Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Vol. 146, Nos. 1/2, January 2007 ( 2006) DOI: 10.

1007/s10909-006-9271-z

Freely decaying Turbulence and BoseEinstein Condensation in GrossPitaevski Model

We study turbulence and BoseEinstein condensation (BEC) within the twodimensional GrossPitaevski (GP) model. In the present work, we compute decaying GP turbulence in order to establish whether BEC can occur without forcing and if there is an intensity threshold for this process. We use the wavenumberfrequency plots which allow us to clearly separate the condensate and the wave components and, therefore, to conclude if BEC is present. We observe that BEC in such a system happens even for very weakly nonlinear initial conditions without any visible threshold. BEC arises via a growing phase coherence due to anihilation of phase defects/vortices. We study this process by tracking of propagating vortex pairs. The pairs loose momentum by scattering the background sound, which results in gradual decrease of the distance between the vortices. Occasionally, vortex pairs collide with a third vortex thereby emitting sound, which can lead to more sudden shrinking of the pairs. After the vortex anihilation the pulse propagates further as a dark soliton, and it eventually bursts creating a shock. PACS Numbers: 47.27.E-, 47.32.cd, 67.40.Fd, 67.40.Vs.

1. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION For dilute gases with large energy occupation numbers the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)13 can be described by the Gross Pitaevsky (GP) equation4,5 : i
t

| |2

= 0,

(1)

where is the condensate wave function. GP equation also describes light behavior in media with Kerr nonlinearities.
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S. Nazarenko and M. Onorato

Many interesting features were found in GP turbulence in both the nonlinear optics and BEC contexts.1114,6,15 Initial elds, if weak, behave as wave turbulence (WT) where the main nonlinear process is a four-wave resonant interaction described by a four-wave kinetic equation.12 This closure was used in 11,13,14 to describe the initial stage of BEC. It was also theoretically predicted that the four-wave WT closure will eventually fail due to emergence of a coherent condensate state which is uniform in space.14 At this stage the nonlinear dynamics can be represented as interactions of small perturbations about the condensate state. Once again, one can use WT to describe such a system, but now the leading process will be a three-wave interaction of acoustic-like waves on the condensate background.14 Coupling of such acoustic turbulence to the condensate was considered in Ref. 16 which allowed to derived the asymptotic law of the condensate growth. In Ref. 7, the stage of transition from the four-wave to the threewave WT regimes, which itself is a strongly nonlinear process involving a gas of strongly nonlinear vortices, was studied. These vortices anihilate and their number reduces to zero in a nite time, marking a nite-time growth of the correlation length of the phase of to innity. This is similar to the KibbleZurek mechanism of the early Universe phase transitions which has been introduced originally in cosmology.17,18 It has been established that the vortex anihilation process is aided by the presence of sound and it becomes incomplete if sound is dissipated. Fourier transforms in both space and time were analysed using the wavenumberfrequency plots which, in case of weak wave turbulence, are narrowly concentrated around the linear dispersion relation = k . At the initial stage, narrow (k, )-distributions around = k = k 2 , were seen whereas at late evolution stages we saw two narrow components: a condensate at horizontal line = = | |2 and an acoustic component in proximity of the Bogolyubov curve 4 2 k = + k +2 k . In Ref. 7, the system was continuously forced at either large or small scales because this is a classical WT setting. WT predictions were conrmed for the energy spectra of GP turbulence. However, it remained unclear if presence of forcing is essential for complete BEC process, and whether there is any intensity threshold for this process in the absence of forcing. This questions are nontrivial because, in principle, even a weakly forced system could behave very differently from the forced one due to an innite supply of particles over long time. In the present paper we will examine these questions via numerical simulations of the 2D GP model without forcing. In addition, we will carefully examine and describe the essential stages of the typical route to the vortex anihilation leading to BEC. In many ways our work is closely

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related with numerical studies of decaying 3D GP turbulence of Ref. 6, where transition from the 4-wave WT regime to condensation and superuidity was studied by visualising emergence and decay of a superuid vortex tangle. However, our work addresses additional issues which were not discussed in the previous papers, particularly emergence and dispersive properties of the 3-wave acoustic turbulence, crucial role of sound for the vortex decay process, separating the wave and the condensate components using novel numerical diagnostics based on (k, )-distributions. Below, we will only describe our numerical setup and results. For a summary of WT theory and its predictions in the GP context we refer to our previous paper.7 2. SETUP FOR NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS In this paper we consider a setup corresponding to homogeneous turbulence and, therefore, we ignore nite-size effects due to magnetic trapping in BEC or to the nite beam radii in optical experiments. For numerical simulations, we have used a standard pseudo-spectral method8 for the 2D Eq. (1): the nonlinear term is computed in physical space while the linear part is solved exactly in Fourier space. The integration in time is performed using a second-order RungeKutta method. The number of grid points in physical space was set to N N with N = 256. Resolution in Fourier space was k = 2/N . Sink at high wave numbers was provided by adding to the right hand side of Eq. (1) the hyper-viscosity term ( 2 )n . Values of and n were selected in order to localized as much as possible dissipation to high wave numbers but avoiding at the same time the bottleneck effecta numerical artifact of spectrum pileup at the smallest scales.9 Note that importance of introducing the small-scale dissipation to eliminate the bottleneck effect has long been realised in numerical simulations of classical NavierStokes uids, and it was also recently realised in the context of GP turbulence in Ref. 10. We have found, after a number of trials, that = 2 106 and n = 8 were good choices for our purposes. Time step for integration was depended on the initial conditions. For strong nonlinearity smaller time step were required. Numerical simulations were performed on a PowerPC G5, 2.7 Ghz. Initial conditions were provided by the following: (kx , ky , t = 0) = 1/2 e

(kk0 )2 2 2

ei ,

(2)

2 2 where k = kx + ky . is a real number which was varied in order to change the nonlinearity of the initial condition for different simulations.

