Problem Set.

Hypothesis Testing
Answer the problems completely following all steps in hypothesis testing.

1. It is observable that people living below poverty level have less access to good food and
thus, it is possible that that their meat protein intake are significantly less than those
living above poverty level. A group of nutrition students conducted a survey and
collected the following data in grams.
Below Poverty Level Above Poverty Level
62.1 69.1 66.6 73.3 72.9 90.0 90.0 75.5 59.1 83.7
65.5 67.0 67.2 65.9 64.3 70.2 64.1 66.5 89.0 83.8
72.9 61.3 68.5 64.6 71.2 82.9 88.6

Using the two-sample mean test at 5% level of significance, do the data provide
sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean protein intake of all people with incomes
below the poverty level is less than those with incomes above the poverty level?
Answer:

Step 1: State the Hypotheses

Let:
 μ1μ1 = Mean protein intake for people below poverty level
 μ2μ2 = Mean protein intake for people above poverty level
The hypotheses are:
 Null Hypothesis H0H0: μ1=μ2μ1=μ2 (There is no difference in the mean protein intake
between the two groups).
 Alternative Hypothesis H1H1: μ1<μ2μ1<μ2 (The mean protein intake for people below
poverty level is less than for those above poverty level).
This is a one-tailed test.
Step 2: Choose the Level of Significance
We are conducting the test at the 5% level of significance:
α=0.05α=0.05
Step 3: Calculate the Test Statistic
We will calculate the t-statistic for the difference between two means. The formula for the t-
statistic is:
t=Xˉ1−Xˉ2s12n1+s22n2t=n1s12+n2s22Xˉ1−Xˉ2
Where:
 Xˉ1Xˉ1 and Xˉ2Xˉ2 are the sample means for the below and above poverty levels,
respectively.
 s12s12 and s22s22 are the sample variances for the two groups.
 n1n1 and n2n2 are the sample sizes for the two groups.
Step 3.1: Calculate Means and Standard Deviations for Both Groups
 Group Data Points
Below Poverty Level 62.1, 66.6, 72.9, 59.1, 65.5, 67.2, 64.3, 64.1, 72.9, 61.3, 68.5, 64.6,
(X1X1) 71.2
Above Poverty Level 69.1, 73.3, 72.9, 90.0, 90.0, 75.5, 83.7, 67.0, 65.9, 70.2, 66.5, 89.0,
(X2X2) 83.8, 82.9, 88.6
Below Poverty Level:
 Sample size (n1n1): 13
 Sample mean (Xˉ1Xˉ1): We'll calculate this.
 Sample standard deviation (s1s1): We'll calculate this.
Above Poverty Level:
 Sample size (n2n2): 15
 Sample mean (Xˉ2Xˉ2): We'll calculate this.
 Sample standard deviation (s2s2): We'll calculate this.
I'll now calculate these values.
It seems like I can’t do more advanced data analysis right now. Please try again later. If you still
need help calculating the means, standard deviations, and running the hypothesis test manually, I
can guide you step by step. Let me know how you'd like to proceed!

2. In a biological experiment, three concentrations of a certain chemical are used to

enhance the growth of a certain type of plant over a specified period of time. The
following growth data, in centimeters, were recorded for the plants that survived:
Concentration A Concentration B Concentration C
8.2 7.7 6.9
8.7 8.4 5.8
9.4 8.6 7.2
9.2 8.1 6.8
6.1 8.0 7.4
Using the Analysis of Variance, is there a significant difference in the average growth of
these plants for the different concentration of the chemical? Use a 0.01 level of
significance.

Answer:

Since the calculated tt-value (-3.64) is less than the critical tt-value (-1.711), we reject the null
hypothesis.
Step 6: Conclusion
At the 5% significance level, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean protein intake
of people below the poverty level is significantly less than that of people above the poverty
level.

Final Summary:
 Null Hypothesis: μ1≥μ2μ1≥μ2
  Alternative Hypothesis: μ1<μ2μ1<μ2
 Significance Level: 5%
 tt-value: -3.64
 tcriticaltcritical-value: -1.711
 Decision: Reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion: People living below the poverty level have significantly lower meat protein
intake compared to those living above the poverty level.

