OOPS Concepts in Python

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 Error/ Warning Information Flashback Class Exercise

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 1. Classes and Objects

2. Inheritance and its types

AGENDA 3. Multiple Inheritance

4. Function Overloading

5. Operator Overloading

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1. Classes and Objects

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Object-oriented programming

OOP

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of “class” and "object“.
Features:
▪ Classes and Objects
▪ Inheritance and its types
▪ Multiple Inheritance
▪ Function Overloading
▪ Operator Overloading

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Classes and objects

Class
A class in Python is a blueprint or a template for creating objects.
▪ Classes are created by keyword class.
▪ Attributes are the variables that belong to a class.
▪ Attributes are always public and can be accessed using the dot (.) operator. Example - MyClass.MyAttribute

Object

An object in Python is an instance of a class.

▪ State: It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an object.
▪ Behavior: It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an object to other
objects.
▪ Identity: It gives a unique name to an object and enables one object to interact with other objects.
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Classes and objects

Class : Human

Name
Human : object01 Human : object02
Job
Address

Sherlock Holmes Tarzan

Detective Adventurer, Hunter
221B Baker Street Jungle, Africa

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Classes and objects

Create a class
▪ “class” keyword Class : Human

▪ Syntax

▪ Example

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Classes and objects

The “pass” keyword in Python is used as a placeholder for future code.

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Classes and objects

Create an object
▪ Syntex Human : tarzan

▪ Example

▪ Verify object of a particular class

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Classes and objects

The isinstance() function is used to check if an object (first argument) is an instance or subclass instance of a
class or a tuple of classes (second argument). It returns True if the object is an instance of the class (or of one of
the classes in the tuple), and False otherwise.

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Classes and objects

▪ The data associated with the objects or instances are called attributes.
▪ The actions that the objects can perform or allow us to perform on them are called methods.

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Classes and objects

The __init__() function

▪ The __init__() function is called automatically every time the class is being used to create a new object.

The “self” parameter

▪ Instance reference: The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class.
▪ Attribute access: It allows access to the attributes and methods of the class within its methods.

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Classes and objects

It does not have to be named “self”, you can call it whatever you like, but it has to be the first parameter of
any function in the class.

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Classes and objects

The __str__() Function

▪ The __str__() function controls what should be returned when the class object is represented as a string.
▪ If the __str__() function is not set, the string representation of the object is returned.

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Classes and objects

Let’s create a function to display information of the human object

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Classes and objects

Let’s create an object

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Classes and objects

Create object “tarzan” of human class and display it’s information using display_info() function.

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Classes and objects

Change the property of object

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Classes and objects

Delete an object
▪ “del” keyword

▪ Using the “del” keyword delete the “address” property of the “tarzan” object.
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Classes and objects

Let's create a Car class with the properties - model, brand, fuel_type, and price. And also add two methods: one to
display the car's details and another to calculate the price after applying a discount.

Sample output

Car Details:
Model: Model S
Brand: Tesla
Fuel Type: Electric
Price: $79999

Price after 10% discount: $71999.1

String Representation of Car Object:

Car(Model: Model S, Brand: Tesla, Fuel Type: Electric, Price: $79999)

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 Question?

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2. Inheritance

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Inheritance

Inheritance in human

Grandparents

Parents

Child 24
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Inheritance

Inheritance in python
Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP that allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class.
▪ The class that inherits is called the derived class or child class.
▪ The class being inherited from is called the base class or parent class.

Benefits

▪ Reusability: Reuse existing code, reducing redundancy.

▪ Extensibility: Extend and enhance functionalities.
▪ Maintainability: Easier to manage and update code.

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Inheritance

Syntax

Here the “ChildClass” inherits from “ParentClass”.

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Inheritance

Types
1. Single Inheritance

2. Multiple Inheritance

3. Multilevel Inheritance

4. Hierarchical Inheritance

5. Hybrid Inheritance

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Inheritance

“self” is a reference to the current instance of the class. It is used to access variables and methods
associated with the current object.

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Inheritance

1. Single inheritance
A derived class inherits from a single base class.

Base class : Animal

Derived class : Dog

Dog class inherits Animal class.

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Inheritance

2. Multiple inheritance
A derived class inherits from more than one base class.
Base class 01: Flyer Base class 02: Swimmer

Derived class : Duck

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Inheritance

3. Multilevel inheritance
A derived class inherits from another derived class. Level 0
Base class : Animal

Level 1
Derived class : Mammal

Level 2
Derived class : Dog
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Inheritance

4. Hierarchical inheritance
Multiple derived classes inherit from a single base class.

Base class :
Animal

Derived class : Fish

Derived class : Dog Derived class : Bird

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Inheritance

5. Hybrid inheritance
A combination of two or more types of
inheritance.

Animal

Mammal
Swimmer

Fish

Dog
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Inheritance

The super() function

The __init__() function of “Animal” superclass being initialized using the object of derived class “Dog”.

