Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

ANJS, Vol.27(3), September, 2024, pp. 109-125

Discrete Wavelet Transform-Based Image Processing: A Review

Israa Hashim Latif1,*, Sarah Haider Abdulredha1, Sana Khalid Abdul Hassan2
1 Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadiriya, Baghdad,
Iraq.
2 Department of Electronic and Communications Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University,

Jadiriya, Baghdad, Iraq.

Article’s Information Abstract

The field of image processing has seen remarkable advancements over the
past few decades, and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) has emerged
as a powerful tool within this domain. This review article provides a
Received: 19.07.2024 comprehensive overview of previously published works that focus on
Accepted: 10.09.2024 DWT’s application in image processing. DWT offers multi-resolution
Published: 15.09.2024 analysis capabilities, making it particularly useful for various image
processing tasks such as de-noising, compression, enhancement, and
feature extraction. This review explores the fundamental principles of
Keywords: DWT and its mathematical foundations. We delve into its advantages
Discrete wavelet transforms over traditional Fourier Transform methods, particularly its ability to
Image compression handle non-stationary signals and provide both frequency and spatial
Image de-noising information simultaneously. The article surveys the application of DWT
Image enhancement in different image processing techniques. It discusses how DWT
Image watermarking contributes to the efficiency and effectiveness of image compression
algorithms, such as the JPEG 2000 standard, and its role in reducing
noise while preserving important image features.
http://doi.org/10.22401/ANJS.27.3.13
*Corresponding author: israa.hashim.latif@nahrainuniv.edu.iq

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

1. Introduction the Fourier Transform representation, where specific

Wavelet analysis is a time-frequency domain frequencies cannot be associated with a particular
analysis of radiofrequency ultrasound signals using a time interval since the basic functions have constant
novel mathematical model for assessing local resolution on the entire domain. The wavelet basis
changes in the geometrical profile of time-series representation generates a set of wavelet coefficients
signals to identify plaque components [1]. Wavelets organized at various resolution levels. Each
have the effective advantages of multi-resolution parameter is associated with a specific level of
properties and different basis functions. Before 35 accuracy and a point in the time domain. At the lower
years ago, Morlet produced a new apprehensible for resolution level, the coefficients describe low-
wavelet analysis to reach a better swapping approach frequency features of data spanning wide time
between time and frequency resolution automatically periods, while at the higher resolution level, the
[2], and this proposal concept became the generation coefficients are associated with very local high-
of ideas promoted by Haar in 1910 and Gabor in 1946 frequency features [5].
[3], then in 1976, Zweig based his search field
depending on Morlet concepts [4]. In general, a 2. The Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT)
wavelet is used to describe a function that has The discrete Wavelet transform (DWT) is considered
compact support, i.e. it is non-zero only over a finite one of the most powerful tools for image processing in
interval. The set of time dependent data on a wavelet both time and frequency domains which gives a
basis is represented to give an unmatched structure better analysis of image localization features. The
of information that is localized simultaneously in the term wavelet was first presented in “the early 1980s”
time and frequency domains which cannot occur in by Grossman and Morlett. The researchers used the

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French word "omelette", as a representation of a The basis of DWT transformation relies on analyzing
small wave [6]. A wavelet can be defined as a small a signal into a range of small waves that have limited
oscillatory function that is well localized in both time duration and inequalities frequency. Then by
and frequency domains. Nowadays, wavelets are applying the IDWT (Inverse Discrete Wavelet
considered a mathematical tool to present many Transform) technique to the comprised signal, the
image applications because a wavelet is a versatile original signal will be fully reconstructed depending
tool with wide fields of applications [7]. The first on the wavelet transform coefficients [11]. The DWT
utilization of discrete waves was for seismology to will analyse the original image into sub-images [12],
give a time estimation to seismic spectroscopy, which one sub-band (LL) is for image zoom, and the other
results in steady information, but on the other side, three sub-bands (LH, HL and HH) for highlighting
it is considered not accurate approach to give the image edges. As shown in (figure 1) [13] where:
Information with activities that are largely  LL (Approximation sub-band): has low-
unexpected from previous information. The use of frequencies within the level and vertical
discrete wavelets in the seismology field came after directions. It represents the coarser
the failure of the Fourier transform examination to approximation of the original image and retains
give the desired results [8]. As well as seismology, the the significant features and energy of the image.
researchers used discrete wavelet transform in other  LH (Horizontal detail sub-band): has low-
wide applications such as signal and image frequencies within the even heading and high-
processing, communications, the field of quantum frequencies within the vertical direction. It
mechanics and mathematical applications [9]. highlights the vertical edges and details of the
However, computer imaging and animation are not original image.
the exclusive application areas for discrete wavelet  HL (Vertical detail sub-band): has high-
transformations. The biorthogonal wavelet bior4_4 frequencies within the level direction and low
(FBI) can encrypt about one million of fingerprints frequencies within the vertical direction. It
depending on the saved database. Other wavelet highlights the horizontal edges and details of the
types were used in medical fields like breast cancer original image [12].
diagnosis examination, DNA analysis, pressure of  HH (Diagonal detail sub-band): has high-
blood, EEG and heart rate. Other field applications frequencies in both the horizontal and vertical
were for weather forecasts, verifying fingerprints, directions. It highlights the diagonal edges and
internet traffic descriptions, speech recognition, fine details of the image. All the sub-bands have
computer graphics, etc [10]. M N
Size = × . (For an image size (M×N) [13].
2 2

a. The discrete wavelet transformation analysis

Figure 1. The Sub-bands after two levels of wavelet decomposition [13].

