Examples: Graphing Trigonometric Functions

2𝜋
1. 𝑦 = 4 sin (2𝑥 − ) − 1
3
Factoring out 2,
𝝅
𝒚 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 [𝟐 (𝒙 − )] − 𝟏
𝟑
𝜋
𝑎=4 𝑏=2 𝑐= 𝑑 = −1
3
1) |𝑎| = |4|
|𝒂| = 𝟒
2𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | |
𝑏
2𝜋
𝑃= | |
(2)
𝑃 = |𝜋|
𝑷=𝝅
3) 𝑥=𝑐
𝝅
𝒙=
𝟑
4) 𝑦=𝑑
𝒚 = −𝟏
5) 𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ} 𝑫: (−∞, ∞) 𝑫: ℝ
6) 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑑 − |𝑎| ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 + |𝑎|} 𝑅: [𝑑 − |𝑎|, 𝑑 + |𝑎|]
𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ| − 𝟓 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑} 𝑹: [−𝟓, 𝟑]
7) None.
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
𝜋 𝜋
[ , ( ) + (𝜋)]
3 3
𝝅 𝟒𝝅
[ , ]
𝟑 𝟑
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
𝝅 𝜋 (𝜋) 𝜋 (𝜋) 𝜋 3(𝜋)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝑥2 = + 𝑥3 = + 𝑥4 = +
𝟑 3 4 3 2 3 4
𝟕𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟑𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝜋
𝑥5 = + (𝜋)
3
𝟒𝝅
𝒙𝟓 =
𝟑

𝒙 𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 4𝜋
3 12 6 12 3
𝒚 −1 3 −1 −5 −1

9)
 𝜋
2. 𝑦 = sin (−𝑥 − ) − 2
4
Factoring out −1,
𝝅
𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 [− (𝒙 + )] − 𝟐
𝟒
𝜋
𝑎=1 𝑏 = −1 𝑐=− 𝑑 = −2
4
1) |𝑎| = |1|
|𝒂| = 𝟏
2𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | |
𝑏
2𝜋
𝑃= |(−1)|
𝑃 = |−2𝜋|
𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅
3) 𝑥=𝑐
𝝅
𝒙=−
𝟒
4) 𝑦=𝑑
𝒚 = −𝟐
5) 𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ} 𝑫: (−∞, ∞) 𝑫: ℝ
6) 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑑 − |𝑎| ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 + |𝑎|} 𝑅: [𝑑 − |𝑎|, 𝑑 + |𝑎|]
𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ| − 𝟑 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ −𝟏} 𝑹: [−𝟑, −𝟏]
7) None.
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
𝜋 𝜋
[− , (− ) + (2𝜋)]
4 4
𝝅 𝟕𝝅
[− , ]
𝟒 𝟒
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
𝝅 𝜋 (2𝜋) 𝜋 (2𝜋) 𝜋 3(2𝜋)
𝒙𝟏 = − 𝑥2 = − + 𝑥3 = − + 𝑥4 = − +
𝟒 4 4 4 2 4 4
𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝜋
𝑥5 = − + (2𝜋)
4
𝟕𝝅
𝒙𝟓 =
𝟒

𝒙 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
−
4 4 4 4 4
𝒚 −2 −3 −2 −1 −2

9)
 2
3. 𝑦 = cos(−4𝑥 + 𝜋) + 1
3
Factoring out −4,
2 𝜋
𝑦= cos [−4 (𝑥 − )] + 1
3 4
2 𝜋
𝑎= 𝑏 = −4 𝑐= 𝑑=1
3 4
2
1) |𝑎| = | |
3
𝟐
|𝒂| =
𝟑
2𝜋
2) 𝑃=| |
𝑏
2𝜋
𝑃 = |(−4)|
𝜋
𝑃=| |
−2
𝝅
𝑷=
𝟐
3) 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝝅
𝒙=
𝟒
4) 𝑦 = 𝑑
𝒚=𝟏
5) 𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ} 𝑫: (−∞, ∞) 𝑫: ℝ
6) 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑑 − |𝑎| ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 + |𝑎|} 𝑅: [𝑑 − |𝑎|, 𝑑 + |𝑎|]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ| ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏 } 𝑹: [ , 𝟏 ]
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
7) None.
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
[ , + ( )]
4 4 2
𝝅 𝟑𝝅
[ , ]
𝟒 𝟒
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝝅 𝜋 ( 2) 𝜋 ( 2) 𝜋 3( 2 )
𝒙𝟏 = 𝑥2 = + 𝑥3 = + 𝑥4 = +
𝟒 4 4 4 2 4 4
𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟖 𝟐 𝟖
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥5 = + ( )
4 2
𝟑𝝅
𝒙𝟓 =
𝟒

