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Oracle PL/SQL Tutorial
Published On: July 1, 2024

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Oracle PL/SQL Basics

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Features of PL/SQL

SQL and PL/SQL have close integration. Related Posts

It provides a wide range of comprehensive
error-checking features.
Many data types are supported for versatile
data handling.
contains a range of programming constructs, 
 including conditionals and loops. contains a
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conditionals and loops.
C and C++ Tutorial C is a
It uses functions and procedures to assist high-level, procedural,
structured programming. general-purpose
programming language.
It facilitates object-oriented programming,
Whereas C++, a…
which makes handling and manipulating data
more sophisticated.
It facilitates server pages and web application
development.

Because of its many advantages, PL/SQL is a crucial

skill for database engineers.
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PL/SQL programs are completely transferable ASP DOTNET Tutorial Microsoft
between various Oracle databases. created the web framework
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SQL and PL/SQL have close integration.
employed in…
PL/SQL optimizes performance by reducing
network traffic.
To ensure database integrity, it has strong
security measures.
Object-oriented programming is supported.
Object types that can be utilized in object- 
oriented designs can be defined in PL/SQL.
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PL/SQL uses a technique called block-structured
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programming, which divides programs into logical Artificial intelligence (AI) is
code blocks. Every block comprises three primary significant since it enhances
many facets of society…
components.

Declarations: These are optional and are used to

define subprograms, variables, cursors, and other
necessary block parts.

Executable Commands: This required portion, 

which is enclosed between the terms BEGIN and
Appium Testing
END, includes executable PL/SQL commands. It must
Tutorial
have at least one line of executable code, even if Published On: July 30, 2024
that line is nothing more than a NULL command that Appium Testing Tutorial
does nothing. Designed to make the UI
automation of many app
platforms easier, Appium…
Exception Handling: This optional section, which
begins with the keyword EXCEPTION, addresses how
to handle program errors by using defined
exceptions.

Applications of PL/SQL

Many different programs use PL/SQL, including

Database Security: It incorporates strong security

protocols into the database.

XML management is the process of creating and

overseeing XML documents inside a database.

Connecting Databases to Web Pages: This

technique combines web applications with
databases.

Automation: For effective management, automate

database administration chores.

Oracle PL/SQL Syllabus PDF

PL/SQL Environment Setup

You must install the Oracle RDBMS Server on your
computer to run PL/SQL programs. This will handle
the execution of SQL commands. Oracle RDBMS
version 11g is the most recent version.

Oracle 11g is available for trial download at this URL.

Install Oracle 11g Express Edition.

Step 1: Now let’s use the setup file to start the Oracle
Database Installer. Now you can enter your email
address. Press the next button.
 Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 1

Step 2: Now click the Continue button to move

forward and uncheck the checkbox.

Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 2

Step 3: To start, click the Next button after selecting

the first option, Create and Configure Database,
using the radio button.
 Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 3

Step 4: We’ll presume that you’re installing Oracle

on your PC or laptop with the primary goal of
learning. To continue, pick Desktop Class and click
the Next button.

Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 4

Step 5: Give the location of the Oracle Server

installation. Make changes to the Oracle Base, and
the other sites will adjust. The system DBA will utilize
the password that you are required to supply. Once
the necessary data has been entered, click the Next
button to continue.
 Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 5

Step 6: To continue, click the Next button one more.

Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 6

Step 7: To continue, click the Finish button, which will

initiate the server installation process.
 Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 7

Step 8: Oracle is now carrying out the necessary

settings.

Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 8

Step 9: The necessary configuration files will be

copied here during Oracle installation. It ought to
take a moment.
 Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 9

Step 10: After copying the database files, the

dialogue box that follows will appear. Simply press
the OK button to exit.

Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 10

Step 11: Now it is the final window.

 Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 11

It’s time to check the installation now. If you are

using Windows, type the following command at the
command prompt:

sqlplus “/ as sysdba”

The SQL prompt where you will type your PL/SQL

scripts and commands should be visible to you.

Oracle PLSQL Tutorial 12

Oracle PL/SQL Interview Questions

PL/SQL Data Types

The data types are separated into four categories in
PL/SQL:
 Number
Boolean
Character
Datetime

Numeric Data Types

The PL/SQL pre-defined numeric data types and

their subtypes are listed in the following table.

Data Type Description Range

-2,147,483,648
Signed
PLS_Integer to 2,147,483,647
Integer
/ 32 bits.