The sub-band LL is the most important and racy one estimation for it. The high-frequency sub-bands (LH,
because it contains most of the image with an HL, and HH) can include watermarks because of

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their lesser sensitivity to human vision. By symmetry, compactness, degree of smoothness and
increasing the number of level sub-bands, the regularity [19]. In addition, orthogonality is
watermark force will be increased with no effects on considered an important aspect in the context of
image quality. For each decay level in the DWT signal processing because it is an easy way to build
process, the first level will be executed within the controls and data structures in languages [20]. Due
vertical direction and then in the level course. In to its simple nature, it has many orthogonal designs
deterioration, the first level will give four sub-bands with lower expectations [21]. Orthogonality always
or ranges: LL1, LH1, HL1, and HH1. As a sequential reflects right angles, that is, 90°. The orthogonal
process, the LL sub-band from the olden level will be wavelet is related to the wavelet transform and they
the input for each next decay level and it will be are orthogonal to each other [22]. Orthogonality has
divided into another four sub-bands to process the the advantage of avoiding interference so that the
coarse wavelength coefficients [14]. Sequentially, error-free output can be obtained. Because of this
these operation steps will be repeated many times feature, it is mostly a preferable method in signal
depending on the specific image application [15]. processing. The orthogonal wavelets are considered
as the wavelet transform’s adjoints. But when this
b. The discrete wavelet transform function condition fails, they result in biorthogonal wavelets.
A wavelet function is a mathematical function used At this point, biorthogonal wavelets are formed, and
in wavelet transforms to decompose a signal into a the orthogonality of wavelets get vanishes. In other
set of basic functions consisting of contractions, words, an orthogonal wavelet means using a single
expansions, and translations of a mother function wavelet with a single-scaling function. While the
[16]. The integral value of the mathematical wavelet biorthogonal wavelet means generating one wavelet
function is always zero in the interval (∞, -∞) [1], and and one scaling function for the image decomposition
the wavelet basis or orthonormal basis or can be process and an additional one wavelet with one
defined as the equations below depending on scaling function for image reconstruction process.
assuming  (x) as the mother wavelets or basic Both scaling functions are responsible for generating
wavelets: different multi-resolution analyses. Generally, the
biorthogonal wavelet is more advanced than the
j orthogonal wavelet [23]. However, it requires extra
Ψ(j,k) (x) = 2 ⁄2 Ψ(2j x − k) … (1)
time-consuming and effort to accomplish the
computation process. The basic difference between
and the scaling function is given as
the orthogonal and the biorthogonal wavelets is the
j variation in the wavelet’s length during the analysis
(j,k) (x) = 2 ⁄2 (2j x − k) … (2) and the synthesis process. In orthogonal wavelets,
where: the same length filters are used and in the
Ψ represents the wavelet function, j and k are biorthogonal wavelet, different lengths filters are
the integers that represent the wavelet basis used [24]. The most common types of orthogonal
scaling and dilation. The factor “j‟ represents the wavelet families are (Haar, Daubechies (dbxx),
width scale index, and the factor “k‟ represents Coiflets (coifx), and Symmlets (symx)), while the
the position. In terms of coefficients, the wavelet biorthogonal wavelets families are (Biorthogonal
equation can be written as follows: (biorx_x)), where x indicates the order of the wavelet.
first (x) number represents the number of
n−1
decomposition filters’ vanishing moments, and the
Ψ (x) = ∑ g k (√2 (2x − k) … (3)
k second (x) number represents the number of
where g0 and g1: are the high pass wavelet reconstruction filters’ vanishing moments [25].
coefficients that represent the time series
changing at a specific certain resolution [17]. D. Wavelet-based applications in image processing
Recently, the DWT has played a main role in image
c. The DWT families processing field because of providing powerful tools
There are two basic different properties of wavelet for compression, denoising, edge detection, and
families, the orthogonal and bi-orthogonal wavelets. watermarking [26]. The scientific researchers keep
In general, orthogonality eliminates transform on enhancing its capabilities through new wavelet
coefficients by minimizing redundancy. Symmetry bases, adaptive methods, wavelet packets, and
provides linear phase and minimizes edge artifacts integration with deep learning [27]. The DWT
[18]. The other important properties of wavelet applications in image processing can be summarized
functions in image compression applications are in:

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I. Image Compression Techniques: Daubechies and Stéphane Mallat. DWT, a discrete

