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Anatomy Lab
Nose:
*The nose consists of the external nose and the nasal cavity, both of
which are divided by a septum into right and left halves.
*The nose (nasal cavity): The nasal cavity begins with a nostril
(anterior nasal apertures) and ends with a posterior nasal apertures
separated by a septum
*The septum: anteriorly: 1. cartilage 2. bone (vertical plate of

ethmoid) → behind the cartilage 3. vomer bone below.
* In some person, septum is normally deviated to the right .
*Boundaries of nose:
1. lateral parts: bony projections inside the nasal cavity laterally
called conchae. They are three projections → a- sup. nasal concha b-
middle nasal concha c- inf. nasal concha
They are covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial
tissue
2. medial: formed by the septum
3. roof: it consists of four bones → a- nasal bone b- frontal bone c-
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone d- sphenoid bone
4. floor: it consists of → a- hard palate (consists of 2 bones which are
maxilla & palatine bone) b- soft palate (covered with mucus)
5. posterior: nasopharynx
6. anterior: nostril
*Notes:
-Columnar epithelium that means there are cilia and goblet cells →
for mucus secretion.
-The movement of cilia is from the outside to the inside.
- there is an opening in concha called meatus.
*Meatus: we have four sinuses (space filled with Naturally, we see

air) which are → 1. frontal 2. maxillary 3. the sinuses black
sphenoid 4. ethmoid (anterior, middle & in the x-ray
posterior) because they are
filled with air.
*Notes:
-Most sinuses except posterior ethmoid ,open into middle meatus
because sphenoidal air sinus open into sphenoethmoidal recess ).
-Posterior ethmoid open into superior meatus.
-Inferior meatus is an opening or a duct for nasolacrimal (important)
*Blood supply: nose is rich with blood supply as the following:
1. anterior and posterior ethmoid artery → branch from ophthalmic
artery which comes from internal carotid artery.
2. sphenopalatine artery → branch from maxillary artery.
3. superior labial artery → branch from facial artery.
They make anastomosis in a place called (Kiesselbach's area)
*Nerve supply of nasal cavity:

1. olfactory n.
2. trigeminal n. → a- posterior (V2 maxillary) b- anterior & superior
(V1)
*Venous drainage of nasal cavity:

1. ethmoidal v.
2. sphenopalatine v.
3. labial v.
-ethmoidal and sphenopalatine veins drain into cavernous sinus
which is located in the brain, so any infection of an injury of those
veins may cause cavernous sinus thrombosis which is a life-
threatening condition
Nasopharynx: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

the two most important things in the nasopharynx are:
1. auditory tube (Eustachian tube): it links between nasopharynx and
the middle ear
2. adenoids: lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx
It appears in children and continues to grow until 7 years old. Then it
becomes atrophied. In some children, atrophy doesn't happen and
causes obstruction of the air way.
*Nerve supply: V2
*Blood supply:
-Branches from maxillary artery
-Branches from ascending pharyngeal artery
Larynx: extends from C3 → C6 (voice box)
the larynx has 6 cartilages:
A- main four cartilages:
1. thyroid → the largest,
incomplete, hyaline
2. cricoid → hyaline
3. arytenoid → hyaline
4. epiglottis → elastic
B- the rest cartilages:
5. corniculate → hyaline
6. cuneiform → hyaline.
•There are two types of larynx muscles :

1-Internal 2- External ----> (elevation & depression).
-They help in swallowing.
*Relation to the larynx:
- sup. ----> arytenoid bone.
-Inf. ----> root of lung.
-Ant. ----> skin, fascia, muscle .
-post. ----> laryngeopharynx.
Important question: all of these cartilages are hyaline except the
epiglottis which is elastic
*Sphincteric function of the larynx:

there are two sphincters in the larynx: one on the inlet and the other
is on the vocal cords:
1. close the laryngeal inlet → by oblique arytenoid m. that extends
from base of arytenoid cartilage to the apex of opposite side. This
muscle continues to the epiglottis and becomes aryepiglottic m.
(thyroepiglottic)
when these two muscles contract, they cause closer of the laryngeal
inlet due to backward movement of the epiglottis during swallowing.
2. narrowing the vocal cords → by three muscles that extend from
vocal prosses to the cricoid cartilage
a- lateral cricoarytenoid → adduction of the vocal cords.
b- posterior cricoarytenoid → abduction of the vocal cords.
c- Transversus cricoarytenoid --> approximates the lateral
cricoarytenoid muscle.
Important question: what are the muscles that close the inlet?
1. oblique arytenoid m. 2. aryepiglottic m. (thyroepiglottic m.)
*Notes:
-at pituitary, there are more growth on larynx in male than in female
→ this is why a change in voice happen.
-vocal coeds → male → longer → more vibration → deeper
-vocal cords → female → shorter → less vibration → less deep
(more high-pitched)
-when we try to control our pitch of voice, we only change the
amount of air comes out of lungs. The more the air, the deeper the
voice (and vice versa)
*Membranes of the larynx:
1. quadrangular membrane → from the vestibular ligament (fold)
2. cricothyroid membrane → from the vocal ligament (fold)
*Blood supply: (Important)
1. upper half: superior laryngeal a. → branch of superior thyroid a.
2. lower half: inferior laryngeal a. → branch of the inferior thyroid a.
Trachea: it's 11-12 cm

