WRITING TASK 1

CHANGE OVER TIME:

- 4 categories:

The bar chart illustrates how much governments in four countries invested in roads and
transport between 1990 and 2005.

Overall, there was a decline in the proportion of government spending on roads and
transport in Italy, Portugal, and the UK, while a rise was seen in the USA. In addition,
Portugal generally had the highest figures throughout the period.

The share of the government's budget spent on roads and transport in Portugal started at
about 27%, after which it saw a progressive decrease to exactly 20% in 2005. Conversely,
the figure for the USA rose from just over 10% in 1990 to 15% in 2005, despite a small
fall in the first five years.

Approximately 22% of the Italian national budget was spent on transport infrastructure,
with subsequent fluctuations and a final decline from 24% in 2000 to about 19% in 2005.
Similarly, the UK's figure fluctuated from 9% to 13% from 1990 to 2000, before ending
the period at around 7%.

- > 4 categories or more

The line graph illustrates how many people used five different means of
communication worldwide between 1998 and 2008.
Overall, there was an increase in the number of users of all five communication
services (across five communication services), with cellular phone service
enjoying the most considerable growth to become by far the most used/popular
from 2005 onwards.
The number of subscribers to landline service started at 15 million, after which it
experienced a gradual rise to 20 million in 2006, before ending the period at about
19 million. Similarly, not until the year 2002 did people start using fixed
 broadband and mobile broadband, and the figures for these two services increased
slightly to 4 million.
5 million people subscribed to cellular phone service in 1998, with a subsequent
gradual growth to roughly 18 million 4 years later, and a final substantial growth
to just over 65 million at the end of the period. Similar changes, but to a lesser
extent, can be seen in the figures for internet service, which increased from just
under 5 million in 1998 to exactly 20 million in 2006, followed by a final levelling
off towards the end of the period.

The line graph illustrates how many people used five communication services
between 1998 and 2008.
Overall, there was an increase in the number of users across all five services, with
the cellular phone service witnessing the most significant rise. It can also be seen
that mobile and fixed broadband users were consistently the lowest during the
period.
The number of subscribers to cellular phone service started at about 5 million in
1998, after which it experienced a slight increase to around 18 million in the next
four years before ending the period with a dramatic rise to approximately 65
million. Similar changes, but to a lesser extent, the figure for internet service
began at just under 5 million users, then grew gradually to quadruple by 2008.
Nearly 15 million subscribers to landline service in the first year, with a
subsequent marginal rise of 5 million in 2006 and a final minor decrease to around
19 million in 2008. Only in 2002 did people start to use fixed and mobile
broadband services, and their figures saw a slight increase to just under 5 million
users at the end of the period.
- < 4 categories or less
The table illustrates how many cars were produced in Argentina, Australia, and
Thailand between 2003 and 20009.
Over there was an increase in the number of cars manufactured in Argentina and
Thailand, while a constant decline was seen in Australia’s car production. It is also
clear that Thailand consistently had by far the highest figures throughout the
period, even though a considerable decline was seen in the latter half.
The number of automobiles manufactured in Thailand started at 735,852 units,
dramatically rising to 1,162,356 in 2006. A similar change was seen in the figure
Argentina, which increased from 235,088 to 352,759 in the first three years. By
contrast, 452,136 cars were made in Australia in 2000, with a subsequent
significant decline to 341,268 units in 2003.
From 2006 to 2009, the number of cars produced continued to increase, reaching
466,085 units. Conversely, the figures for Thailand and Australia dropped to
999,963 and 245,624 units respectively.
- 2 years only

The pie charts illustrate how students in a university travelled to school in 2004
and 2009.
Overall, there was a significant decline in the proportion of people traveling to the
examined university by car, while an increase was seen in the figures for other
means of transport. In addition, the majority of students choose to commute to
their university by car in 2004, and by bus in 2009; by contrast the figures for
people opting to take a train or walk to school were negligible in both years. (it can
also be seen that students consistently prefer traveling to school by bus and car to
others)
The percentage of people driving to university started at 51% in 2004, after which
it experienced a considerable fall to 28% in 2009. The reverse trend can be seen in
the figure for those going to this university by bus, which rose from 33% in 2004
 to 46% in 2009. (Falling considerably to 28% in 2009. Conversely, the figure for
those commuting by but increased from 33% to 46% throughout the period.)
9% of people in the survey said they often cycled to school in 2004, followed by a
rise to 16% after a half-decade. The figures for people taking a train or walking to
school increased negligibly, reaching 4% and 6% respectively. (9% of students
chose to cycle to school in 2004, with a subsequent slight rise, reaching 16% in the
next five years. The figures for people taking a train or walking to their university
saw a negligible decrease, starting at 3% and 4% respectively, reaching 4% and
6% in that order.)
- Future