𝒙 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
4 8 2 8 4
𝒚 2 1 1 1 2
1 1
3 3 3

9)
4. 𝑦 = cos(3𝑥 − 2𝜋) + 4
Factoring out 3,
2𝜋
𝑦 = cos [3 (𝑥 − )] + 4
3
2𝜋
𝑎=1 𝑏=3 𝑐= 𝑑=4
3
1) |𝑎| = |1|
|𝒂| = 𝟏
2𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | |
𝑏
2𝜋
𝑃= |(3)|
2𝜋
𝑃= | |
3
𝟐𝝅
𝑷=
𝟑
3) 𝑥=𝑐
𝟐𝝅
𝒙=
𝟑
4) 𝑦=𝑑
𝒚=𝟒
5) 𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ} 𝑫: (−∞, ∞) 𝑫: ℝ
6) 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑑 − |𝑎| ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 + |𝑎|} 𝑅: [𝑑 − |𝑎|, 𝑑 + |𝑎|]
𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ|𝟑 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟓} 𝑹: [𝟑, 𝟓]
7) None.
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
[ , + ( )]
3 3 3
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
[ , ]
𝟑 𝟑
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝟐𝝅 2𝜋 (3) 2𝜋 (3) 2𝜋 3( 3 )
𝒙𝟏 = 𝑥2 = + 𝑥3 = + 𝑥4 = +
𝟑 3 4 3 2 3 4
𝟓𝝅 𝟕𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝅 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟔 𝟔
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥5 = + ( )
3 3
𝟒𝝅
𝒙𝟓 =
𝟑

𝒙 2𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 4𝜋
3 6 6 3
𝒚 5 4 3 4 5

9)
5. 𝑦 = 2 csc(2𝑥 − 𝜋) − 3
Factoring out 2,
𝜋
𝑦 = 2 csc [2 (𝑥 − )] − 3
2
𝜋
𝑎=2 𝑏=2 𝑐= 𝑑 = −3
2
1) |𝑎| = |2|
|𝒂| = 𝟐
2𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | |
𝑏
2𝜋
𝑃= |(2)|
𝑃 = |𝜋|
𝑷=𝝅
3) 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝝅
𝒙=
𝟐
4) 𝑦 = 𝑑
𝒚 = −𝟑
𝑘 𝑘
5) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} 𝐷: ℝ ∖ { 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
2 2
𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋
𝐷 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ + , 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} 𝐷: ℝ ∖{ + , 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
2 2 2 2
6) 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 − |𝑎| 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≥ 𝑑 + |𝑎|} 𝑅: (−∞, 𝑑 − |𝑎|] ∪ [𝑑 − |𝑎|, ∞)
𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ|𝒚 ≤ −𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 ≥ −𝟏} 𝑹: (−∞, −𝟓] ∪ [−𝟏, ∞)
𝒌𝝅 𝝅
7) 𝒙 = + , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ
𝟐 𝟐
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
𝜋 𝜋
[ , + (𝜋)]
2 2
𝝅 𝟑𝝅
[ , ]
𝟐 𝟐
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
𝝅 𝜋 (𝜋) 𝜋 (𝜋) 𝜋 3(𝜋)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝑥2 = + 𝑥3 = + 𝑥4 = +
𝟐 2 4 2 2 2 4
𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝅 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟒 𝟒
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝜋
𝑥5 = + (𝜋)
2
𝟑𝝅
𝒙𝟓 =
𝟐

𝒙 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
2 4 4 2
𝒚 𝑢𝑛𝑑. −1 𝑢𝑛𝑑. −5 𝑢𝑛𝑑.

