General organic

chemistry
(GOC)
This effect will decide the electron density variation in substrate
and these effects are:

Inductive effect

Resonance

Hyperconjugation

Mesomeric effect

Electromeric effect
Inductive Effect

Permanent partial displacement of sigma electron in any covalent

bond due to difference in electronegativity (reference to C-H) is
knows as inductive effect of attached atom/group on entire carbon
chain.

C C C C H
Z

E.N. Z > C E.N. Z < C

 Inductive effect

+I -effect –I -effect

The atom or group which release electrons towards carbon chain is

said to have +I-effect.

𝜹− 𝜹−
𝟐 𝜹−
𝟏 
+

(EN)C >(EN)Z
𝟑
C C C Z
Example

+I groups

Excess -ve Isotopes of

charge hydrogen
O
⊖ ⊖ ⊖ ⊖
D,T
–O ,– C – O ,–NH,–CH2

Low EN than C

–SiR3
Factors Affecting Inductive Effect

As electronegativity decreases, ease of donation of electron

increases hence +I increases.

𝟏
+I ∝
𝐄.𝐍.

Example

⊖ ⊖
–CH2 > – 𝐍𝐇 > -𝐎⊖
Factors Affecting Inductive Effect

All alkyl group shows +I effect.

As branching increases, donation of electron density also increases

so +I strength increases.

Example

Me H H
C Me > C Me > C H > CH3

Me Me Me
Anionic > Alkyl > Isotopic

O C C
⊖ ⊖
⊖ ⊖
–CH2 > –NH > –O > –C – O > –C – C > –C – C – C > –C – C – C – C
C
> –T > –D
 Inductive effect

+I -effect –I -effect

The atom or group withdraw electrons form the carbon chain is

said to have –I-effect.

−
𝜹+ 𝜹+ 𝜹+ 
(EN)C <(EN)Z
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
C C C Z
Example

-I groups
+ve charge Neutral &
more EN
⊕
–NR3 –NH2
⊕
–SR2 –OH
⊕
–NH2 –SH, etc.
Partial +ve
charge
–NO2
𝜹– O
– C – H , etc.
𝜹+
 Generally as electronegativity of group/atom increases (greater
than carbon), –I effect increases.
-I ∝ E.N. ∝ % s character

Hybridisation % s-character EN value

sp3 25 2.5

sp2 33.33 2.75

sp 50 3.25

Order of –I 𝐂𝐬𝐩 > 𝐂𝐬𝐩𝟐 > 𝐂𝐬𝐩𝟑

+ ve charge > partial +ve charge > neutral

⊕ ⊕ ⊕
−NR3 > −SR2 > −NH3 > −NO2 > −SO2R > −CN > −SO2Ar > −COOH > −F

>−Cl >−Br >−I >−OAr >−COOR > −OR > −COR > −SH > −SR >−OH >−C≡CR
>−Ar > −𝐇C=CR2
 Inductive Effect

It is a permanent effect.

It operates only on sigma electron.

It is a distance dependent effect and decreases with increase in

distance and can be ignored after 5 carbon atoms.
Stability of Intermediate

(A) Carbocation

𝟏
Stability of carbocation ∝ +I– Effect ∝ −𝐈 –𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭
Example

  
1.) MeCH2 < Me2CH < Me3C

2.)  <  < 

F Cl

 

3.) < <

  
4.) CH3 < CD3 < CT3
(B) Free Radical

EDG always increases the stability, but EWG may decreases or

increases the stability of free radical

-I effect only decreases the stability of free radical.

1
Stability of Free Radical ∝ +I– Effect ∝ −I –Effect
 Example

1.) MeCH2 < Me2CH < Me3C

2.) < <

F Cl

3.) < <

(C) Carbanion

1
Stability of Carbanion ∝ -I– Effect ∝ +I –Effect
Example

⊖ ⊖ ⊖
1.) MeCH2 Me2CH Me3C
< <

⊖ ⊖ ⊖
2.) CH3-C < CH2= CH < CH≡C

3.) CH3CH2CH–O¯ < CH3CHCH2–O¯

CH3 CH3
Example

F NO2
𝐎− < 𝐎−
4.)

⊖ ⊖ ⊖
5.) H2C — NO2 < HC — NO2 < O2N — C — NO2
NO2 NO2
 Double bonds and carbocation can almost never be formed to
bridgehead carbons in bicyclic systems, this principle is known as
Bredt’s rule,

Bridgehead carbon Can’t get planar because

(where ‘bridge’ joins of bicyclic structure
ring)
Note

It is not applicable in zero carbon bridges between 5 and 6

membered rings.

> (Stability order)



 Example
Which of the following groups have + I effect :

(A) (B) (C) CH3 (D) – CH=CH2

Solution

Ans. B
 Example
Which of the following is most stable carbocation ?
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ 
(A) C H3 (B) CH3 – C H– CH3 (C) CH3 – C H2 (D) CH3—C—CH3
CH
Solution

Ans. D
 Example
The most stable carbocation among the following :

(A) (B)

NO2
(C) (D)
 

Solution

Ans. C
 Example
Give stability in increasing order of following intermediates:
⊕ ⊕ ⊕
(a) CH3 − C H2 (b) CH2 = C H (c) CH ≡ C H

(A) a > b > c (B) c > b > a (C) c > a > b (D) b > a > c

Solution

Ans. A
 Example
Which of the following groups have –I effect :
(A) –OH (B) – C – OH (C) – CH3 (D) –OCH3
O
Solution

Ans. A,B,D
 Example
Which statement is correct for inductive effect :
(A) It is a permanent effect
(B) It is the property of single bond
(C) It causes permanent polarisation in the molecule
(D) All are correct

Solution

Ans. D
 Example
Inductive effect involves
(A) displacement of –electron
(B) delocalisation of –electron
(C) delocalisation of –electrons
(D) displacement of –electrons

Solution

Ans. A
 Example
Most stable carbocation is
⊕ ⊕
A CH3 − C H2 (B) C H2 CHCl2
⊕ ⊕
(C) Cl − CH2 − C H2 (D) O2 N − CH2 − C H2

Solution

Ans. A
 Example
A carbocation in which no dispersal of charge occurs is

(A) R3C (B) R2CH (C) RCH2⊕ (D) CH3

Solution

Ans. D
 Example
Most stable carbocation is :
⊕ ⊕
(A) CH3 – C H2 (B) Br– CH2 – C H2
⊕ ⊕
(C) Cl– CH2 – C H2 (D) F– CH2 – C H2

Solution

Ans. A