 JPEG 2000: the JPEG2000 standard uses dwt implementation of the continuous wavelet
for image compression, offering better transforms, gained prominence due to its practicality
compression ratios and image quality in digital signal processing. Below is the literature
compared to the traditional jpeg standard. review of discrete wavelet transform-based image
Taubman and Marcellin (2002) detailed the processing applications [36].
benefits of dwt in achieving high compression
efficiency [28]. A. Applications of image compression
 Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees Image compression is a crucial aspect of digital image
(SPIHT): Said and Pearlman (1996) proposed processing, enabling the reduction of storage space
the SPIHT algorithm, which exploits the and transmission bandwidth. DWT has become a
hierarchical nature of DWT to efficiently popular technique for image compression due to its
encode images [29]. ability to represent images efficiently by decomposing
 Embedded Zerotree Wavelet (EZW):it is them into multi-resolution sub-bands [37]. Image
another wavelet-based image compression compression is considered as the main image
algorithm that exploits the spatial relationship processing application type that is based on discrete
between wavelet coefficients. It encodes wavelet transform because image compression that is
significant coefficients and their descendants processed using DWT will offer better image quality
in a hierarchical tree structure, leading to and compression rates than using JPEG algorithm
efficient compression [30]. [38]. Many of scientific researchers focused on this
field and some of them used the multispectral images
ii. Denoising Techniques and Methods: (from satellite imagery) as test compressed images
 Thresholding Techniques: Donoho and using different wavelet bases and methods in their
Johnstone introduced the concept of wavelet researche [39]. Khashman and Dimililer [40] used
thresholding for image denoising, where neural systems in compressing an image depending
coefficients below a certain threshold are set to on varying Haar wavelet in order to originate an ideal
zero, effectively removing noise while framework for the compressed image. The varying of
preserving important features [31]. discrete wavelet will successfully effect on image-
 Bayesian Methods: Portilla et al. developed a coding applications because of decay. Elamaran and
Bayesian denoising method using Gaussian Praveen [41] proposed a constitutive rule for the
scale mixtures in the wavelet domain, compressed image, they depended on reducing the
achieving state-of-the-art denoising actual number of bits per pixel to represent the image
performance [32]. in full clarity. Noticing that DCT ((discrete cosine
transform) and DFT (discrete Fourier transform)
iii. Edge Detection and Feature Extraction: failed in processing an image with the low-frequency
 Multi-resolution Analysis: Mallat and Zhong domain. Taujuddin et al. [42] proposed a method by
demonstrated the use of DWT for edge computing DCT (discrete cosine transform) with
detection, leveraging its multi-resolution special main capacities, in compressing the 2D
capability to identify edges at different scales images. The primary image is divided into eight-by-
[33]. eight pieces, and it can be reversely reconstructed
 Texture Analysis: Ma and Manjunath utilized into eight-by-eight squares but with an error ratio.
DWT for texture segmentation, capitalizing on
its ability to capture texture information across Seetharaman [43] used the plots of compressed image
multiple scales [34]. with discrete wavelet difference-based pruning
proposal. It results in sufficient and high-
iv. Watermarking: compression proportions with no noticeable decrease
 Robust Watermarking: Sharma et al. explored in image quality. Hacihaliloglu and Kartal [44] made
the use of DWT for digital watermarking, a comparison between the compression techniques
showing that wavelet-based watermarking namely discrete cosine transform and discrete
schemes are robust against various attacks wavelet transform to investigate RADARSAT and
and offer high imperceptibility [35]. SPOT images of different regions of different
characteristics in some different regions (sea areas,
3. Literature Review forest areas, built environment residential and
Wavelet theory emerged in the 1980s, with key industrial areas) which defined different patterns of
contributions from researchers like Ingrid urban land use. The studies showed that compression