-2,147,483,648
Signed through
BINARY_Integer
Integer 2,147,483,647 /
32 bits.

IEEE 754-format
Single-
BINARY_Float floating-point
precision
number

IEEE 754-format
Double-
BINARY_Double floating-point
precision
number

ANSI-specific maximum
NUMBER(prec,
fixed-point precision of 38
scale)
type decimal digits

IBM-specific maximum
DECIMAL(prec,
fixed-point precision of 38
scale)
type decimal digits

maximum
NUMERIC(pre,
Floating type precision of 38
scale)
decimal digits

ANSI-specific maximum
DOUBLE
floating-point precision of 126
PRECISION
type binary digits
 ANSI and
maximum
IBM-specific
FLOAT precision of 126
floating-point
binary digits
type

maximum
ANSI-specific
INT precision of 38
integer type
decimal digits

ANSI and maximum

INTEGER IBM-specific precision of 38
integer types. decimal digits

ANSI and maximum

SMALLINT IBM-specific precision of 38
integer types. decimal digits

maximum
Floating-
REAL precision of 63
point type
binary digits.

Sample Declaration of PL/SQL Numeric Data Type:

DECLARE

num1 INTEGER;

num2 REAL;

num3 DOUBLE PRECISION;

BEGIN

null;

END;

PL/SQL Character Data Type

The details of the pre-defined character data types

in PL/SQL and their subtypes are as follows:

Data Type Description Range

Fixed-length maximum size

CHAR
character string of 32,767 bytes

Variable-length maximum size

VARCHAR2
character string of 32,767 bytes
 Variable-length
maximum size
RAW binary or byte
of 32,767 bytes
string

Fixed-length
maximum size
NCHAR national
of 32,767 bytes
character string

Variable-length
maximum size
NVARCHAR2 national
of 32,767 bytes
character string

Variable-length maximum size

LONG
character string of 32,760 bytes

Variable-length
maximum size
LONG RAW binary or byte
of 32,760 bytes
string

the address of
Physical row
ROWID a row in an
identifier
ordinary table

physical,
Universal row logical, or
UROWID
identifier foreign row
identifier

PL/SQL Boolean Data Types

Logical values needed for logical operations are

stored in the BOOLEAN data type. The boolean
values TRUE and FALSE, as well as the value NULL, are
the logical values.

SQL lacks a data type that is comparable to

BOOLEAN.

Boolean values can thus not be utilized in:

SQL statements
Built-in SQL functions (such as TO_CHAR)
SQL statements that call PL/SQL routines.

PL/SQL DATETIME Data Types

The century, year, month, day, hour, minute, and

second are all included in each date. The valid
values for each field are displayed in the following
table:

Field Date Time

Interval Values
Name Values

Any nonzero
YEAR -4712 to 9999
integer

MONTH 01 to 12 0 to 11

Any nonzero
DAY 01 to 31
integer

HOUR 00 to 23 0 to 23

MINUTE 00 to 59 0 to 59

Oracle SQL Developer Salary

Variable Declaration in PL/SQL

PL/SQL allocates memory for a variable’s value at
the time of declaration, and the variable name
designates the storage location.

Syntax

variable_name [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT NULL]

[:= | DEFAULT initial_value]

Example

sales number(10, 2);

pi CONSTANT double precision := 3.1415;

name varchar2(25);

address varchar2(100);

Initializing Variables in PL/SQL

One of the following methods can be used during

the declaration to initialize a variable with a value
other than NULL:
 The DEFAULT Keyword
The Assignment Operator

Example

DECLARE

a integer := 10;

b integer := 20;

c integer;

f real;

BEGIN

c := a + b;

dbms_output.put_line(‘Value of c: ‘ || c);

f := 70.0/3.0;

dbms_output.put_line(‘Value of f: ‘ || f);

END;

Output

Value of c: 30

Value of f: 23.333333333333333333

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Variable Scope in PL/SQL

Block nesting is possible in PL/SQL, meaning that a
program block can have another inner block inside
of it. Two varieties of flexible scope exist:

Local variables: They are those that are declared

within a block and are not available to blocks
outside of it.

Global Variables: Variables declared in a

package’s outermost block are referred to as global
variables.

