Seminar 2

Type I: True/False question (give a brief explanation)

1. In a market economy, supply and demand determine both the quantity of each good
produced and the price at which it is sold.
 True. When the quantity demanded increases, price also increases and vice
versa, when the supply increases, price usually decrease. This leads to market
equilibrium, determines the price and quantity of good
2. In a competitive market, the quantity of each good produced and the price at which
it is sold are not determined by any single buyer or seller.
 True. By the market demand and supply, each individual can have a negligible
effect on the market. The quantity and price of good are determined by the
interaction between demand and supply.
3. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises,
the quantity demanded of the good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity
demanded falls.
 False. When price increases-> quantity demanded decreases.
4. When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at the current market price, the
market has a surplus and market price will likely rise in the future to eliminate the
surplus.
 False. The market price will likely decrease to eliminate the surplus
5. An increase in demand will cause an increase in price, which will cause an increase
in quantity supplied.
 True. By the law of demand and supply, when demand increases, price will
increase, which encourages suppliers to increase the quantity of goods to supply
market to make use of higher price. (tăng giá phản ánh sự sẵn lòng của người
tiêu dùng trả nhiều hơn cho hàng hóa)
6. If a good or service is sold in a competitive market free of government regulation,
then the price of the good or service adjusts to balance supply and demand.
 True. In a freely competitive market, price reflects the interaction between
buyers and suppliers. -> invisible hand mechanism
7. A price ceiling set above the equilibrium price causes quantity demanded to exceed
quantity supplied.
 False. The price ceiling is feasible if it is lower than the equilibrium price->
Consequence : quantity supplied is smaller than quantity demanded-> shortage.
8. A price floor set below the equilibrium price causes quantity supplied to exceed
quantity demanded.
  False. The floor price is only feasible when it is higher than the equilibrium
price -> Consequence : surplus
9. If the equilibrium wage is $4 per hour and the minimum wage is $5.15 per hour,
then a shortage of labor will exist.
 False. There is a surplus (unemployment) of labor will exist
10. A tax on sellers and a decrease in input prices affect the supply curve in the same
way.
 False. A tax on sellers-> supply decreases-> supply curve will shift to LHS
A decrease in input prices-> supply increases-> supply curve will shift to RHS
11. An increase in income will cause the demand curve to shift to the right.
 False. The effects of income on demand depend on the type of goods
(normal,inferior)
12. When an increase in the price of one good lowers the demand for another good, the
two goods are called complements
 True. They are used together, so increasing the price of one good leads to its
decrease in quantity demanded. This can lower the demand for another good.
13. If a person expects the price of socks to increase next month, then that person’s
current demand for socks will increase.
 True. The expectation about the price of socks affects the demand in the future.
If that person buys more socks currently, he can avoid higher cost in the future.
14. An increase in the price of pizza will shift the demand curve for pizza to the left.
 False. The change in price of goods only leads to a movement along the demand
curves
15. A reduction in an input price will cause a change in quantity supplied, but not a
change in supply.
 False. Input prices directly affect the costs of production, lead to change in
supply
16. An increase in the price of ink will shift the supply curve for pens to the left.
 True. Ink is an input to make pens. The input price increases-> cost of
production increases-> supply decrease (shift to LHS)
17. If a company making frozen orange juice expects the price of its product to be
higher next month, it will supply more to the market this month.
 False. The company will hold back its current supply to sell at the higher prices
later to maximize its profits.
18. Sellers respond to a surplus by cutting their prices.
  True. Because lowering prices helps attract more buyers, help reduce surplus
and move the market toward equilibrium where supply equals demand.
19. When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at the current market price, the
market has a shortage and market price will likely rise in the future to eliminate the
shortage.
 True. Because buyers competing for limited supply will be willing to pay higher
prices. Rising prices help move the market towards equilibrium where quantity
supplied equals quantity demanded.