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ratios changed according to the pixel classification. including noise and weight reduction. Wavelength
The obtained results showed the evaluated noise reduction attempts to eliminate noise within
compression ratios and capacities of the various the signal while protecting the properties of the
wavelets that achieved calculating the compression signal, however, from repeating material. The
ratio (CR), cruel square error, bits per pixel (BPP) and initially proposing of wavelet thresholding was by
PSNR (Peak signal-to-noise ratio) for different Taujuddin et al. [42], who used signal estimation
wavelets [10]. Sahnoun and Benabadji [45] in their method (that misuses wavelet shifting capabilities)
search paper used discrete wavelet shift noise to reduce the noise of a signal. It gets rid of the noise
suppression to compress the fake images. They by killing insignificant exchanges within some
proposed an image compression strategy based on the limits. Analysts have devised various ways of
evidential hypothesis and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) choosing turbulence minimization parameters.
to calculate the compression parameters. Moreover, Raghavendra et al. [48] presented a workable
they used a distinct compression method using the variation of wavelet space noise filtering strategy
Fourier transform and Huffman coding method. Also, that preserves edges and decimates noise. Noise is
Memane and Ruikar [46] used shifting of a wavelet in removed from changeable wave information in
their work. The implementation analyses are based certain scale by making an information compassion,
on using various wavelets using partisanship by correlating information at that scale with
compressed image. Susilo and Bretschneider [47] information at larger scales. Features are
Depict the image compression strategy for X-sat distinguished and retained because they are
images by using hardware-based arranging to unambiguously related across the extension during
perform loss levels of image compression. the changeable wavelet field. The noise will be
identified and then removed because of its weak
b. Applications of image de-noising correlated cross-band during the changeable wavelet
Image processing, which covers a palatial range of field.
processes like digitization, duplication, transmission,
visualization etc. Unfortunately, this processing In general, Highlights will remain distortion-free
spoils the overall image quality by covering up many because of their right places in space during the
types of noise. So, to reconstruct the basic structure changeable wavelet field. Then, these image edges
of the image, unwanted embedded noise must be will remain steep after the process of sifting. Choi
decoded and removed. In image processing, noise and Jeng [25] described Bisov spheres (a set of
suppression is implemented by using of filter-based curved images in which Bissoff parameters are
noise reduction approaches. Wavelet transforms limited to radii) during many wavelets regions and
support many small operators and a small number of predicted their crossable point using Projection on
large ones. The basic stages for denoising methods Curved Mass Calculation (POCS). This method
based on using wavelet transform are: resulted in an amazing advance over the known
wavelength drag calculation method, depending on
i. Calculating the WT of the selected noisy signal. the single wavelength domain to give a strong edge
ii. Changing the nuisance wavelet parameters within it. Yoon and Vaidyanathan [50] introduced a
depending on basic denoise rules. typical threshold scheme which outperformed
iii. Calculating the inverse wavelet transform traditional robust and accurate histograms. Boudiaf
using modified operators [48]. et al. [39] used multivariate deflation to develop
traditional and olden wavelet strategies to several
The subsequent write-up talks about noise reduction variation coefficients. Initially, a simple second-
using wavelet changes has many explanation steps, order orthogonal prefilter was used to give many
like using many different thresholding concepts for higher frequencies waves (while maintaining a pre-
a palatial range of the testing images [49]. orthogonal channel to another). So, the edge
Remembering that t he image is often damaged by selections will be considered by using an unbiased
disturbance when it is captured and moved. Image Stein estimator for each resolution point. Gilman et
noise reduction is used to remove embedded noise al. [51]presented a proposed method on a novel
while protecting as many important signal technique for resampling a non-uniformly sampled
highlights as possible [48]. Shifting a wavelet will image onto a uniform grid that can be used for fusion
reduce noise within an image. Because of its of translated input images that implemented as a
remarkable localization feature, wavelet changes finite impulse response filter of low order (10th order
are quickly becoming an important tool for signal results in good performance). The technique is based
and image preparation for a variety of applications,

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on optimizing the resampling filter coefficients using optimization field, graph equalization is one of these
a simple image model in a least squares fashion. useful strategies. its benefits based on images with
impoverished spike distribution [60]. Another way to
After discrete wavelet shift (DWT) based denoising make the image understandable is to upgrade image
obstacle analysis, using coupled complex wavelet edges, one great way to upgrade image
shift (DTCWT) [39] to extract SPN from the image, discrimination [10]. Gupta [54] produced other works
which can obtain better SPN quality within the in the development of wavelet-based images, which
region around hard edges [52]. Otherwise, we point integrate the work of stoschek and hegerle on noise
out that the extension of conventional iodinated reduction of electronic ct entertainment [32].
boundaries is the source of the poor quality of SPN
besides image boundaries [53]. Then, symmetric Abdulazeez et al. [61] appeared that wavelets were
boundary expansion is introduced in SPN extraction, used to separately update and merge ct
which can fundamentally improve the quality of SPN mammography extraction. the scientific researchers,
with image boundaries. Extensive tests show that the madhankumar et al. [62] provided an updated
proposed strategy leads to better SCI implementation discrete method for useful images using wavelet-
compared to the case of verbatim methods, like the based multi-scale in representation the image edge
strategies based on DWT [54]. depending on the image edge detection and the
wavelet classification features. The test images were
c. Applications of image enhancement based using different imaging modalities. for the
Image enhancement is considered as the most scaling medical applications, urooj and singh, [63], image
problem in high-quality image devices like HDTV edge detection was a characteristic application for
and digital cameras. There are many issues based on monitoring the heart wall thickness in the middle of
image sharpness and clarity that requires the the cardiac cycle. for security fields applications,
control, these issues like lighting, weather stromvig and ren [64] fingerprint images are
conditions, incorrect camera exposure or wrong compressed using the dwt (discrete wavelet
aperture settings, etc., these may result in an unclear transform) biorthogonal wavelet bior4.4 and
image [55] and obtaining the most accurate details of orthogonal wavelet haar at different levels of
an image with useful data, especially data for the transformation. The experiment is recognized
darker images [56]. To solve these problems, many through python and is divided into two parts:
techniques were developed to produce basic image transformation testing and spiht (set partitioning in
information. These techniques focus on improving hierarchical trees) algorithm compression. rong et al.
color images, like discrepancy, histogram enhancing [65], used the histogram equalization technique on
formats, smooth filtration, single-band and multi- colored image to improve the contrast of the color
band retinex, and multi-band width. As known, the heritage image and try to give the dramatic
colored- images give more visual perception data improvement in image and its structural details.
than grayscale- images [57]. There is not much improvement that has been made
to different images.
In general, the two main categories of image
enhancement methods are: spatial and frequency D. Applications of image watermarking
domain methods. The spatial strategies are based on Watermarking emerged in the middle of the 1990s
image pixels [58]. The values of these pixels must be within the broad scope in the information education
controlled in order to achieve the desired upscaling. field, presenting special ways to secure a digital
in iteration space strategies, an image is initially image from any theft. It involves implanting a
interchanged in the iteration space [59] i.e. any watermark within an advanced image at a certain
Fourier changes of the image will be calculated time point or during its distribution. The features of
initially to perform all the Fourier transform this strategy depend on its ability to achieve three
optimization of the image, and then an inverse basic preconditions: security, power and
Fourier transform is performed to obtain the intangibility [35]. The general viewing of a
resulting image. Sometimes certain image features watermark consists of two parts: firstly, looking at
are difficult to distinguish with the naked eye, we the watermark and then detecting it, as shown in
often must change the recently viewed images. There figure 2.
are many efficient strategies in differentiating

