MATTER:

 It refers to anything that occupies space and has mass.

 Matter is considered as a living thing and a non-living thing.
 There are three types of matter - solids, liquids and gases.
Solid -have a definite shape, as well as mass and volume, and do not
conform to the shape of the container in which they are placed. Solids
also have a high density, meaning the particles are packed closely
together and are not free to move about within the substance.
Liquid - is anything that has size or volume but does not have a shape.
Liquids must be contained in a cup, bottle, or some container in order to
have a shape.
Gas - is a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Examples of gases include air, water vapor, and helium.

MIXTURE
• A classification of matter.
• It consists of two or more components that are not chemically
combined and are not in any fixed proportion.
• A mixture is formed by physically combining two or more
substances.
• Mixture can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Examples :
• Sugar and water
• Salt and water
• Air ( mixture of gases)
• Salt and sugar
• Sand and water
• Oil and water, etc.
Properties of a Mixture
1. No chemical reaction takes place during mixing.
2. Each component keeps its original properties.
3. The amount of each component in a mixture varies.
4. The component of a mixture can be separated.

Two Types of Mixture

1. Homogeneous mixture
• It is made up of two or more substances.
• Have very small components and appear to be uniform
throughout.
• A homogeneous mixture can be in the form of solution.
Examples :
• Soda
• Mineral water
• Air
• Saltwater
• alloy
Solution
• A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture. The particles of
the dissolved substance are evenly spread throughout the
mixture. An example is sugar solution, which is sugar dissolved
in water.
• A solution is composed of solute and solvent.
• The component that is dissolved is called solute. The component
that does the dissolving and is usually in big amount in the
solution is called solvent.
Solubility
• Substance like sugar are said to be soluble because they can be
dissolved while substances that cannot be dissolved are said to
be insoluble. Solubility is the ability of a substance to be
dissolved in a solvent.

2. Heterogeneous mixture
• A heterogeneous mixture is any mixture that has no uniform
composition.
• Its components are visible, not equally distributed and remain
physically separated.
• It has more than one phase.
• Immiscible is incapable of mixing or attaining homogeneity.
Examples :
• Sand and water
• Salad
 • Concrete
• Vinegar in oil
• Table salt and pepper
Suspension
A suspension is a type of heterogeneous mixture in which large
particles of a substance are dispersed and suspended in another
component of the mixture which is usually a gas or a liquid.
Emulsion is a mixture of liquid wherein small drops of one
liquid are mixed throughout another liquid.
PROPERTIES OF SUSPENSION
• Consists of an insoluble substance dispersed in liquid.
• Heterogeneous
• Opaque or not clear
• Particles settle after a time
Colloid
• A colloid is also a heterogeneous mixture. In a colloid, an
insoluble component called the dispersed phase is distributed
and suspended in another component called the dispersing
medium.
• When a light strikes colloid, light is scattered. This light
scattering .
• Mayonnaise is an example of colloid. It is an emulsion of oil in
either vinegar or lemon juice. An emulsion is a mixture of two
or more unmixable liquids in which one of the liquids is present
as droplets distributed throughout.
• Aside from emulsion, colloids may be named as sols, gels, solid
aerosols, liquid aerosols and foams.
SEPARATING COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE
1. Mechanical Separation
• Physical Manipulation
• This method is used to separate components of heterogeneous
mixture that are big enough to be separated.
• Sorting is used when the two (or more) types of matter are in
fairly large pieces.
2. Decantation
• Decantation is another process of separating solid-liquid
mixture.
• The layer of liquid or supernatant is gently poured to another
container, leaving behind the solid sediment.
• Sedimentation is the process of separating solid-liquid mixture.
• The solid component in the mixture is allowed to settle at the
bottom of the container. The solid component that settles is
called sediment.
3. Filtration
• Filtration is use to separate components of a mixture that have
different size by using a filter paper.
• Filtrate are the components that pass through the filter paper. It
can be liquid or a gas.
• Sifting or Sieving is like filtration that uses a sieve or strainer
with big holes, instead of a filter paper.
• Strainers are used for sifting or sieving.
• In separating sand and stone, sieving is also used through an
improvised mesh.
4. Evaporation
• Evaporation is the most appropriate method that can separate a
soluble solid from a liquid solvent.
• This separation method requires heating. After heating, the
remaining solid is called residue.
• Solar evaporation is the evaporation of water due to the sun's
heat.
5. Distillation
• Distillation is the process of separating the components of a
mixture by evaporation and condensation.
• Distillation is best used in separating liquid to liquid mixture.
• An example of liquid to liquid mixture is rubbing alcohol or
alcohol-water mixture.
 • Alcohol and water has different boiling point. A pure alcohol
has a boiling point of 78 °C while water is at 100 °C.
• The liquid alcohol that is condensed is called distillate.
6. Paper Chromatography
• Chromatography is a method of separating mixtures by using a
moving solvent on filter paper.
• A drop of mixture solution is spotted near one end of the paper
and then dried.
• Paper Chromatography is used to separate the components of
ink and food dye. It is consist of
• Stationary phase – a solid like an absorbent paper or a
liquid.
• Mobile phase – a liquid or a gas that flows through the
stationary phase.
7. Centrifugation
• Chromatography is a method of separating mixtures by using a
moving solvent on filter paper.
• A drop of mixture solution is spotted near one end of the paper
and then dried.
• Paper Chromatography is used to separate the components of
ink and food dye. It is consist of
• Stationary phase – a solid like an absorbent paper or a
liquid.
• Mobile phase – a liquid or a gas that flows through the
stationary phase.
8. Magnetic Separation
• Magnetic separation is the process of separating components of
mixtures by using a magnet to attract magnetic materials.
• A magnet is a rock or a piece of metal that can pull certain types
of metal toward itself.
• The force of magnets, called magnetism, is a basic force of
nature, like electricity and gravity.
• Magnetism works over a distance. This means that a magnet
does not have to be touching an object to pull it.
Applications of Separation Technique in Food Processing
• Physical Separation
• Physical separations are applied to foods and
ingredients to improve appearances, remove impurities,
and improve performance.
 • Centrifugation
• The many applications of mechanical centrifugation in
the food industry include: milk separation, cheese
production, pulp control in juices, edible oil production,
essential oil recovery, and production of starch and
yeast.
SOLUTION
• Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
• In a solution the solute and solvent are uniformly mixed in such
a way that they are not easily distinguished from one another.
• Solute is the component being dissolved in a solution.
• Solvent is a substance, ordinarily a liquid, in which other
materials dissolve to form a solution.
• Aqueous solution is one in which the solvent is liquid water.
That is, solute (dissolved) ions and molecules are surrounded by
water molecules and incorporated into the network of bonds
within the water. The dissolved species then spread throughout
the water.
• Soluble is a qualitative description of substances that have the
ability to be dissolved in significant amounts in a given solvent.
• Miscible is used to describe the solubility of substances in a
liquid-liquid and gas-gas systems.
• Concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of
solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or
solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a relatively
large amount of dissolved solute.
• Saturated Solution
• A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved
without raising temperature.
• A solution in which the maximum amount of solvent
has been dissolved.
• Unsaturated Solution
• A solution that contains less than the maximum
amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved.
• The solution in which more solute can be added at
given temperature.
• Supersaturated Solution
• A solution that contains more than the maximum
amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved at a
given temperature.
• A supersaturated solution remains solvated even with
extra solid once it is cooled.