Example
 DECLARE

— Global variables

num1 number := 95;

num2 number := 85;

BEGIN

dbms_output.put_line(‘Outer Variable num1: ‘ || num1);

dbms_output.put_line(‘Outer Variable num2: ‘ || num2);

DECLARE

— Local variables

num1 number := 195;

num2 number := 185;

BEGIN

dbms_output.put_line(‘Inner Variable num1: ‘ || num1);

dbms_output.put_line(‘Inner Variable num2: ‘ || num2);

END;

END;

Output

Outer Variable num1: 95

Outer Variable num2: 85

Inner Variable num1: 195

Inner Variable num2: 185

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Constants and Literals in PL/SQL

A declaration of a constant allocates storage for it
and provides information about its name, data type,
and value. The declaration may additionally apply
the NOT NULL restriction.

Declaring a Constant
The CONSTANT keyword is used to declare a
constant. It demands a starting value and prevents
modifications to that value.

Example

PI CONSTANT NUMBER := 3.141592654;

DECLARE

— constant declaration

pi constant number := 3.141592654;

— other declarations

radius number(5,2);

dia number(5,2);

circumference number(7, 2);

area number (10, 2);

BEGIN

— processing

radius := 9.5;

dia := radius * 2;

circumference := 2.0 * pi * radius;

area := pi * radius * radius;

— output

dbms_output.put_line(‘Radius: ‘ || radius);

dbms_output.put_line(‘Diameter: ‘ || dia);

dbms_output.put_line(‘Circumference: ‘ || circumference);

dbms_output.put_line(‘Area: ‘ || area);

END;

Output

Radius: 9.5

Diameter: 19

Circumference: 59.69

Area: 283.53
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

PL/SQL Literals

A literal is a clear character, number, word, or

Boolean value that isn’t designated with an
identifier. The following types of literals are
supported in PL/SQL:

Numeric Literals
Character Literals
String Literals
BOOLEAN Literals
Date and Time Literals

Literal Type Example

050 78 -14 0 +327676.6667 0.0 -12.0

Numeric
3.14159 +7800.006E5 1.0E-8
Literals
3.14159e0 -1E38 -9.5e-3

Character
‘A’ ‘%’ ‘9’ ‘ ‘ ‘z’ ‘(‘
Literals

String ‘Hello, world!’ ‘SLA Courses’ ’29-

Literals JUN-24′.

BOOLEAN
TRUE, FALSE, and NULL.
Literals

Example

DECLARE

message varchar2(30):= ‘We offer IT Courses for All!’;

BEGIN

dbms_output.put_line(message);

END;

Output

‘We offer IT Courses for All!

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

PL/SQL Operators
The PL/SQL language offers an abundance of pre-
built operators, including the following categories:

Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
String operators

Arithmetic Operators

The table that follows lists every arithmetic operator

that PL/SQL supports. Assuming that variable A
contains 10 and variable B contains 5,

Operator Description Example

A + B will
+ Adds two operands
give 15

Subtracts the second A – B will

–
operand from the first give 5

A * B will
* Multiplies both operands
give 50

Divide the numerator by A / B will

/
de-numerator. give 2

The exponentiation
A ** B will
operator raises one
** give
operand to the power of
100000
another

Relational Operators

Relational operators return a boolean result after

comparing two expressions or values. The table that
follows lists every relational operator that PL/SQL
supports.

Operator Description Example

It determines whether the

 values of two operands (A = B) is
=
are equal; if they are, the not true.
condition is satisfied.

It determines whether or
not the values of two
(A != B) is
!=<>~= operands are equal; if
true.
they are not, the
condition is met.

It determines whether the

left operand’s value is
(A > B) is
> greater than the right
not true.
operand’s; if so, the
condition is satisfied.

It determines whether the

left operand’s value is
(A < B) is
< less than the right
true.
operand’s; if so, the
condition is satisfied.

It determines whether the

left operand’s value is
larger than or equal to (A >= B) is
>=
the right operand’s value; not true.
if so, the condition is
satisfied.

It determines whether the

left operand’s value is
less than or equal to the (A <= B) is
<=
right operand’s value; if true
so, the condition is
satisfied.

Comparison Operators

When comparing one expression to another,

comparison operators are employed. Either TRUE,
FALSE, or NULL is the outcome in every case.

Operator Description

The LIKE operator determines if it

 LIKE matches the pattern or not and
returns FALSE otherwise.