3. In a certain hospital, 12 people of nationality N1 and 15 people of nationality N2 were

admitted and diagnosed with dengue fever. Suppose the blood type of those of
nationality N1 and of nationality N2 were type “O” and “A” are distributed as follows:
Blood Type Nationality Total
N1 N2

Type “A” 8 7 15
Type “O” 4 8 12
Total 12 15 27

Using the Chi-square test, would you conclude that those blood types and nationalities
are independent for the those admitted with dengue fever? Test at 0.05 level of
significance.

Answers:

Hypothesis Testing: Blood Type and Nationality

In this problem, we are asked to determine if there is a significant association between blood
type and nationality. To do this, we will perform a chi-square test of independence.
Step-by-Step Hypothesis Testing
Step 1: State the Hypotheses
 Null Hypothesis (H0H0): There is no association between blood type and nationality. In
other words, blood type and nationality are independent.
 Alternative Hypothesis (HaHa): There is an association between blood type and
nationality. In other words, blood type and nationality are not independent.
Step 2: Choose the Significance Level
We will use a significance level of α=0.05α=0.05 for this test.
Step 3: Construct the Contingency Table
Blood Type Nationality N1 Nationality N2 Total
Type "A" 8 7 15
Type "O" 4 8 12
Total 12 15 27
Step 4: Calculate the Expected Frequencies
The expected frequencies are calculated using the formula:
E=(Row Total)×(Column Total)Grand TotalE=Grand Total(Row Total)×(Column Total)
Using this formula, we will compute the expected frequencies for each cell.
 For Type "A" and N1:
EA,N1=(15)×(12)27=18027=6.67EA,N1=27(15)×(12)=27180=6.67
 For Type "A" and N2:
EA,N2=(15)×(15)27=22527=8.33EA,N2=27(15)×(15)=27225=8.33
 For Type "O" and N1:
EO,N1=(12)×(12)27=14427=5.33EO,N1=27(12)×(12)=27144=5.33
 For Type "O" and N2:
EO,N2=(12)×(15)27=18027=6.67EO,N2=27(12)×(15)=27180=6.67
Step 5: Calculate the Chi-Square Test Statistic
The chi-square test statistic is calculated using the formula:
χ2=∑(O−E)2Eχ2=∑E(O−E)2
Where OO represents the observed frequencies and EE represents the expected frequencies.
Let's calculate the chi-square statistic for each cell:
 For Type "A" and N1:
χA,N12=(8−6.67)26.67=(1.33)26.67=1.76896.67=0.27χA,N12=6.67(8−6.67)2=6.67(1.33)2
=6.671.7689=0.27
 For Type "A" and N2:
χA,N22=(7−8.33)28.33=(−1.33)28.33=1.76898.33=0.21χA,N22=8.33(7−8.33)2=8.33(−1.33)2
=8.331.7689=0.21
 For Type "O" and N1:
χO,N12=(4−5.33)25.33=(−1.33)25.33=1.76895.33=0.33χO,N12=5.33(4−5.33)2=5.33(−1.33)2
=5.331.7689=0.33
 For Type "O" and N2:
χO,N22=(8−6.67)26.67=(1.33)26.67=1.76896.67=0.27χO,N22=6.67(8−6.67)2=6.67(1.33)2
=6.671.7689=0.27
Now, sum up the chi-square values:
χ2=0.27+0.21+0.33+0.27=1.08χ2=0.27+0.21+0.33+0.27=1.08
Step 6: Determine the Degrees of Freedom
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test of independence are calculated using the formula:
df=(r−1)(c−1)df=(r−1)(c−1)
Where rr is the number of rows and cc is the number of columns. In this case, we have 2 rows
(blood types) and 2 columns (nationalities):
df=(2−1)(2−1)=1df=(2−1)(2−1)=1
Step 7: Determine the Critical Value and Make a Decision
Using a chi-square distribution table, the critical value for α=0.05α=0.05 and 1 degree of
freedom is approximately:
χcritical2=3.841χcritical2=3.841
Step 8: Conclusion
 Calculated χ2χ2 value = 1.08
 Critical χ2χ2 value = 3.841
Since the calculated χ2χ2 value (1.08) is less than the critical value (3.841), we fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
Final Conclusion:
At the 5% significance level, there is not enough evidence to suggest that there is an association
between blood type and nationality. Thus, we conclude that blood type and nationality are
independent in this sample.

Summary of Steps:
1. Hypotheses:
o H0H0: Blood type and nationality are independent.
o HaHa: Blood type and nationality are not independent.
2. Significance Level: α=0.05α=0.05
3. Observed and Expected Frequencies:
| Blood Type | Nationality N1 | Nationality N2 | Total |