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Figure 2. The general process of embedding and extraction operation [65].

In the watermarking Embedded Stage, the and state-of-the-art bit substitution based on
watermark might be encoded with the cover image pseudo-uniform clustering. The strategy includes a
using a specific key for more security levels. This hard and precise watermark within the tough part
will result in a watermarked image to be moved to and the sensitive part of coefficients, to avoid
the recipient. Then, in the extraction (detection) overlapping of the two watermarks. The
stage, the watermark will be removed from the recommendation of Jie et al. [69] was to use
attacked cover signal. Hina Lala [11] proposed a 2D watermark plotting to obtain dazzling images
DWT handled by the cover image which based on wavelet tree metric evaluation. To get
decomposes this image into four sub-bands, watermark bits a comparison is made based on
including the estimation sub-band for low- values of the largest variance and the average
frequencies, corner to corner sub-bands for high- value of the expanded variance with the most final
frequencies and sub-band for vertical flat low- evaluated variance coefficients. Kaibou et al. [70]
frequencies. Furthermore, 2D DWT will be contrast the implementation of several chaos-based
performed on the watermark image that needs to digital image watermarking techniques in terms of
be embedded in the cover image by using wavelet imperceptibility, robustness, security and
radiation. Abdulkareem et al. [66] proposed a complexity. Most spatial and transform domain
stepwise watermark depending on using discrete methods have been used namely Least Significant
wavelets based on pixels blocking. It is based on Bit (LSB), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT),
compatible properties of HVS watermark. So, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Locally, a
adaptively this watermark will be embedded with wavelet will be shifted, and a watermark will be
further possible details and its effect can be implanted depending on a chaotic computable
calculated depending on HVS screen information. scheme [71]-[72]. Tuncer and Kaya [73] proposed a
Hamid and Jamel [67] proposed a system of hiding method to obtain a strong watermark. For this, the
a text in a digital grayscale image by using the watermark will be included in the selected image
algorithm system with adopted two transforms low-frequency sub-bands. The first step is encoding
Integer Wavelet transform and Discrete Cosine the selected image based on Arnold transform; then
transformed. They used (PSNR) to measure the logistic maps will be used for scrambling and as a
effect of embedding text in the watermarked image. known process, the decomposing of the selected
Quazi [58] made an accommodative wavelength image will be achieved using DWT [74]. Based on
watermarking plot scheme. Insertion is achieved Arnold transform, the watermarked image will be
during the higher sub-bands of the changeable mixed and then embedded within discrete wavelet
wavelet, although this will obviously change the domain low-frequency coefficients to give the final
image definition. To avoid tactile weakness of the watermarked image with a perfect optical quality
image, the watermark is carefully included while [61]. Also, the saturation of colors during hue-
using HVS. Jabade and Gengaje [68] established preserving color image enhancement can be
an efficient off-the-shelf computation of dual micro- improved without the gamut problem [75]. Many
watermarks using advanced pixel blocking screen searches regarding soft threshold method are used

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to distinguish the useful information and noise of physics, and informatics [77]. Table 1 lists the
image [76]. Beside to 1D and 2D, the 3D images overview study on some published review and
processing constitutes a challenging topic in many articles related works.
scientific fields such as medicine, computational