The table illustrates the proportion of people aged 65 and over in Canada,
Germany, and the UK in 1988 and 2000 and an estimated 2030.
Overall, there is a rise in the percentage of elderly people in all three countries
over the period, with the UK witnessing almost no change in the first 12 years. In
addition. Germany consistently has the most significant proportion of older
people, and the figures for the UK are the lowest in all three years. (It can also be
 seen that Germany consistently has the largest proportion of the elderly, while the
figure for the UK is in stark contrast.)
In 1988, the percentage of senior citizens in Germany started at 20.35%, after
which it rose to 25.53%. The figure for Canada saw a similar change, growing
from 16.45% to 20.65% in the first 12 years. Meanwhile, the proportion of elderly
people in the UK remained relatively unchanged during this period, at shy of 15%
(The percentage of senior citizens in Germany started at 20.35%, then it grew to
25.53% in 2000. Similarly, the figure for Canada rose from 16.45% to 20.65% in
the first 12 years. Meanwhile, the proportion of elderly people in the UK remained
relatively unchanged during the same period.)
By 2030, the population of people aged 65 and above in Germany is expected to
increase at the same rate, reaching 30,65%. The figures for Canada and the UK are
also predicted to grow, reaching 26,35% and 20.45% respectively.
- Total
 The chart illustrates how much toxic gasses were emitted into the atmosphere from
three sources in the UK from 1990 to 2005.
Overall, there was a decline in the total amount of air pollution in the UK, which
resulted from decreased emissions from industrial and domestic activities. In
addition, the number of air pollutants released from transport vehicles increased,
surpassing the industry sector to become the most serious polluter from 2002
onwards.
Just under 8 million tonnes of air pollutants were discharged from all three sectors,
with a gradual decline to 5 million tonnes at the end of the period. Similarly, the
figure for the industry sector decreased steadily from 6 million tonnes to exactly 2
million tonnes in 2005.
The amount of toxic fumes released from the transport sector started at 1 million
tonnes, after which it experienced mild fluctuations at this level, before increasing
from 1.2 million tonnes in 1999 to shy of 3 million tonnes in 2005. Opposite
changes can be seen in the figure for household activities, which contributed 1
million tonnes of air pollutants in the first century, followed by a progressive drop
to almost 0 in 2005.
NO CHANGE:
- Structure:
 To be double that of
V+ Two/three/four times as much + N as
1. The oil consumption in Japan was about 70, and the figures for the UAE and
Canada were lower, at 20 million and 35 million respectively.
2. The oil consumption in Japan was highest, at 70 million tonnes, followed by
Canada (35 million) and the UAE (20 million).
3. The oil consumption in Japan far exceeded that of the UAE and Canada, with
respective figures being 70 million, 20 million and 35 million tonnes.
4. The oil consumption in Japan (about 70 million tonnes) was far higher than
that of the UAE and Canada, which was 20 million and 35 million respectively.
5. About 70 million tonnes of oil was consumed in Japan, compared to about 20
million in the UAE and 35 million in Canada.
- 2 categories

The bar chart illustrates the proportion of teenage boys and girls engaging in
different pastimes in 2010.
Overall, while boys generally enjoyed outdoor activities the most, girls tended to
join indoor ones. It is also clear that dramatic differences are not seen in the
figures for teenagers of both sexes playing computer games or watching DVDs.
About 27% of the boys in the survey said that they often played sports in their free
time, compared to only 12% of their female counterparts. Similarly, the percentage
of teenage boys going to the park was higher than that of the girls (was double that
of the girls/was 2 times higher than that of the girls), with respective figures being
25% and 12%. Dramatic differences were also seen in the proportion of girls and
boys doing art and craft, which was 25% and 4% in that order. As for reading
book, around 18% of girls enjoyed this activity, while only 10& of boys did so.
The percentage of teenagers playing video game was the same for both genders,
with 15% of total boys and girls in the survey having this leisure pursuit. While 15
% of boys also chose to watch DVDs in their leisure time, a slightly higher
percentage of girls (approximately 18%) did the same.