The BETWEEN operator determines if a

BETWEEN
given value falls inside a given range.

The operator IN verifies the

IN
membership set.

Is EmptyWhen the operand is not NULL,

the IS NULL operator returns FALSE;
IS NULL
otherwise, it yields the BOOLEAN value
TRUE.

Logical Operators

The logical operators that PL/SQL supports are listed

in the following table. Each of these operators
produces a boolean result and operates on boolean
operands.

Operator Description Example

The AND operator in logic.

The condition becomes (A and B)
and
true if both operands are are false.
true.

The operator for logical

OR. The condition (A or B) is
or
becomes true if either of true.
the two operands is true.

The sensible NOT

operator is utilized to flip
its operand’s logical not (A
not state. The logical NOT and B) is
operator will render a true.
condition untrue if it is
true.

String Functions and String Operators in PL/SQL

The concatenation operator (||) in PL/SQL can be

used to join two strings together. The PL/SQL string
functions are given below.
ASCII(x): ASCII values for x.
CHR(x): Character with the ASCII for x
CONCAT(x, y): Concatenate the strings of x
and y.
INITCAP(x): Converter the initial letter of x.
INSTR(x, find_string [, start] [, occurrence]);
– It returns the location of the find_string when
it is found in x.
INSTRB(x); It returns the value in bytes but the
location of a string within another string.
LENGTH(x); – It gives back how many
characters there are in x.
LENGTHB(x); – It gives the character string
length in bytes for a character set with a single
byte.
LOWER(x); – It returns the string after
changing the letters in x to lowercase.
LPAD(x, width [, pad_string]); – Pads x with
spaces to the left such that the string’s overall
length reaches the width characters.
LTRIM(x [, trim_string]); – If x matches the
NaN special value (which is not a number), the
value is returned; if not, x is returned.
NLS_INITCAP(x); – Similar to the INITCAP
function, with the exception that NLSSORT
specifies a different sort technique that can be
used.
NLS_LOWER(x); – Similar to the LOWER
function, with the exception that NLSSORT
specifies an alternate sort algorithm.
NLS_UPPER(x); – Similar to the UPPER function,
with the exception that NLSSORT specifies a
different sort method that can be used.
NLSSORT(x); – It modifies the character sorting
process. Before using any NLS function, it must
be supplied; otherwise, the default sort will be
applied.
NVL(x, value); – If x is null, returns value; if not,
returns x.
NVL2(x, value1, value2); – If x is not null, return
value1; if x is null, return value2.
REPLACE(x, search_string, replace_string); –
Substitutes the value of search_string with
 replace_string after searching x for it.
RPAD(x, width [, pad_string]); – To the right,
pads x.
RTRIM(x [, trim_string]); – It gives back a
string with x’s phonetic representation.
SOUNDEX(x); – It gives back a string with x’s
phonetic representation.
SUBSTR(x, start [, length]); – It returns a
substring of x that starts at the start point. It is
possible to provide an optional length for the
substring.
SUBSTRB(x); – Similar to SUBSTR, with the
exception that for single-byte character
systems, the parameters are represented in
bytes rather than characters.
TRIM([trim_char FROM) x); – The characters
on the left and right of x are chopped off.
UPPER(x); – it returns the string after changing
the letters in x to uppercase.

Example

DECLARE

greetings varchar2(11) := ‘hello world’;

BEGIN

dbms_output.put_line(UPPER(greetings));

dbms_output.put_line(LOWER(greetings));

dbms_output.put_line(INITCAP(greetings));

/* retrieve the first character in the string */

dbms_output.put_line ( SUBSTR (greetings, 1, 1));

/* retrieve the last character in the string */

dbms_output.put_line ( SUBSTR (greetings, -1, 1));

/* retrieve five characters,

starting from the seventh position. */

dbms_output.put_line ( SUBSTR (greetings, 7, 5));

/* retrieve the remainder of the string,

starting from the second position. */

dbms_output.put_line ( SUBSTR (greetings, 2));

 /* find the location of the first “e” */

dbms_output.put_line ( INSTR (greetings, ‘e’));

END;

Output

HELLO WORLD

hello world

Hello World

World

ello World

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Oracle PL/SQL Training

Conclusion
We hope this PL/SQL tutorial gives you a basic
understanding of Oracle PL/SQL. Gain expertise with
our PL/SQL training in Chennai to begin a career in
database management.

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