Table 1. Overview study on some published review and articles related works
Author Name
SN The Technique The work’s Objective The output Results
and Year
To examine an appropriate The depiction of square-
family of square-integrable integrable coefficients
Grossmann and L2 -theory Mathematical wavelets with a constant associated with an irreducible
1
Morlet, 1984, [6] equations shape, which can be derived representation of the
through shifts and dilations nonunimodular group formed
from a singular prototype. by the transformation ax +b
The foundational principles for
the construction of the Wavelet
Element Method (WEM) are
articulated for one-dimensional,
To develop multiresolution
two-dimensional, and three-
Canuto et.al., Wavelet Element Method frameworks and biorthogonal
2 dimensional scenarios,
2000, [4] (WEM) wavelet functions defined on
incorporating additional
arbitrary domains.
characteristics such as
symmetry, vanishing moments,
and the minimal support of
wavelet functions.
The advancement of wavelet
methodologies for the
The advancement of principles
numerical resolution of
adaptive wavelet scheme for Fourier-free construction
Dahmen, 2001, operator equations focuses
3 for elliptic self-adjoint and the establishment of
[3] particularly on two key
problems criteria for assessing the
aspects: adaptive solution
validity of norm equivalences.
strategies and complex domain
geometries.
Demonstrating the implications
The emphasis lies on the core of boundary effects serves to
Usevitch, 2001, Wavelet coding principles of wavelet coding to justify the application of
4
[18] techniques enhance comprehension of the biorthogonal wavelets, while
JPEG 2000 standard. concurrently presenting the
symmetric wavelet transform.
The efficacy of additive white
product of two To eliminate unwanted
Gaussian noise exceeds that of
independent random artifacts from digital images, a
previously documented
Portilla et al., variables: a Gaussian statistical model of the
5 methodologies, demonstrating
2003, [32] vector and a hidden coefficients derived from an
superior results both visually
positive scalar overcomplete multiscale
and in terms of mean squared
multiplier. oriented basis is employed.
error.
A novel coding
(compression)
To decrease the bit rate
methodology is suggested
Brifcani and Al- associated with transmission
that integrates discrete Increasing the compression
6 Bamerny, 2010, or data storage while
wavelet transform ratio
[7] preserving an acceptable level
(DWT), multistage vector
of fidelity or image quality.
quantization (MSVQ),
and Huffman coding.
The examination of the efficacy
of orthogonal and biorthogonal The efficacy of biorthogonal
Kumari and Image compression
7 wavelet filters in the context of wavelets surpasses that of their
Vijay, 2011, [19] algorithms
image compression is the focus orthogonal counterparts.
of this analysis.

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The Coiflet wavelet exhibits a

Thresholding scheme Proposing an innovative superior Peak Signal-to-Noise
Kumar and and Gaussian thresholding technique for Ratio (PSNR) compared to
8
Saini, 2012, [9] Distribution (GGD) image denoising within the alternative wavelet functions
modeling wavelet domain. when employed for denoising
the Lena image.
to conduct a comparative
analysis of the Discrete Cosine
Discrete Cosine
Elamaran and Transform (DCT) and the Both transformations yield
Transform (DCT) and
9 Praveen, 2012, Discrete Wavelet Transform similar outcomes in terms of
Discrete Wavelet
[41] (DWT), particularly in the energy density performance.
Transform DWT
context of compression
methodologies.
To conduct an exhaustive
wavelet weighted Assisting scholars in
evaluation and categorization
residual method pinpointing initial research
Li and Chen, of wavelet-based numerical
10 (WWRM), wavelet avenues within the realm of
2014, [2] analysis while identifying their
finite element wavelet-based numerical
advantages, limitations, and
method (WFEM) analysis.
prospective developments.
A watermarking
technique is proposed
To safeguard data within the
that leverages two widely
medical domain to promote the
recognized transform
Sharma et al., utilization of telemedicine Strengthening the security of
11 domain methods, namely
2015, [35] applications. textual watermarking.
Discrete Wavelet
Transform (DWT) and
Discrete Cosine
Transform (DCT).
Enhancement of image contrast
Rong and To enhance the differentiation
Histogram Equalization and the augmentation of
12 Dongnan., 2015, of the color attributes within
on Colored Image structural details in heritage
[65] the heritage image.
imagery.
Image control encompasses
Wavelet transforms numerous functions, including
facilitate the analysis of digitization, replication,
The process of noise removal is
a substantial quantity of display, and transmission.
Vyas and Paik, achieved through the
13 minor components However, it is important to
(2016) [10] application of filter-based
alongside a limited recognize that these control
denoising methods.
number of significant processes typically deteriorate
components. image quality by introducing
various forms of noise.
To attain wavelet
transformation in the contexts Determining frequency data
wavelet transform
14 Singh, 2016, [17] of image denoising, image while preserving temporal
Technique
segmentation, and image context.
compression.
To conduct an in-depth
examination of wavelet-based
watermarking methodologies, Conducting a comprehensive
Kumar et al., Wavelet based this study aims to compare examination of the literature
15
2016,[74] watermarking and evaluate various wavelet pertaining to wavelet-based
functions employed in wavelet- watermarking methodologies.
based watermarking
applications.
The integration and retrieval The Discrete Wavelet
of a watermark within the Transform (DWT) technique
discrete wavelets
16 LaLa, 2017, [11] original image is achieved demonstrates resilience to a
transform technique
through the technique of alpha range of commonly employed
blending. operations in image processing.
Sharma et al., A methodology for To evaluate the efficacy of the The efficacy of the optimal
17
2017, [24] parameterizing the proposed filter banks in wavelet bases is assessed