The pie charts illustrate why people migrated to and from the UK in 2007.
Overall, the percentage of people moving in or out of the UK to undertake a
permanent job was highest in both charts. In addition, the figure for those who
came to the UK to pursue a formal education was also significant, but this is the
least stated factor among.
 Nearly one third of the migration in both groups move in or out the UK to pursue a
fine career.
The proportion of people who went to the UK to assume a permanent position in
companies based in this country is similar to that of those who left the country for
the same reason, with respective figures being 30% and 29%. Similarities can also
be seen in the percentage of people whose reason for migration is to accompany
their relatives, which is 15% for immigration and 13% for emigration.
Regarding categories with pronounced differences, while 26% of immigrants said
that they entered the UK for academic pursuits, this is only the case for a mere 4%
of emigrants. Meanwhile 22% of the people who moved out of the UK said that
they did so in order to find work, compared to only 12% of immigrants. Finally,
the percentage of people who gave ither reasons or no reason for immigration
was32%, which was almost double that of their emigrant counterparts.
- Lot of information
The chart illustrates how much money five organizations spent on four different
spending areas in 2010.
Overall, organization B invested by far the most resources in all categories, with
the largest part of its expenditure going on renting offices. This was also the key
spending area in organization D and E. In addition, while organization A invested
the most in staff training programs, this area received the least money in
organization C. (Overall, organization B invested by far the most resources in all
categories, with the largest part of its expenditure going on renting offices, on
which the four remaining organization have the same rate of invest)
Regarding organization B, its spending on building was 1.7 billion Euros in 2010,
compared to around 0.5 billion on the remaining 4 organizations. Similarly,
1.6billion Euros was invested in research in organization B, doubling that of
organization A. The figures for organizations C, D and E were lower, at about 0.7,
0.3, and 0.35 respectively.
Staff training cost the most in organization A, at 1 billion Euros, which was still
0.5 billion smaller than that of organization B. The figures for the remaining three
organizations were around 0.4 billion. Organization B spent 1.3 billion on
machinery, followed by organization A (0.8 billion), and organization C (0.7
billion), while both organization D and E used only 0.4 billion for this area.
The table compares five countries in Europe in terms of the percentage of people’s
monthly income allocation for food and beverages, accommodation, clothing and
recreation.
Overall, people in all five nations allocate the largest portion of their income for
food and drinks and housing. It is also clear that clothing is the smallest spending
area in all of the countries examined, except for Turkey.
The percentage of money used for food and drink in Turkey is highest, accounting
for 36% of residents’ income, and the figures for Spain and the UK were lower, at
31% and 27% respectively. In addition, people in Germany and France allocated
around one fourth of their monthly earnings for this spending area. By contrast,
37% of people's income is expended on accommodation in the UK, compared to
33% in Germany and 31% in France, Meanwhile the figures for Turkey and Spain
were about 20%.
Clothing accounted for 15% of how much people earn monthly in Germany,
doubling that of France and Spain. Meanwhile the spending on clothing in the UK
and Turkey is similar, with respective figures being 11% and 12%. Finally, 19% of
 German households’ income goes into entertainment, in comparison with 15% in
Spain and 13% in France. The expenditure on recreational activities in the UK and
Turkey is almost the same, at around 10%.
- MIXED CHARTS

The line graph illustrates the number of UK residents going abroad from the UK
and overseas residents visiting the UK between 1979 and 1999. The bar chart
gives information about how many UK residents traveled to five of the most
popular countries in 1999.
Overall, there was an increase in the number of visitors moving to and from the
UK, with those going abroad witnessing a more significant rise. In addition, it is
evident that Britain chose to come to France and Spain rather than the USA,
Greece, and Turkey in 1999.
The number of travelers from the UK started at just over 10 million in 1979, after
which it grew gradually to nearly 55 million in 1999. Similarly, but to a lesser
extent, the figure for those who come to the UK increased slightly from exactly 10
million to about 25 million over the period.
The number of British tourists going to visit France was the highest among the
five countries, at about 11 million, followed by Spain at approximately 9 million.
The figures for the three remaining countries were far lower, which was 3 million
for the USA, 2.5 million for Greece, and 2 million for Turkey.
MAP
Overall template:
Overall, the... underwent a number of dramatic changes, the most
important of which is/are the development/expansion/disappearance/
rearrangement of...
Catering for:
The expansion of housing area catering for the increase in the population
of the town.
Always mention the site when describe changes
Depiction:
position -> changes
changes -> position.

The pictures illustrate the changes that will take place in Islip town.
Overall, the town will undergo several changes, the most important of which
are the construction of the ring road and the establishment of new amenities.