9)
 𝜋
6. 𝑦 = − csc (𝑥 + )
3
𝜋
𝑎 = −1 𝑏=1 𝑐=− 𝑑=0
3
1) |𝑎| = |(−1)|
|𝒂| = 𝟏
2𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | |
𝑏
2𝜋
𝑃= |(1)|
𝑃 = |2𝜋|
𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅
3) 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝝅
𝒙=−
𝟑
4) 𝑦 = 𝑑
𝒚=𝟎
𝑘 𝑘
5) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} 𝐷: ℝ ∖ { 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
2 2
𝝅 𝝅
𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ 𝒌𝝅 − , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ} 𝑫: ℝ ∖ {𝒌𝝅 − , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ}
𝟑 𝟑
6) 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 − |𝑎| 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≥ 𝑑 + |𝑎|} 𝑅: (−∞, 𝑑 − |𝑎|] ∪ [𝑑 − |𝑎|, ∞)
𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ|𝒚 ≤ −𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏} 𝑹: (−∞, −𝟏] ∪ [𝟏, ∞)
𝝅
7) 𝒙 = 𝒌𝝅 − , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ
𝟑
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
𝜋 𝜋
[− , − + (2𝜋)]
3 3
𝝅 𝟓𝝅
[− , ]
𝟑 𝟑
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
𝝅 𝜋 (2𝜋) 𝜋 (2𝜋) 𝜋 3(2𝜋)
𝒙𝟏 = − 𝑥2 = − + 𝑥3 = − + 𝑥4 = − +
𝟑 3 4 3 2 3 4
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟕𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟔 𝟑 𝟔
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝜋
𝑥5 = − + (2𝜋)
3
𝟓𝝅
𝒙𝟓 =
𝟑

𝒙 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋
−
3 6 3 6 3
𝒚 𝑢𝑛𝑑. −1 𝑢𝑛𝑑. 1 𝑢𝑛𝑑.

9)
 𝑥
7. 𝑦 = −3 sec
2
1
Factoring out ,
2
1
𝑦 = −3 sec 𝑥
2
1
𝑎 = −3 𝑏= 𝑐=0 𝑑=0
2
1) |𝑎| = |(−3)|
|𝒂| = 𝟑
2𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | |
𝑏
2𝜋
𝑃=| 1 |
(2)
𝑃 = |2𝜋 ∙ 2|
𝑃 = |4𝜋|
𝑷 = 𝟒𝝅
3) 𝑥=𝑐
𝒙=𝟎
4) 𝑦=𝑑
𝒚=𝟎
𝑘 1 𝑘 1
5) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ ( + ) 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} 𝐷: ℝ ∖ {( + ) 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
2 4 2 4
𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ 𝟐𝒌𝝅 + 𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ} 𝑫: ℝ ∖ {𝟐𝒌𝝅 + 𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ}
6) 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 − |𝑎| 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≥ 𝑑 + |𝑎|} 𝑅: (−∞, 𝑑 − |𝑎|] ∪ [𝑑 − |𝑎|, ∞)
𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ|𝒚 ≤ −𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 ≥ 𝟑} 𝑹: (−∞, −𝟑] ∪ [𝟑, ∞)
7) 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒌𝝅 + 𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
[0,0 + (4𝜋)]
[𝟎, 𝟒𝝅]
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
(4𝜋) (4𝜋) 3(4𝜋)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑥2 =0+ 𝑥3 = 0 + 𝑥4 =0+
4 2 4
𝒙𝟐 = 𝝅 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟑𝝅
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝑥5 = 0 + (4𝜋)
𝒙𝟓 = 𝟒𝝅