in length in adult.
extends from the end of
the larynx (C6-T4) then it
divides into Rt. & Lt.
bronchi.
* the trachea contains a
c-shape rings for:
1. allow the expansion
of the esophagus.
2. to avoid the
dysphagia.
*Boundaries:
1. post.: esophagus, recurrent laryngeal.
2. ant.: skin, muscle, fascia, isthmus of thyroid gland
3. sup.: larynx
4. inf.: bronchi, mediastinum
5. lat.: a- cervical → thyroid lobe.
*Blood supply:
1. upper → cervical → inferior thyroid a.
2. lower → thoracic → bronchial a. → branch from descending aorta
Bronchi:
Rt. bronchi Lt. bronchi
-wider -narrow
-shorter (2.5cm) -long (5cm)
-more vertical -horizontal
-divides before entering the -divides after entering the hilum
hilum of Rt. lung into sup. and of Lt. lung into middle and
inferior inferior
*Blood supply: bronchial a.
Lungs: we have 2 lungs in the thoracic cavity
*Surface anatomy:
1. apex of the lung: the same as surface anatomy of cervical pleura
2. ant. border:
-of the Rt. lung → corresponding to the ant. border of Rt. pleura
-of the Lt. lung → corresponding to the ant. border of Lt. pleura as
far down as the level of the 4th costal cartilage then the ant. border
of the Lt. lung is separated from that of the left pleura & deviated
1/2 an inch lat. to the lateral border of the sternum (forming the
cardiac notch of the lung) then it curves downwards & medially to
end at the 6th costochondral junction
3. lower border: (same for RT. & Lt. lungs)
it is represented by a curved line around the chest wall starting at
the 6th sterno-costal junction crossing:
the 6th rip in midclavicular line
the 8th rip in midaxillary line
10th thoracic spine posteriorly where the lower border ends
4. post. border: (same for RT. & Lt. lungs)
it runs vertically upwards alongside the vertebral column starting
from the level of the 10th thoracic spine below & ending at the point
of the apex above
5. oblique fissure:
draw a line passing obliquely downwards & outwards starting from a
point 3 cm lat. to spine of the 3rd thoracic spine to the 6th costal
cartilage 3 fingers from median plane
6. horizontal fissure (Rt. lung):
draw a line starting from the ant. border of the Rt. lung at the 4th
costal cartilage & running to the Rt. and slightly upwards to meet the
oblique fissure in the midaxillary line
Rt. lung Lt. lung

-wider -narrow
-shorter -long
-3 lobes -2 lobes
-2 fissures -1 fissure
-heavier -light
-no cardiac notch -has cardiac notch
*Blood supply: bronchial a.
*Nerve supply: pulmonary plexus.
* the number of segments in the lungs is 10 in the left lung and 10
in the right lung .
Pleura: a sac invaginated to form the a-parietal & b- visceral layers

*Recesses :
1.diaphragmatic.
2. mediastinal .
3. costal.
* boundaries of pleura :
-anteriorly ----> to the 8th ribs .
-posteriorly ----> to the 12th ribs .
-midaxillary ----> to the 10th ribs .
*Nerve supply:
1. phrenic n. → supply mediastinal pleura and medial half of
diaphragm
2. intercostal n. → supply costal pleura
3. pulmonary plexus (vagal & sympathetic) → supply visceral pleura
Thank you
Done by: Hisham Algabarti

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Anatomy Lab

*The septum: anteriorly: 1. cartilage 2. bone (vertical plate of

*Meatus: we have four sinuses (space filled with Naturally, we see

*Nerve supply of nasal cavity:

*Venous drainage of nasal cavity:

Nasopharynx: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

•There are two types of larynx muscles :

*Sphincteric function of the larynx:

Trachea: it's 11-12 cm

*Blood supply: bronchial a.

Lungs: we have 2 lungs in the thoracic cavity

Rt. lung Lt. lung

Pleura: a sac invaginated to form the a-parietal & b- visceral layers

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