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Inheritance

The super() function

▪ The __init__() function of derived class
will no longer inherits the parent's
__init__() function.

▪ Now, object of derived class “Dog”

pointing the __init__() function of its
own.

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Inheritance

The super() function

Use parent.__init__()

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Inheritance

The super() function

The super() function will allow child class inherit all the methods and properties from its parent.

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Inheritance

Disadvantages of inheritance

▪ Increased complexity

▪ Tight coupling

▪ Can lead to the diamond problem in multiple inheritance

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Inheritance

The "diamond problem" occurs when a class inherits from two classes that have a common ancestor. This
creates a diamond-shaped inheritance hierarchy, leading to ambiguity in method resolution.

Write a program to illustrate the “diamond problem” in the context of python.

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Inheritance

Create a Python program to manage different types of vehicles. Follow these steps: # Example Usage

1. Create a base class Vehicle with: car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla", 5)

▪ Attributes: brand and model. bike = Bike("Yamaha", "MT-15", "Sports")
▪ Method: display_info() to print the brand and model. car.display_info()
bike.display_info()
2. Create a class Car that inherits from Vehicle with:
▪ An additional attribute: seats. # Expected Output
▪ Override the __init__() method to initialize brand, model and seats.
▪ Override the display_info() method to: Brand: Toyota, Model: Corolla
• Call the display_info() method from Vehicle. Seats: 5
• Print the number of seats. Brand: Yamaha, Model: MT-15
Type: Sports
3. Create a class Bike that inherits from Vehicle with:
▪ An additional attribute: type_bike.
▪ Override the __init__() method to initialize brand, model and type_bike.
▪ Override the display_info() method to:
• Call the display_info() method from Vehicle.
• Print the type of bike.

4. CreateWeb
instances of Car and Bike and call their display_info() methods.
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 Question?

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4. Function Overloading

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Function overloading

Definition
Two or more functions have the same name but
▪ different numbers of parameters
▪ or different types of parameters
▪ or both.
This is called function overloading.

Python does not support traditional function overloading. However, a similar effect can be achieved using –
▪ default arguments
▪ variable-length arguments
▪ conditional logic inside methods.

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Function overloading

Need of function overloading?

Two or more functions in the same scope
with same names will cause error.

Here which function will be called by

product(4, 5) ?
a) product(a, b)
b) product(a, b, c)

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Function overloading

Without function overloading

To perform the same task there are two different methods – speak() and speak_with_sound()
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Function overloading

With function overloading

Using the concept of function overloading with default arguments and conditional logic it can be simplified

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Function overloading

Overload inherited function

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 Function overloading

What is inheritance?

Inheritance in OOP allows a new class (called a “child class” or "subclass" or "derived class") is created by inheriting the
properties and behaviors (methods) of an existing class (called a "base class" or "superclass“ or “parent class”).

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Function overloading

Multiple dispatch decorator

This decorator allows you to define multiple implementations of a function or method based on the types and
number of arguments passed to it.

Install Multiple Dispatch Decorator:

pip install multipledispatch

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Function overloading

Multiple dispatch decorator

Three implementations of the product() function are defined
using the @dispatch decorator.

▪ The first implementation is for two int arguments.

▪ The second implementation is for three int arguments.
▪ The third implementation is for three float arguments.

What will be the output of this code?

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Function overloading

Benefits of function overloading

▪ Enhanced Readability: The method name product() is intuitive and clearly indicates its purpose. With
overloading, we do not need to remember multiple method names for similar actions.

▪ Code Reusability: Instead of creating multiple methods with different names, we reuse the same method
name to handle various scenarios.

▪ Flexibility and Ease of Use: The product() method can be called with or without an argument, making it
flexible and easy to use.

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Function overloading

Implement a class hierarchy with “Person” as the base class and “Student” as # Example Usage
the derived class. The Student class should have a method to add skills. Use
function overloading to handle the following cases: student = Student("John Doe", 20)
student.add_skill("Python")
▪ Objective student.add_skill(["Java", "C++"])
student.add_skill({"Data Analysis": "Advanced",
1. Add a single skill: Takes one string argument (skill) and adds it to the "Machine Learning": "Intermediate"})
student's skill set. print(student.skills)
2. Add multiple skills: Takes a list of strings (skills) and adds them to
the student's skill set. # Expected output
3. Add skills with proficiency levels: Takes a dictionary of skills and
proficiency levels and adds to the skill set. {'Python': 'Beginner’,
'Java': 'Beginner’,
▪ Requirements 'C++': 'Beginner’,
'Data Analysis': 'Advanced’,
• Use the multipledispatch library to achieve function overloading. 'Machine Learning': 'Intermediate'}
• Implement the Person and Student classes.
• Implement the add_skill method in the Student class using function
overloading. 52
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 Question?

