1.

Introduction to Embedded Systems (Beginner Level)

• What are Embedded Systems?

o Definition and characteristics of embedded systems

o Difference between general-purpose computing and embedded systems

o Examples of embedded systems in daily life (e.g., microcontrollers in home

appliances, cars, etc.)

• Overview of Embedded C

o Why Embedded C is used for embedded systems

o Basic programming concepts in C (variables, data types, operators)

• Embedded System Architecture

o Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors

o Types of microcontrollers (AVR, ARM, PIC, etc.)

o Overview of peripherals in embedded systems (GPIO, UART, SPI, I2C, ADC, etc.)

• Development Tools

o Installing Embedded C development environment (e.g., Keil, MPLAB X,

STM32CubeIDE, etc.)

o Basics of compiler/linker/debugger in Embedded C

o Writing, compiling, and uploading simple Embedded C programs

2. Basic Programming Concepts in C (Beginner Level)

• C Syntax

o Functions, loops (for, while, do-while)

o Conditional statements (if, else, switch-case)

o Data types: integer, char, float, double

o Operators: arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise

• Memory Management in C

o Variables and constants

o Pointers and references

o Dynamic memory allocation (malloc, free)

• Embedded-specific C features

o volatile keyword and its use in embedded systems

o Memory-mapped I/O
 o Interrupts: basics and how they work

• Simple I/O Programming

o Reading input from sensors (e.g., analog or digital inputs)

o Sending output to LEDs or motors

o Using delays and timers

3. Intermediate Concepts in Embedded C

• Interfacing with Peripherals

o Digital I/O: Reading from switches and controlling LEDs

o Analog I/O: Interfacing with potentiometers, analog sensors (e.g., temperature

sensor, light sensor)

o Timers and counters: Using hardware timers for precise delays and event
counting

o UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter): Serial communication

basics

• Communication Protocols

o SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

o I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)

o CAN (Controller Area Network)

o Introduction to protocols for wireless communication: UART, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi

• Interrupts and Timer Interrupts

o Types of interrupts: External, internal, software interrupts

o Interrupt service routines (ISRs)

o Using timers for periodic interrupts

• Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) Introduction

o What is RTOS?

o Tasks, scheduling, and context switching

o Introduction to FreeRTOS

4. Advanced Embedded C Programming Concepts

• Advanced Memory Management

o Memory sections in Embedded systems: Flash, SRAM, and EEPROM

 o Static and dynamic memory allocation

o Memory optimization in embedded systems

• Advanced Interrupt Handling

o Nested interrupts and priority handling

o Context saving and restoring in ISRs

o Interrupt debouncing techniques

• Advanced Communication Protocols

o Implementing custom communication protocols

o Interfacing with external devices (e.g., sensors, actuators, displays)

o Using DMA (Direct Memory Access) for efficient data transfer

• Power Management

o Low power modes of microcontrollers

o Power optimization techniques in Embedded C programming

• Embedded Software Development Techniques

o Modular programming and code reuse

o Debugging techniques in embedded systems

o Version control using Git

o Test-driven development (TDD) for embedded systems

5. Specialized Topics in Embedded C (Advanced)

• Advanced RTOS Concepts

o Task synchronization and communication (semaphores, queues, mutexes)

o Managing multiple tasks with priorities

o Inter-task communication using queues, mailboxes

• Embedded System Design and Architecture

o Design patterns for embedded systems

o Firmware architecture (bootloaders, application code, libraries)

o Design and testing of embedded system applications

• Embedded C for ARM Microcontrollers (e.g., STM32, NXP)

o Introduction to ARM Cortex architecture

o Writing efficient code for ARM processors

 o Utilizing ARM-specific features (e.g., ARM assembly, CMSIS, peripheral libraries)

• Security in Embedded Systems

o Cryptography basics for embedded systems

o Secure boot, encryption/decryption in embedded systems

• IoT (Internet of Things) with Embedded C

o Basics of IoT

o Using Embedded C with Wi-Fi (e.g., ESP8266, ESP32) or Bluetooth (e.g., BLE)

o Cloud communication and remote monitoring with Embedded C

6. Project Work and Case Studies (Capstone Project)

• Hands-on Projects

o Project 1: Building a simple digital thermometer (using temperature sensors)

o Project 2: Building a small embedded system for home automation (e.g.,

controlling devices over the network)

o Project 3: Communication between two microcontrollers via UART/SPI/I2C

• Case Studies

o Analyzing embedded system designs used in automotive, medical, and

consumer electronics

o Debugging and optimizing embedded systems for performance

• Final Project

o Designing a complete embedded system with a user interface

o Writing production-quality code, testing, and optimization