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design of linear-phase relation to other widely within the context of image

biorthogonal filter banks. recognized biorthogonal encoding applications.
wavelet filter banks.
Three fundamental
methodologies exist
Enhancements in image
within the realm of
processing efficacy were
image enhancement
To enhance Image in the observed through the
18 Quazi 2017, [58] techniques: spatial
computer vision systems calculation of Mean Squared
domain approaches,
Error (MSE) and Peak Signal-
frequency domain
to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) values.
approaches, and hybrid
techniques.
In the context of underwater
imagery of sea cucumbers, the
implementation of advanced
techniques enhances contrast,
improved histogram minimizes noise, and mitigates
Qiao et al., 2017, To enhance the sea cucumber
19 equalization and wavelet its impact on the enhanced
[76] image quality.
transform regions of the resultant image.
Furthermore, these methods
contribute to the overall
improvement of image quality
and visual representation.
20 to enhance the intensity of The suggested approach
Yu et al., 2018, hue- preserving
colors while maintaining hue enhances the saturation levels
[75] color image enhancement
fidelity of specific color images.
In the context of seizure onset
Automated detection of seizure prediction, there exists a
Freiburg (intracranial onset and prediction of seizure significant distinction among
Alickovic et al.,
21 EEG) and CHB-MIT occurrences utilizing interictal, preictal, and ictal
2018, [13]
(scalp EEG) electroencephalography (EEG) electroencephalographic data,
measurements. which can be classified with an
impressive accuracy of 99.77%.
Deriving the optimal linear
Optimal strategies for To broaden the classical diagonal estimator and
Canditiis et al.,
22 finite frames methodologies pertaining to formulating a representation
2018, [20]
orthonormal bases. for an unbiased estimator of the
smooth shrinkage rule.
to provide a comprehensive
overview of the principles of
image compression, the
Selecting the appropriate image
Taujuddin et al, Transform-based methodologies employed in
23 compression algorithms for the
2018, [42] compression compression techniques, and
selected test image
the diverse array of
thresholding algorithms
available.
Numerous techniques
have been advanced to The clarity of an image is
facilitate data recovery significantly influenced by
from images, including various factors, including
color image enhancement environmental conditions,
The primary rationale for
strategies such as lighting, improper camera
enhancing image quality is to
Dolly and Raj, contrast stretching, exposure, or aperture settings,
24 obtain more precise visual
2018, [55] histogram equalization as well as the presence of
details and to emphasize
and its various extensive elements within the
pertinent information.
enhancements, scene. These variables
homomorphic filtering, contribute to a substantial loss
retinex algorithms (both of essential and fundamental
single and multiple information within the image.
domain variants), and

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wavelet multiscale
transformation.
High-quality watermarked
A careful application of a
Two-Way Arnold images were utilized, and upon
comprehensive framework in
Venkateswarlu, Transformation (TWAT) the application of various
25 the field of watermark-based
2018, [72] and 2-D Wavelet attacks, the extracted
secure transmission of medical
Transformation (WT) watermarks exhibited minimal
images.
degradation.
Attaining a success rate of
Zeebaree et al., reducing false positive cases
26 breast ROI extraction approximately 95.4% in the
2019, [12] (FP)
extraction of breast contours.
To mitigate speckle noise while Achieving effective removal of
simultaneously preserving speckle noise while preserving
Choi and Jeong, SRAD filtering
27 edge information within edge details and ensuring
2019, [25] Algorithm
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) minimal computational
imagery. complexity is essential.
Image compression
techniques can be
categorized into two
primary classifications:
transform-based
methods, which include
the Discrete Cosine
Raghavendra et Transform (DCT), Joint
al., 2019, [48] Photographic Experts Effective transmission and
Reducing the dimensions of an
28 Group (JPEG), Fast retention of visual
image.
Fourier Transform representations.
(FFT), and wavelet
transforms; and non-
transform methods,
which encompass Pulse
Code Modulation (PCM)
and Differential Pulse
Code Modulation
(DPCM).
In order to apply image fusion
within the context of medical Enhancing performance metrics
Hybrid combination of diagnosis, various imaging such as Entropy, Peak Signal-
Latha et al.,
29 Discrete Wavelet and modalities, including X-ray, to-Noise Ratio, and Mean
2019, [56]
Contourlet computed tomography (CT), Squared Error in relation to
and magnetic resonance established methodologies.
imaging (MRI), are utilized.
The application of various
facilitating the adoption of
The predominant chaos-based digital image
optimal methodologies for
methods within both watermarking methodologies
Kaibou et al., specific applications, contingent
30 spatial and transform is analyzed with respect to
2019, [70] upon the utilization of a
domains are LSB, DCT, their imperceptibility,
sufficient number of test
DWT, and RDWT. robustness, security, and
images.
complexity.
This study introduces an
innovative watermarking
technique that integrates
Center-Symmetric Local
Central-Symmetric Local A semi-fragile watermarking
Tuncer and Binary Patterns
31 Binary Patterns (CSLBP), technique characterized by
Kaya, 2019, [73] (CSLBP) in integer
Advanced Encryption superior visual quality.
wavelet domain
Standard (AES), chaotic maps,
and the Manhattan distance
metric.
The efficacy of biorthogonal
Shaker, 2020, Wavelets transform In order to conduct a
32 wavelet filters surpasses that of
[22] techniques using comparative analysis of
orthogonal wavelet filters in the