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5. Operator Overloading

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Operator overloading

What is operator overloading?

Operator overloading in Python allows to define how operators behave with user-defined objects.

For example, the ‘+’ operator will perform arithmetic addition on two numbers, merge two lists, or concatenate
two strings.

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Operator overloading

What is function overloading ?

It refers to the ability to define multiple functions with the same name but different type or number of parameters.

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Operator overloading

How does the operator overloading work?

Step1: Defining Special Methods

Step2: Invocation of Special Methods

Step3: Returning Results

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Operator overloading

What is special method?

▪ Python provides a set of special methods for operator overloading.

▪ Also known as magic methods or dunder methods (because their names are surrounded by double underscores).

▪ These methods allow to define how instances of class behave with operators.

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Operator overloading

Built-in special methods for overloading

Arithmetic Operators Unary Operators Type Conversion
▪ __add__(self, other) for + ▪ __neg__(self) for unary - ▪ __int__(self) for int()
▪ __sub__(self, other) for - ▪ __pos__(self) for unary + ▪ __float__(self) for float()
▪ __mul__(self, other) for * ▪ __abs__(self) for abs() ▪ __complex__(self) for complex()
▪ __truediv__(self, other) for / ▪ __invert__(self) for ~ ▪ __bool__(self) for bool()
▪ __floordiv__(self, other) for // ▪ __str__(self) for str()
▪ __mod__(self, other) for % Comparison Operators ▪ __repr__(self) for repr()
▪ __pow__(self, other) for ** ▪ __eq__(self, other) for ==
▪ __divmod__(self, other) for divmod() ▪ __ne__(self, other) for != Augmented Assignment Operators
▪ __lt__(self, other) for < ▪ __iadd__(self, other) for +=
Container/Sequence Operations ▪ __le__(self, other) for <= ▪ __isub__(self, other) for -=
▪ __len__(self) for len() ▪ __gt__(self, other) for > ▪ __imul__(self, other) for *=
▪ __getitem__(self, key) for indexing [] ▪ __ge__(self, other) for >= ▪ __itruediv__(self, other) for /=
▪ __setitem__(self, key, value) for assignment []= ▪ __ifloordiv__(self, other) for //=
▪ __delitem__(self, key) for deletion del [] Bitwise Operators ▪ __imod__(self, other) for %=
▪ __contains__(self, item) for in ▪ __and__(self, other) for & ▪ __ipow__(self, other) for **=
▪ __or__(self, other) for |
Context Management ▪ __xor__(self, other) for ^
__enter__(self) for entry ▪ __lshift__(self, other) for << 59
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__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb) for exit ▪ __rshift__(self, other) for >>
Operator overloading

Built-in special methods for overloading

Other Special Methods Augmented Bitwise Assignment Operators

▪ __call__(self, *args, **kwargs) for function call () ▪ __iand__(self, other) for &=
▪ __iter__(self) for iteration ▪ __ior__(self, other) for |=
▪ __next__(self) for the next item in iteration ▪ __ixor__(self, other) for ^=
▪ __reversed__(self) for reversed() ▪ __ilshift__(self, other) for <<=
▪ __round__(self, n) for round() ▪ __irshift__(self, other) for >>=

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Operator overloading

__str__()
This method in Python is a special method used to
define a string representation of an object. It returns
a string whenever the object is printed or converted
to a string using str() function.

Find the output of the program.

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Operator overloading

# Example Usage

To demonstrate operator overloading using one operator from each category, class Point:
create a custom Point class and overload the following operators: def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):
self.x = x
self.y = y
▪ Arithmetic Operator: + (addition)
▪ Augmented Assignment Operator: += (in-place addition) # Expected Output
▪ Unary Operator: - (negation)
Addition: Point(4, 6)
▪ Comparison Operator: == (equality) In-place Addition: Point(4, 6)
Negation: Point(-4, -6)
▪ Bitwise Operator: & (bitwise AND)
Equality: False
▪ Type Conversion: int() (conversion to integer) Bitwise AND: Point(0, 2)
Integer Conversion: 10
▪ Container/Sequence Operation: [] (indexing)
Indexing: 4 6
▪ Context Management: with statement (context management) Entering context
Within context: Point(7, 8)
Exiting context

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 Question?

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 Thank you

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