potassium permanganate in the water.
Observation
It will be seen that coloured streaks of water formed by the crystals move upward
above the flame and then move downwards from sideways as shown in figure. These
coloured streaks show the path of currents in the liquid.
Reason
When the water at the bottom of the beaker gets hot, it expands, becomes lighter and
rises up. While the cold but denser water moves downward to take its place.
Conclusion
In the above experiment the coloured streaks shows hat transfer of heat in the liquid is
by the actual movement of molecules or convection process.

Q 4. What are convection currents? How convection currents are produced in air?
Give some uses of convection currents.
Convection Currents
Definition
The path flow or setup which is produced to transfer the heat by actual movement of
molecules from hot place to a cold place due to the difference in densities of air at
various parts in atmosphere is known as convection current.
Production
When a gas or a liquid is heated, the hot (less dense) gas or a liquid molecules rise up
and the cold (more dense) gas or a liquid molecule from the surrounding come to fill
the empty space. The colder and hotter liquid or a gas molecules move up and down
due to supplying heat continuously and convection current are set up. These
convection currents are produced due to the differences in densities of a gas or a iquid
at various parts in the atmosphere or the container.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Uses of Convection Currents
Some of the uses of convection currents are given below
 Electric heater
Convection current set up by electric, gas or coal heaters help to warm our homes and
offices.
 Central heating system
Central heating systems in buildings work on the same principle by convection.
 Circulation of air
Convection currents occur on a large scale in nature. The day-to-day temperature
changes in the atmosphere result from the circulation of warm or cold air that travels
across the region.
 Sea breeze
On a hot day, the temperature of the land increases more quickly than the sea. It is
because the specific heat of land is much smaller as compared to water. The air above
land gets hot and rises up. Cold air from the sea begins to move towards the land. It is
called sea breeze.
 Land breeze
At night, the land cools faster than the sea. Therefore, air above the sea is warmer,
rises up and the cold air from the land begins to move towards the sea. It is called land
breeze.
 Gliding Glider
A glider looks like a small Aeroplane without engine. Glider pilots use upward
movement of hot air currents due to convection of heat.
 Cause of Glider’s Flight
Glider pilot uses upward movement of hot air currents due to convection of heat.
These rising currents of hot air are called thermals. Gliders ride over these thermals.
The upward movement of air current in thermals helps them to stay in air for a long
period.
 Birds Gliding
The birds stretch out their wings and circle in the rising currents of hot air called
thermals. The upward movement of these thermals (air thermals) helps birds to climb
up with it. Eagles, hawks and vultures are expert thermal climbers. After getting a free
lift (over thermals), birds are able to fly for hours without flapping their wings They
glide from one thermal to another and thus travel through large distance an:: hardly
need to flap their wings.

Q 5. Define radiation. On what factors the rate of radiation depends upon? Explain
all the factors in detail.
 Physics (Class 9th)
Our sun is the major source of heat energy. Heat energy reaches the earth it reaches us
neither by conduction nor by convection, because the space between the sun and the
earth’s atmosphere is empty. There is a third mode called radiation by which heat
travels from one place to another. It is through radiation that heat reaches us from the
sun.
Definition
Radiation is the mode of transfer of heat from one place to another in the form of
waves called electromagnetic waves.
Factors effecting on radiation
Radiations are emitted by all bodies. The rate at which radiations are emitted from a
body depends upon various factors. Some of these are
 Colour and Texture of the surface
 Surface Temperature
 Surface Area
Explanation
 Colour and Texture of the Surface
The rate at which various surface absorb heat also depends upon the nature of those
surfaces.
Experiment
Take two surfaces one is dull black and the other is silver polished. Place a burning
candle at the middle of the two surfaces. We will notice that dull black surface is a
good absorber of heat as its temperature rises rapidly. A polished surface is poor
absorber of heat atits temperature rises very slowly.
Observations
IK observations made from the set up shown in the pre are shown in the table given
below.

Surface Emitter Absorber Reflector

Dull black surface Best Best Worst
Colored surface Good Good Bad
White surface Bad Bad Good
Shining slivered surface Worst Worst Best
 Surface Temperature
When the temperature of an object is higher than its surroundings like hot cup of tea,
then it is radiating more heat than it is absorbing. On the other hand, when the
temperature of an object is lower than its surrounding like chilled water, then it is
radiating less heat than it is absorbing.
 Surface Area
 Physics (Class 9th)
It is also found that the transfer of heat by radiation is also affected by the surface area
of the body emitting or absorbing heat. Larger is the area, greater will be the transfer
of heat. It is due to this reason that larger numbers of slots are made in radiators to
increase their surface area.

Q 6. Describe Applications and consequences of radiation

Fire place
Heat from the fireplace reaches us directly by the different process in the form o*
waves called radiations.
Fire place are used for room heating. Air is a poor conductor of heat. So heat reac" us
by conduction through air from a fireplace, nor does it reach us by convectic' because
the air getting heat from the fire place does not move in all directions. H: air moves
upward from the fireplace.
Thermos flask
In a thermos flask, most of the heat is prevented to enter or leave the flask. This done
by suitable measures to reduce the transfer of heat due to conduction convection and
radiation. Thus, anything kept in it, maintain its temperature for a long time.
Cooking pots
Interior of the cooking pots are polished for reflecting back most of the heat radiation
within them. Also the bottoms of cooking pots are made black to increase that
absorption of heat from fire.
Black surfaces
A black coloured body gets hot quickly absorbing heat reaching it during a sunny day
and also cools down quickly by giving out its heat to its surroundings. So, the
bottoms of cooking pots are made black to increase the absorption of heat from fire
White surfaces
Like light rays, heat radiation also obey laws of reflection. The amount of hear
reflected from the object depends upon its colour and nature of the surface. Whir
surface reflects more than coloured or black surfaces.
Hence we wear white or light coloured clothes in summer which reflect most of the
heat radiation reaching us during the hot day.
Polished surfaces
Polished surfaces are good reflector than rough surfaces and reflection of heat
radiations is greater from polished surfaces.

Q 7. What is a green house? How does the temperature in a green house can be
maintained?
Green House
 Physics (Class 9th)
Green house is a house formed by the glass and transparent polythene sheets. It is used
for the better growth of some plants.
Working of Green House
Light from the sun contains thermal
radiations (infrared) of long wavelengths
as well as light and ultraviolet radiations
of short wavelengths. Glass and
transparent polythene sheets allow
radiations of short wavelength to pass
through easily but not long wavelengths
of thermal radiations. Thus, a greenhouse
becomes a heat trap. Radiations from the
sun pass easily through glass and warms up the objects in the green house. These
objects and plants give out radiation of much longer wavelengths. Glass and
transparent polythene sheet do not allow them to escape out easily and are reflected
back in the greenhouse. This maintains the inside temperature of the green house.
Greenhouse effect promises better growth of some plants.