It is noticeable that a new dual carriageway will be structured to cover the

whole town, replacing the countryside to the north and two branches from
the main road to the south. With the appearance of the new road system, the
main road in the middle of the town will be turned into space for pedestrians
only.

While the shop to the south of the old main road will remain unchanged, the
one in the north is projected to be knocked down to make way for new
amenities such as a bus stop, shopping mall, car park and a new living
quarter from the west to the east within the ring road.

It can also be seen that no changes will be made to the school and the housing
area to the south of the southern part of the dual carriage; meanwhile, the
park to the north of the road will be reconstructed smaller to make room for
a new housing area/ more accommodations.
 PROCESS

- Structure
- Manufacturing process:

The picture describes the process of canning fruit.

Overall, the process comprises several steps, beginning with picking the fruit by
hand and ending with the final products being transported to supermarkets for sale.
At the beginning of the process, fruits are picked by hand, after which they are
transported by trucks to a factory where they are washed. Subsequently, the fruits
are checked to ensure that they are qualified for production. After storing in low
temperatures, the fruits are weighed carefully and divided into different grouưps
according to their quality. Once they have been categorized, the fruits are then
peeled, cored, and sliced into smaller chunks.

The process continues with the chopped fruits being packed in cans. The cans are
then sealed tight with a lid before being cooked and sterilized under high heat to
eliminate unwanted bacteria so that the food inside can be kept edible for an
extended period. A label is then attached to each can, followed by the cans being
put in storage. Finally, the finished products are shipped to retailers and
wholesalers for sale.
The diagram gives information about the process of making carbonated drinks.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

The picture describes how carbonated drinks are produced

Overall, the process comprises several steps, beginning with cleaning raw water, through
many different stages, and ending with the finished products being delivered to the
supermarkets for sale.

At the beginning of the process, raw water stored in large warehouses is pumped through
a pipe into a room to be filtered (step 1), after which water softener and some chemicals
are added in order to purify the water (finish step 1). Subsequently, it is pumped into a
large chamber to be heated by means of electric heaters (step 2). Once the water
vaporizes, the steam has to go through a long pipe in order for it to condense before
entering a large tank where an influx of carbon dioxide constantly flows into the tank
under high pressure from another pipe to make carbonated water. (finish step 2)

The process continues with the carbonated water being directed to a mixing tank, at
which point syrup and substances creating colours and flavours are added according to
the desired type of drinks (step 3). After (linking) this mixture is filtered to ensure that it
is safe for consumption, it is pumped into plastic bottles or aluminium cans (step 4).
Finally, those bottles and cans are then packaged in large cardboard boxes, which are
then shipped to supermarkets by trucks. (final step)

Process template

How/ the process of

Overall, the process comprises several steps, beginning with…, through many different
stages, and ending with…

At the beginning of the process (step 1), after which (finish step 1). Subsequently, (step
2). Once (finish step 2)

The process continues with (step 3). After (linking) Finally, (final step)
The picture shows how coffee is produced for sale.

Overall, the process comprises several steps, beginning with picking the
coffee beans, through many different steps, and ending with packing them
into jars to distribute to the supermarkets.

At the beginning of the process, farmers pick the coffee beans and dry them under direct
sunlight before roasting them in the heaters. Once the beans have been cooked, they are
immediately cooled down in the freezer. Subsequently, the coffee beans are ground in
particular machines in order to get the coffee powder.

The process continues with putting the powder into the hot water and mixing it up. After
the mixture is uniform, it is strained to get the mixture. The mixture will then be frozen
before being ground once again in a grinder to ensure it is well-kneaded. Finally, the
powder is dehydrated in a vacuum before being packed into jars, labelled, and then
delivered to the supermarkets for sale.
- Natural process:

The picture describes the reproducing process of frogs.

Overall, there are various stages in the life of a common frog, from mature frogs
mating to produce frog spawn, to the growth of the immature form, known as
tadpoles, to mature frogs developing sometime later.

At the beginning of the process, the mating of two adult frogs take place on the
bank of the river or pond, after which frogspawn or eggs are laid in the water by
the female. This is followed by the frogspawn developing into tiny tadpoles, at
which point they gradually develop their limbs, and organs and change their body
shape while living in the water.

The process continues with the tadpoles growing into young frogs, which still
display the tail section. However, the tail is shorter than that of a tadpole. These
young frogs continue to inhabit in the water before they develop into mature ones
and are able to live outside the water. It is important to note that they lose their
tails at this stage. Finally, the cycle begins again when two fully-grown frogs,
which are capable of reproducing, mate.
- How something works
- Odd