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MATLAB software Orthogonal and Bi-Orthogonal context of image processing

package wavelets. applications.
Attaining substantial
Nisha and Raja, Basic shrinkage advancements in denoising
33 Medical image denoising
2020, [26] thresholding techniques techniques for medical images
utilizing Contourlet transforms.
To manage lossy compression, Functioning as a framework for
it is essential to regulate the conservation of digital
Barina and
several parameters that heritage within cultural
34 Klima, 2020, JPEG 2000 format
influence the speed of heritage organizations, such as
[28]
compression and the trade-off libraries, archives, and
between rate and distortion. museums.
The proposed approach
demonstrates exceptional
denoising efficacy, surpassing
To introduce an innovative the performance of
K-Singular Value
Bnou et al., wavelet denoising method contemporary state-of-the-art
35 Decomposition (K-SVD)
2020, [49] founded on an unsupervised denoising techniques,
algorithm
learning framework. particularly in terms of peak
signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)
and the structural similarity
index (SSIM).
An evaluation of the
fundamental principles of The primary contribution of
wavelet transformation theory this study will provide valuable
Abdulazeez et Discrete Wavelet encompasses a range of insights for researchers seeking
36
al., 2020, [61] Transformation applications pertaining to to implement effective
wavelet and multi-solution methodologies in image
analysis, particularly in the processing applications.
domain of image processing.
The principles of reconstruction
formulas and the Fourier–
The analysis of three- Plancherel theorem have been
dimensional imagery is established. Furthermore,
Arfaoui et al., Wavelets and Clifford employed across various practical computational
37
2020, [77] algebras scientific domains, including examples are demonstrated
medicine, computational through various illustrative
physics, and informatics. cases that incorporate graphical
representations of the Clifford
mother wavelets.
To investigate the complex,
Combining high- heterogeneous, temporal
Grant et al., frequency bio sampling datasets and to discern Development of hormonal
38
2022, [1] technologies wearable indicators that may surrogates
with wearable devices serve as clinical surrogates for
endocrine cycles.
The application of the optimal
wavelet transforms to the long
machine-learning-based
Kwon et al, 2022 Image Denoising by using short-term memory (LSTM)
39 prediction model
,[16] wavelet transform model resulted in a 10%
for distillation process
enhancement in predictive
performance.
This stacking approach
facilitates the process of making
estimations at multiple
To facilitate the efficient and
Madhankumar A low-complex 2D image intermediate levels. These
40 effective retention of digital
et al., 2022, [62] compression method approximations occupy
information.
significantly less spatial
capacity compared to the
original data.

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This study aims to conduct a

comparative analysis of the
Wavelets transform Discrete Cosine Transform
Shihab, 2023, techniques using (DCT) and the Discrete DWT-based compression
41
[27] MATLAB software Wavelet Transform (DWT) method is better than DCT.
package with respect to their
effectiveness in compression
methodologies.
combining the Discrete
The efficacy of image
Wavelet Transform To introduce an innovative
Kamalin and compression demonstrated
42 (DWT) with Adaptive methodology for the
MuthuLakshmi, superior outcomes in
Block Truncation Coding compression of general image
2023, [30] comparison to alternative
–Edge Quantization data.
methodologies.
(ABTC- EQ)
The processes of recognizing
and extracting repetitive The similarity demonstrated an
Kuo et al., 2023, fast Fourier transform patterns are crucial accuracy of 98.0%, a sensitivity
43
[37] (FFT) components in the production of 94.4%, and a specificity of
and analytical assessment of 98.5%.
printed textiles.
The evaluation metrics of Mean
Squared Error (MSE) and Peak
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR)
To empirically assess the
demonstrate improved
quality of compressed images,
outcomes when the
this study employs
SPIHT (Set Partitioning transformation process employs
Stromvig and quantitative metrics including
44 in Hierarchical Trees) the Bior 4.4 wavelet initially,
Ren, 2024, [64] peak signal-to-noise ratio
algorithm compression followed by the Haar wavelet at
(PSNR), mean squared error
subsequent levels, as
(MSE), and compression ratio
recommended, compared to the
(CR).
application of a single,
homogeneous wavelet for the
transformation.

4. Conclusion issues remains a key area for future research and

In summary, the Discrete Wavelet Transform development. In conclusion, the continuous evolution
(DWT) has proven to be an invaluable asset in the of DWT, driven by technological advancements and
field of image processing. Its ability to perform multi- innovative approaches, ensures its enduring
resolution analysis and provide both spatial and relevance in the image processing domain. As
frequency domain information sets it apart from researchers and practitioners continue to explore and
traditional Fourier Transform methods, making it refine DWT-based techniques, the transformative
especially suited for handling non-stationary signals impact of this powerful tool will undoubtedly persist,
prevalent in images. This review has highlighted the paving the way for new breakthroughs and
wide-ranging applications of DWT in image applications in image processing. This review aims to
processing. From enhancing image compression provide a solid foundation for understanding the
techniques, such as those seen in the JPEG 2000 principles, applications, and future potential of DWT
standard, to effectively de-noising images while in image processing, encouraging further research
preserving critical features, DWT demonstrates its and development in this dynamic and rapidly
versatility and efficiency. Moreover, the exploration evolving field.
of hybrid methods that integrate DWT with advanced
computational techniques, including neural Funding: No fund is received for this research.
networks and deep learning, showcases the ongoing
innovation and potential for even greater Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no
advancements in image processing. Despite its conflict of interest.
numerous advantages, DWT-based image processing
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