𝒙 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋
𝒚 −3 𝑢𝑛𝑑. 3 𝑢𝑛𝑑. −3

9)
8. 𝑦 = sec(3𝑥 − 2𝜋) + 4
Factoring out 3,
2𝜋
𝑦 = sec [3 (𝑥 − )] + 4
3
2𝜋
𝑎=1 𝑏=3 𝑐= 𝑑=4
3
1) |𝑎| = |1|
|𝒂| = 𝟏
2𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | |
𝑏
2𝜋
𝑃= | |
(3)
2𝜋
𝑃= | |
3
𝟐𝝅
𝑷=
𝟑
3) 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝟐𝝅
𝒙=
𝟑
4) 𝑦 = 𝑑
𝒚=𝟒
𝑘 1 𝑘 1
5) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ ( + ) 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} 𝐷: ℝ ∖ {( + ) 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
2 4 2 4
𝒌𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝒌𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ + ,𝒌
∈ ℤ} 𝑫: ℝ ∖ { + , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ}
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝟔
6) 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 − |𝑎| 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≥ 𝑑 + |𝑎|} 𝑅: (−∞, 𝑑 − |𝑎|] ∪ [𝑑 − |𝑎|, ∞)
𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ|𝒚 ≤ 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 ≥ 𝟓} 𝑹: (−∞, 𝟑] ∪ [𝟓, ∞)
𝒌𝝅 𝝅
7) 𝒙 = + , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ
𝟑 𝟔
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
[ , + ( )]
3 3 3
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
[ , ]
𝟑 𝟑
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝟐𝝅 2𝜋 (3) 2𝜋 (3) 2𝜋 3( 3 )
𝒙𝟏 = 𝑥2 = + 𝑥3 = + 𝑥4 = +
𝟑 3 4 3 2 3 4
𝟓𝝅 𝟕𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝅 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟔 𝟔
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥5 = + ( )
3 3
𝟒𝝅
𝒙𝟓 =
𝟑

𝒙 2𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 4𝜋
3 6 6 3
𝒚 5 𝑢𝑛𝑑. 3 𝑢𝑛𝑑. 5

9)
 1
9. 𝑦 = 2 tan ( 𝑥) − 3
4
1
𝑎=2 𝑏= 𝑐=0 𝑑 = −3
4
1) |𝑎| = |2|
|𝒂| = 𝟐
𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | |
𝑏
𝜋
𝑃=| 1 |
(4)
𝑃 = |𝜋 ∙ 4|
𝑃 = |4𝜋|
𝑷 = 𝟒𝝅
3) 𝑥=𝑐
𝒙=𝟎
4) 𝑦=𝑑
𝒚 = −𝟑
1 1
5) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ (𝑘 + ) 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} 𝐷: ℝ ∖ {(𝑘 + ) 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
2 2
𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ 𝟒𝒌𝝅 + 𝟐𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ} 𝑫: ℝ ∖ {𝟒𝒌𝝅 + 𝟐𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ}
6) 𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ} 𝑹: (−∞, ∞) 𝑹: ℝ
7) 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒌𝝅 + 𝟐𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
[0,0 + (4𝜋)]
[𝟎, 𝟒𝝅]
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
(4𝜋) (4𝜋) 3(4𝜋)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑥2 = 0 + 𝑥3 = 0 + 𝑥4 = 0 +
4 2 4
𝒙𝟐 = 𝝅 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟑𝝅
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝑥5 = 0 + (4𝜋)
𝒙𝟓 = 𝟒𝝅

𝒙 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋
𝒚 −3 −1 𝑢𝑛𝑑. −5 −3

9)
 1
10. 𝑦 = tan(−2𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1
3
Factoring out −2,
1 𝜋
𝑦= tan [−2 (𝑥 + )] + 1
3 2
1 𝜋
𝑎= 𝑏 = −2 𝑐=− 𝑑=1
3 2
1
1) |𝑎| = | |
3
𝟏
|𝒂| =
𝟑
𝜋
2) 𝑃=| |
𝑏
𝜋
𝑃 = |(−2)|
𝜋
𝑃=| |
2
𝝅
𝑷=
𝟐
3) 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝝅
𝒙=−
𝟐
4) 𝑦 = 𝑑
𝒚=𝟏
1 1
5) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ (𝑘 + ) 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} 𝐷: ℝ ∖ {(𝑘 + ) 𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
2 2
𝒌𝝅 𝝅 𝒌𝝅 𝝅
𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ − , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ} 𝑫: ℝ ∖ { − , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ}
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
6) 𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ} 𝑹: (−∞, ∞) 𝑹: ℝ
𝒌𝝅 𝝅
7) 𝒙 = − , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ
𝟐 𝟒
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
[− , − + ( )]
2 2 2
𝝅
[− , 𝟎]
𝟐
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝝅 𝜋 ( ) 𝜋 ( ) 𝜋 3( )
𝒙𝟏 = − 𝑥2 = − + 2 𝑥3 = − + 2 𝑥4 = − + 2
𝟐 2 4 2 2 2 4
𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = − 𝒙𝟑 = − 𝒙𝟒 = −
𝟖 𝟒 𝟖
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥5 = − + ( )
2 2
𝒙𝟓 = 𝟎

