Korean War - Causes, Timeline & Veterans - HISTORY

10/03/2022 13:39 Korean War - Causes, Timeline & Veterans - HISTORY
Korean War
HISTORY.COM EDITORS •
The Korean war began on June 25, 1950,

when some 75,000 soldiers from the
CONTENTS North Korean People’s Army poured
across the 38th parallel, the boundary
1. North vs. South Korea between the Soviet-backed Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea to the north
2. The Korean War and the Cold and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to
War the south. This invasion was the first
3. “No Substitute for Victory” military action of the Cold War. By July,
American troops had entered the war on
4. The Korean War Reaches a South Korea’s behalf. As far as American
Stalemate
officials were concerned, it was a war
5. Korean War Casualties against the forces of international
communism itself. After some early back-
6. PHOTO GALLERIES
and-forth across the 38th parallel, the
fighting stalled and casualties mounted
with nothing to show for them.
Meanwhile, American officials worked anxiously to fashion some sort of armistice
with the North Koreans. The alternative, they feared, would be a wider war with
Russia and China–or even, as some warned, World War III. Finally, in July 1953, the
Korean War came to an end. In all, some 5 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives
in what many in the U.S. refer to as “the Forgotten War” for the lack of attention it
received compared to more well-known conflicts like World War I and II and the
Vietnam War. The Korean peninsula is still divided today.
READ MORE: What Caused the Korean War and Why Did the US Get Involved?
North vs. South Korea

“If the best minds in the world had set out to find us the worst possible location in the
world to fight this damnable war,” U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson (1893-1971)
once said, “the unanimous choice would have been Korea.” The peninsula had landed
in America’s lap almost by accident. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Korea
had been a part of the Japanese empire, and after World War II it fell to the
Americans and the Soviets to decide what should be done with their enemy’s imperial
possessions. In August 1945, two young aides at the State Department divided the
Korean peninsula in half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied the area
north of the line and the United States occupied the area to its south.
https://www.history.com/topics/korea/korean-war 1/5
Did you know? Unlike World War II and Vietnam, the Korean War did not get much
media attention in the United States. The most famous representation of the war in
popular culture is the television series “M*A*S*H,” which was set in a field hospital in
South Korea. The series ran from 1972 until 1983, and its final episode was the most-
watched in television history.
By the end of the decade, two new states had formed on the peninsula. In the south,
the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) enjoyed the reluctant support
of the American government; in the north, the communist dictator Kim Il Sung (1912-
1994) enjoyed the slightly more enthusiastic support of the Soviets. Neither dictator
was content to remain on his side of the 38th parallel, however, and border
skirmishes were common. Nearly 10,000 North and South Korean soldiers were killed
in battle before the war even began.
The Korean War and the Cold War

Even so, the North Korean invasion came as an alarming surprise to American
officials. As far as they were concerned, this was not simply a border dispute between
two unstable dictatorships on the other side of the globe. Instead, many feared it was
the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world. For this reason,
nonintervention was not considered an option by many top decision makers. (In fact,
in April 1950, a National Security Council report known as NSC-68 had recommended
that the United States use military force to “contain” communist expansionism
anywhere it seemed to be occurring, “regardless of the intrinsic strategic or economic
value of the lands in question.”)
“If we let Korea down,” President Harry Truman (1884-1972) said, “the Soviet[s] will
keep right on going and swallow up one [place] after another.” The fight on the
Korean peninsula was a symbol of the global struggle between east and west, good
and evil, in the Cold War. As the North Korean army pushed into Seoul, the South
Korean capital, the United States readied its troops for a war against communism
itself.
At first, the war was a defensive one to get the communists out of South Korea, and it
went badly for the Allies. The North Korean army was well-disciplined, well-trained
and well-equipped; Rhee’s forces in the South Korean army, by contrast, were
frightened, confused and seemed inclined to flee the battlefield at any provocation.
Also, it was one of the hottest and driest summers on record, and desperately thirsty
American soldiers were often forced to drink water from rice paddies that had been
fertilized with human waste. As a result, dangerous intestinal diseases and other
illnesses were a constant threat.
By the end of the summer, President Truman and General Douglas MacArthur (1880-
1964), the commander in charge of the Asian theater, had decided on a new set of
war aims. Now, for the Allies, the Korean War was an offensive one: It was a war to
“liberate” the North from the communists.
Initially, this new strategy was a success. The Inch’on Landing, an amphibious assault
at Inch’on, pushed the North Koreans out of Seoul and back to their side of the 38th
parallel. But as American troops crossed the boundary and headed north toward the
Yalu River, the border between North Korea and Communist China, the Chinese
started to worry about protecting themselves from what they called “armed
aggression against Chinese territory.” Chinese leader Mao Zedong (1893-1976) sent
troops to North Korea and warned the United States to keep away from the Yalu
boundary unless it wanted full-scale war.
“No Substitute for Victory”

This was something that President Truman and his advisers decidedly did not want:
They were sure that such a war would lead to Soviet aggression in Europe, the
deployment of atomic weapons and millions of senseless deaths. To General
MacArthur, however, anything short of this wider war represented “appeasement,” an
unacceptable knuckling under to the communists.
As President Truman looked for a way to prevent war with the Chinese, MacArthur did
all he could to provoke it. Finally, in March 1951, he sent a letter to Joseph Martin, a
House Republican leader who shared MacArthur’s support for declaring all-out war on
China–and who could be counted upon to leak the letter to the press. “There is,”
MacArthur wrote, “no substitute for victory” against international communism.
For Truman, this letter was the last straw. On April 11, the president fired the general
for insubordination.
The Korean War Reaches a Stalemate

In July 1951, President Truman and his new military commanders started peace talks
at Panmunjom. Still, the fighting continued along the 38th parallel as negotiations
stalled. Both sides were willing to accept a ceasefire that maintained the 38th parallel
boundary, but they could not agree on whether prisoners of war should be forcibly
“repatriated.” (The Chinese and the North Koreans said yes; the United States said
no.) Finally, after more than two years of negotiations, the adversaries signed an
armistice on July 27, 1953. The agreement allowed the POWs to stay where they liked;
drew a new boundary near the 38th parallel that gave South Korea an extra 1,500
square miles of territory; and created a 2-mile-wide “demilitarized zone” that still
exists today.
Korean War Casualties
The Korean War was relatively short but exceptionally bloody. Nearly 5 million people
died. More than half of these–about 10 percent of Korea’s prewar population–were
civilians. (This rate of civilian casualties was higher than World War II’s and the
Vietnam War’s.) Almost 40,000 Americans died in action in Korea, and more than
100,000 were wounded. Today, they are remembered at the Korean War Veterans
Memorial near the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., a
series of 19 steel statues of servicemen, and the Korean War memorial in Fullerton,
California, the first on the West Coast to include the names of the more than 30,000
Americans who died in the war.
PHOTO GALLERIES
Korean War
14
GALLERY 14 IMAGES
Citation Information
Article Title
Korean War
Author
History.com Editors
Website Name
HISTORY
URL
https://www.history.com/topics/korea/korean-war
Access Date
10 mars 2022
Publisher
A&E Television Networks
Last Updated
December 17, 2021
Original Published Date

November 9, 2009
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10/03/2022 13:39 Korean War - Causes, Timeline & Veterans - HISTORY

The Korean war began on June 25, 1950,

North vs. South Korea

The Korean War and the Cold War

“No Substitute for Victory”

The Korean War Reaches a Stalemate

Korean War Casualties

Original Published Date

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