Type II: Discussion questions

Suppose we are analyzing the market for hot chocolate. Graphically illustrate the impact
each of the following would have on demand or supply. Also show how equilibrium
price and equilibrium quantity would change.
a. Winter starts and the weather turns sharply colder.
b. The price of tea, a substitute for hot chocolate, falls.
c. The price of cocoa beans decreases.
d. The price of whipped cream falls.
e. A better method of harvesting cocoa beans is introduced.
f. The Surgeon General of the U.S. announces that hot chocolate cures acne.
g. Protesting farmers dump millions of gallons of milk, causing the price of milk to
rise.
h. Consumer income falls because of a recession, and hot chocolate is considered a
normal good.
i. Producers expect the price of hot chocolate to increase next month.
j. Currently, the price of hot chocolate is $0.50 per cup above equilibrium.

2. In market, there are 120 sellers and 60 buyers. Individual supply and demand functions
3600
are P=16 q2and P= 2 .
q
1. What are market demand and market supply?
 2. What are market prices and market quantity at the equilibrium?
3. Demand and supply for product X are
(D): P = 60 – 0,25Q
(S): P = 10 + 0,25Q
a. Draw the figure and compute the price and quantity in the equilibrium
b. If the gov imposes the tax on the sellers: t=10/product. Let show the tax burden on buyer
and seller due to the tax. How much of the tax will the buyers pay, seller receive? Draw a
figure.
c. If the gov sets the ceiling price P= 40. What happened?
d. If the gov sets the ceiling price P=30. What happened?
III. Multiple Choice
1. The law of demand states that, other things equal,
a. an increase in price causes quantity demanded to increase.

b. an increase in price causes quantity demanded to decrease.

c. an increase in quantity demanded causes price to increase.

d. an increase in quantity demanded causes price to decrease.

2. The market demand curve
a. is found by vertically adding the individual demand curves.

b. slopes upward.

c. represents the sum of the prices that all the buyers are willing to pay for a given quantity of the
good.

d. represents the sum of the quantities demanded by all the buyers at each price of the good.
3. To obtain the market demand curve for a product, sum the individual demand curves
a. vertically.

b. diagonally.

c. horizontally.

d. and then average them.

4. The demand curve for hot dogs
a. shifts when the price of hot dogs changes because the price of hot dogs is measured on the
vertical axis of the graph.

b. shifts when the price of hot dogs changes because the quantity demanded of hot dogs is
measured on the horizontal axis of the graph.

c. does not shift when the price of hot dogs changes because the price of hot dogs is measured on
the vertical axis of the graph.

d. does not shift when the price of hot dogs changes because the quantity demanded of hot dogs is
measured on the horizontal axis of the graph..

In economics, a change in the price of the good itself results in a movement along the demand curve, not a shift of the
demand curve. A shift in the demand curve would imply a change in demand due to factors other than the price of the
good, such as consumer preferences, income levels, or prices of related goods.

So, when the price of hot dogs changes, we see a movement along the demand curve to a new point that reflects the
new quantity demanded at that price. The demand curve itself remains unchanged unless there is a change in non-price
factors affecting demand.
5. Which of the following would not shift the demand curve for mp3 players?
a. a decrease in the price of mp3 players

b. a fad that makes mp3 players more popular among 12-25 year olds

c. an increase in the price of CDs, a complement for mp3 players

d. a decrease in the price of satellite radio, a substitute for mp3 players

6. Which of the following is not a determinant of the demand for a particular good?
a. the prices of related goods

b. income

c. tastes

d. the prices of the inputs used to produce the good

7. Currently you purchase 6 packages of hot dogs a month. You will graduate from college in December,
and you will start a new job in January. You have no plans to purchase hot dogs in January. For you,
hot dogs are

a. a substitute good.

b. a normal good.

c. an inferior good.

d. a complementary good.
8. Suppose that a decrease in the price of good X results in fewer units of good Y being sold. This implies
that X and Y are

a. complementary goods.

b. normal goods.

c. inferior goods.

d. substitute goods.
9. You wear either shorts or sweatpants every day. You notice that sweatpants have gone on sale, so your
demand for

a. sweatpants will increase.

b. sweatpants will decrease.

c. shorts will increase.

d. shorts will decrease.

