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    2_5220075205421966403

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    Fatima Safaa

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    2_5220075205421966403

    Uploaded by

    Fatima Safaa
    1 views8 pages

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    1 views8 pages

    2_5220075205421966403

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    Fatima Safaa

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    Dental Radiology

    ‫ امل رؤوف‬.‫ د‬.‫ا‬

    Digital radiography
    The term digital imaging refers to the numeric format of the image Content.
    unlike conventional dental radiographic techniques; there is no film or processing
    solutions used instead.

    Indications:

    1- Carious lesion detection: it measures lesion depth more accurately

    2- Detection of structural changes: detection of morphological changes


    (periapical lesions, carious lesions) in the tissues

    3- Growth and development: useful in cephalometric analysis and growth


    prediction of the facial structures

    4- Research purpose and documentation: useful for a variety of scientific


    research approaches giving pure mathematical information applied for scientific
    purposes

    The main component of digital imaging system:

    1. X – radiation source
    Always the conventional x – ray source can be used for digital imaging system .
    2-Image receptor
    it measures the photon intensity of the x-ray beam and convert it into electrical
    signal (analog signal) using Analog-digital converter (ADC) or digitizer that based
    on the binary number system recognizable by the computer.
    The sensor is a small detector, placed in the mouth of the patient and used to
    capture the radiographic image.
    Intraoral sensors may be wired or wireless. Wired refers that the sensor is
    linked by a fiber optic cable to a computer that records the generated signal.
    Wireless refers to sensor that is phosphor coated, is not linked by a capable.
    Each sensor is sealed and water proofed and for infection control, the sensor
    must be covered with a disposable barrier because it cannot be sterilized.

    Specially designed intraoral sensor holders similar to those used for


    conventional film, have been developed, when used clinically, the sensors need to
    be covered with a protective plastic barrier housing for infection control
    purposes. Different sized intraoral receptor (adult size and small size sensor for
    children) and larger extraoral receptors for both panoramic and cephalometric
    radiographs are required.
    3-Data processing unit
    is consisting of computer and output device as computer monitor, laptop or flat
    panel, printer.

    Methods of Acquiring a Digital Image


    are acquired either Directly or Indirectly using
    1-Solid-state technology: This technology have the ability to generate a digital
    image directly in the computer without any other external device uses
    conventional x-ray machine but conventional film is replaced by solid-state
    detector which is of two types either a CCD (charge coupled device) or CMOS
    (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)
    The X-ray photons that reach the sensor are converted to light, since it consists of
    silicon crystals arranged in a network pattern forming a pixel matrix and picked
    by the CCD/CMOS and converted into an electrical charge which, once produces a
    digital image on the monitor of the computer sensors which connected to it via a
    cable or cord (so called real time and corded).
    Pixel: A discrete (smallest) unit of information also termed (picture element).
    A pixel is the digital equivalent of a silver crystal used in conventional
    radiography. As opposed to a film emulsion that contains a random arrangement
    of silver crystals, a pixel is structured in an ordered arrangement. When x – rays
    activate electrons and produce such electronic charges, an electronic latent image
    is produced, the latent image is then transmitted and stored in a computer and
    can be converted to a visible image on screen or printed on paper .
    Advantages of CCD and COMS:
    • The image appears on the monitor instantaneously.
    • Infection control is easier and quicker.
    2- Photostimulable phosphor technology:

    This technology consists of a phosphor-coated plate in which a latent image is


    formed after x-ray exposure. The latent image is converted indirectly to a digital
    image by a scanning device through stimulation by laser light. The conventional
    film is replaced by photostimulable phosphor storage plate (PSPP) which is
    flexible re-usable.

    The phosphor layer plates contain a layer of barium fluorohalide phosphor it


    absorbs and stores the X-ray energy. The image plate is then placed in a reader
    where it is scanned by a laser beam. The stored X-ray energy in the phosphor
    layer is released as light (phosphorescence) which is detected by a
    photomultiplier, the information is indirectly scanning and digitizing a film
    captured image then displayed on the monitor.

    The time taken to read the plate depends on the system being used, and the size
    of the plate, but usually varies ( 1 – 5) minutes.

    A range of intraoral plate sizes are available identical in size to the conventional
    periapical and occlusal film packet. The intraoral plates are inserted into
    protective barrier envelopes and can then be used in conventional film holders.
    The essential components of the indirect system are a CCD camera so the signal
    amplified and transferred to the computer .

    Advantages of PSPP:

    • Detectors are thin and flexible, more comfortable for the patient, and easier for
    operator to use.

    • Cheaper and reusable.


    Digital Image theory

    Digital images are numeric (because computers deal with numbers and not
    pictures).

    A digital image consists of a large collection of individual pixels organized in a


    (matrix of rows and columns), at each pixel of an electronic detector, the
    absorption of x-rays generates a small voltage.

    As a radiographic image within a computer is represented as a sequence of


    numbers. . Each number, and hence each pixel has an appropriate shade of grey.
    Most current dental system operates with grey ranging (0 - 256), 0 representing
    black, 256 representing white and all others are shades of grey.

    The pictures can be changed by giving the pixels different numbers. The
    coordinates of pixels may be changed also, and the shades of grey may be alter ed
    or using different colores. These variables are the basis for what is called (image
    processing or image manipulation).
    Despite being able to alter the final image, the computer cannot provide any
    additional real information to the original image. It should be remembered that
    although enhancement may make images look aesthetically more pleasing, it may
    also cause clinical information to be lost and diagnoses compromised.

    Advantages of Digital Imaging Over Conventional Film-Based


    Radiography:
    1- Lower dose of radiation required as both types of digital image receptors are
    much more efficient at recording photon energy than conventional films.

    2- No need for conventional processing, thus avoiding all processing film faults
    and the hazards associated with handling the chemical solutions.

    3- Easy storage and archiving of patient information

    4- Easy transfer of images electronically (teleradiology) and time reduction

    5- Image enhancement and processing which include:

    - Inversion (reversal), - Alteration in contrast, brightness, sharpness, and colors


    (Pseudocolor) - embossing or pseudo 3-D, - Magnification, - Automated
    measurement- image subtraction.
    Digital image subtraction When two images of the same object are registered
    and the image intensities of corresponding pixels are subtracted, a new difference
    image is produced. This technique requires two identical images exposed at
    different times then subtract one image from another, leaving only the changes
    that occur over time between the two intact. It is useful in the diagnosis of
    (periodontal diseases, carious lesions, evaluation of small changes in the condylar
    position and assessment of dental implant)

    A Original image. B Inverted/reversed. C Altered contrast. D Embossed or


    pseudo 3-D. E Automated measurement. F Magnified G and H Pseudo-
    colored.
    6- Linear and angular measurements can be also be obtained a features that
    is helpful in measuring the length of the root.

    Disadvantages of Digital Imaging:

    1- Expensive, especially panoramic systems

    2- Long-term storage of the large images required more storage space although
    this should be solved by saving them on CD-ROM

    3- Digital image security and the need to back up data

    4- The connecting cable (or cord) can make intraoral placement of these system’s
    sensor difficult.

    5- Loss of image quality and resolution on the hard copy-out when using thermal,
    laser or ink-jet printers

    6- Image manipulation can be time-consuming and misleading to the


    inexperienced

    7- Although manufacturers provide safeguards to the original images within their


    own software, but it is relatively easy to access these images using cheap
    software and to change them.

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