𝒙 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 0
− − − −
2 8 4 8
𝒚 1 2 𝑢𝑛𝑑. 1 1
1
3 3

9)
 𝜋
11. 𝑦 = cot (𝑥 + )
6
𝜋
𝑎=1 𝑏=1 𝑐=− 𝑑=0
6
1) |𝑎| = |1|
|𝒂| = 𝟏
𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | |
𝑏
𝜋
𝑃= |(1)|
𝜋
𝑃= | |
1
𝑃 = |𝜋|
𝑷=𝝅
3) 𝑥=𝑐
𝝅
𝒙=−
𝟔
4) 𝑦=𝑑
𝒚=𝟎
5) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 𝑘𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} 𝐷: ℝ ∖ {𝑘𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
𝝅 𝝅
𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ 𝒌𝝅 − } 𝑫: ℝ ∖ {𝒌𝝅 − , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ}
𝟔 𝟔
6) 𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ} 𝑹: (−∞, ∞) 𝑹: ℝ
𝝅
7) 𝒙 = 𝒌𝝅 − , 𝒌 ∈ ℤ
𝟔
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
𝜋 𝜋
[− , − + (𝜋)]
6 6
𝜋 5𝜋
[− , ]
6 6
𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
𝝅 𝜋 (𝜋) 𝜋 (𝜋) 𝜋 3(𝜋)
𝒙𝟏 = − 𝑥2 = − + 𝑥3 = − + 𝑥4 = − +
𝟔 6 4 6 2 6 4
𝝅 𝝅 𝟕𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟐
𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝜋
𝑥5 = − + (𝜋)
6
𝟓𝝅
𝒙𝟓 =
𝟔

𝒙 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋
−
6 12 3 12 6
𝒚 𝑢𝑛𝑑. 1 0 −1 𝑢𝑛𝑑.

9)
 1
12. 𝑦 = −11 cot ( 𝑥)
5
1
𝑎 = −11 𝑏= 𝑐=0 𝑑=0
5
1) |𝑎| = |(−11)|
|𝒂| = 𝟏𝟏
𝜋
2) 𝑃 = | 1 |
(5)
𝑃 = |𝜋 ∙ 5|
𝑃 = |5𝜋|
𝑷 = 𝟓𝝅
3) 𝑥=𝑐
𝒙=𝟎
4) 𝑦=𝑑
𝒚=𝟎
5) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 𝑘𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} 𝐷: ℝ ∖ {𝑘𝑃 + 𝑐, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
𝑫 = {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ 𝟓𝒌𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ} 𝑫: ℝ ∖ {𝟓𝒌𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ}
6) 𝑹 = {𝒚 ∈ ℝ} 𝑹: (−∞, ∞) 𝑹: ℝ
7) 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒌𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ
8) [𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃]
[0,0 + (5𝜋)]
[𝟎, 𝟓𝝅]

𝑃 𝑃 3𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑐 𝑥2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐 + 𝑥4 = 𝑐 +
4 2 4
(5𝜋) (5𝜋) 3(5𝜋)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑥2 = 0 + 𝑥3 = 0 + 𝑥4 = 0 +
4 2 4
𝟓𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟓𝝅
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟒 =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒

𝑥5 = 𝑐 + 𝑃
𝑥5 = 0 + (5𝜋)
𝒙𝟓 = 𝟓𝝅

𝒙 0 5𝜋 5𝜋 15𝜋 5𝜋
4 2 4
𝒚 𝑢𝑛𝑑. −11 0 11 𝑢𝑛𝑑.

9)