Đáp án a không đúng vì nó nói rằng “nhu cầu đối với quần sweatpants sẽ tăng,” nhưng điều này không chính xác
phản ánh tác động của việc giảm giá. Khi giá của quần sweatpants giảm, số lượng quần sweatpants mà bạn
muốn mua tăng lên, nhưng đây là một thay đổi trong số lượng được yêu cầu, không phải là một thay đổi trong
nhu cầu.

Nhu cầu biểu thị mối quan hệ giữa giá cả và số lượng hàng hóa mà người tiêu dùng sẵn lòng và có khả năng
mua ở mỗi mức giá khác nhau, và được biểu diễn bằng đường nhu cầu trên đồ thị. Khi giá của một sản phẩm
thay đổi, chúng ta di chuyển dọc theo đường nhu cầu hiện tại để phản ánh số lượng mới được yêu cầu ở mức giá
mới đó. Đường nhu cầu chỉ thay đổi (dịch chuyển) khi có sự thay đổi trong các yếu tố khác ngoài giá, như thu
nhập, sở thích của người tiêu dùng, giá của hàng hóa liên quan, v.v.

Trong trường hợp này, giảm giá quần sweatpants làm tăng số lượng quần sweatpants bạn muốn mua, nhưng
không làm thay đổi nhu cầu của bạn đối với quần sweatpants nói chung. Điều này chỉ làm giảm nhu cầu đối với
quần shorts, vì bạn có khả năng chuyển sang mua quần sweatpants thay vì quần shorts do giá của chúng đã trở
nên hấp dẫn hơn. Đây là hiệu ứng thay thế, nơi một sản phẩm trở nên rẻ hơn và do đó hấp dẫn hơn so với sản
phẩm thay thế của nó. Điều này dẫn đến việc giảm nhu cầu đối với sản phẩm thay thế, trong trường hợp này là
quần shorts.
10. Which of the following might cause the demand curve for an inferior good to shift to the left?
a. a decrease in income

b. an increase in the price of a substitute

c. an increase in the price of a complement

d. None of the above is correct.

11. Price controls are usually enacted
a. as a means of raising revenue for public purposes.

b. when policymakers believe that the market price of a good or service is unfair to buyers or
sellers.

c. when policymakers detect inefficiencies in a market.

d. All of the above are correct.

12. Price controls
a. always produce a fair outcome.

b. always produce an efficient outcome.

c. can generate inequities of their own.

d. Both (a) and (b) are correct.

13. Policymakers use taxes

a. to raise revenue for public purposes, but not to influence market outcomes.

b. both to raise revenue for public purposes and to influence market outcomes.

c. when they realize that price controls alone are insufficient to correct market inequities.

d. only in those markets in which the burden of the tax falls clearly on the sellers.

14. If a price ceiling is not binding(bắt buộc),then

a. there will be a surplus in the market.

b. there will be a shortage in the market.

c. the market will be less efficient than it would be without the price ceiling.

d. there will be no effect on the market price or quantity sold.

15. A shortage results when
a. a nonbinding price ceiling is imposed on a market.

b. a nonbinding price ceiling is removed from a market.

c. a binding price ceiling is imposed on a market.

d. a binding price ceiling is removed from a market.

16. If a binding price ceiling is imposed on the computer market, then

a. the demand for computers will increase.

b. the supply of computers will decrease.

c. a shortage of computers will develop.

d. All of the above are correct.

17. If the government removes a binding price ceiling from a market, then the price paid by buyers will
a. increase and the quantity sold in the market will increase. (sự tăng lên vì bỏ giá trần cho phép thị
trường điều chỉnh giá cả để đạt được sự cân bằng cung cầu, Gía tang khuyến khích nhà sản xuất
cung cấp nhiều hàng hóa hơn)

b. increase and the quantity sold in the market will decrease.

c. decrease and the quantity sold in the market will increase.

d. decrease and the quantity sold in the market will decrease.

18. When a binding price ceiling is imposed on a market to benefit buyers,

a. no buyers actually do benefit.

b. some buyers benefit, but no buyers are harmed.

c. some buyers benefit and some buyers are harmed. (do giá trần thường dẫn đến thiếu hụt hàng
hóa vì giá thấp hơn làm giảm động lực sản xuất của người bán, kp tất cả người mua đều có thể
mua được sản phẩm họ muốn)

d. all buyers benefit.