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= (kx , ky ) are uniformly distributed random numbers in the interval [0, 2 ]. The simulations that will be presented here have been obtained with k0 = 35 k and = 5 k. The nonlinearity of the initial condition was measured as = k0 . We have performed simulations ranging from min = 0.018 to max = 1.3, so we have spanned almost two decades of nonlinear parameter in the initial conditions. 3. NUMERICAL RESULTS 3.1. Evolving Spectra We start by examining the most popular turbulence object, the spectrum, nk = |
2 k|

Since we study the setup corresponding to BEC, we start with a spectrum concentrated at high wavenumbers leaving a range of smaller wavenumbers initially empty so that it could be lled during the evolution. In Figs. 1 and 2 we show the spectra at different times for the strongest and the weakest nonlinear initial condition we have analyzed. At early stages, for both small and large initial intensities, we see propagation of the spectrum toward lower wavenumbers. However, we do not observe formation of a scaling range corresponding to the wave energy

Fig. 1. Spectra at different times for the initial condition characterized by = 1.3.

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Fig. 2. Spectra at different times for the initial condition characterized by = 0.018.

equipartition nk 1/k = 1/k 2 (i.e. energy density k nk is constant in the 2D k-space) as it was the case in the simulations with continuous forcing.7 At later stages, no matter how small the initial intensity is, the low-k front reaches the smallest wavenumber and we observe steepening reaching slope 3.5 for large initial intensities (Fig. 1) and 1 for the weakest initial data (Fig. 2). This corresponds to WT breakdown and onset of BEC. However, the information contained in spectrum nk is very incomplete as it does not allow to distinguish between the coherent condensate and random waves that may both occupy the same wavenumber range. Thus, we turn to study the direct measures of condensation such as the correlation length and the wavenumber-frequency plots. 3.2. Explosive Growth of Correlation Length By denition, condensate is a coherent structure whose correlation length is of the same order as the bounding box. We dene the correlation length directly based on the auto-correlation function of eld , C (r) = R (x)R (x + r) / R (x)2 , (3)

where R denotes the real part of (result based on the imaginary part would be equivalent). Correlation length can be dened as 2 =
0 r0

C (r)dr,

(4)

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Fig. 3. Evolution in time of the inverse square of the correlation length for different nonlinearity.

where r0 is the rst zero of C (r). Note that initially C (r) can strongly oscillate, which is a signature of weakly nonlinear waves. However, only one oscillation (i.e. within the rst zero crossing) is relevant to the condensate, which explains our denition of . Figure 3 shows evolution of 1/2 which, as we see that always reaches the box size wich is a signature of BEC. 3.3. WavenumberFrequency Plots As we discussed above, the spectra cannot distinguish between random waves and coherent structures especially when they are present simultaneously and overlap in the k-space. Besides, the spectra do not tell us if the wave component is weakly or strongly nonlinear. To resolve these ambiguities, following,7 let us perform an additional Fourier transform over a window of time and examine the resulting (k, )-plots of space time Fourier coefcients. Figure 4 corresponds to an early time of the system with relatively weak initial intensity ( = 0.4). We see that the distribution is narrowly concentrated near = k 2 which indicates that these waves are weakly

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Fig. 4. (Color on-line) (k, ) plot for the initial stage for the case of = 0.4. Solid curve shows the Bogolyubov dispersion relation.

nonlinear. The weak nonlinear effects manifestate themselves in a small up-shift and broadening of the (k, )-distribution with respect to the = k 2 curve. For sufciently small initial intensities, these early stages of evolution are characterised by weak 4-wave turbulence. The breakdown of the = k 2 curve at high ks occurs due to the the numerical dissipation in the region close to the maximal wavenumber (this component is weak but clearly visible because the color map is normalised to the maximal value of the spectrum at each xed k). Figure 5 shows a late-time plot for the same run (i.e. = 0.4). The late-stage (k, )-plots for the most nonlinear intensities are in shown in Fig. 6. We see that in both cases we now see two clearly separated components quite narrowly concentrated around the following curves: (A) A horizontal line with , (B) The upper curve which follows the Bogolyubov curve = + k4 + 2 k2 .
k=

Component (A) corresponds to BEC. Its coherency can be seen in the fact that the frequency of different wavenumbers is the same. Note that usually BEC is depicted as a component with the lowest possible wavenumber in the system, whereas in our case we see a spread over, although small, but nite range of wavenumbers. This wavenumber spread is caused by few remaining deffects/vortices. Curve (B) corresponds the Bogolyubov sound-like waves. We see that the the (k, )-distribution is quite narrow and close to the Bogolyubov dispersion curve, which indicates that these waves are weakly nonlin-

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Fig. 5. (Color on-line) (k, ) plot for the late stage for the case of = 0.4. Solid curve shows the Bogolyubov dispersion relation.

ear. However, now these weakly nonlinear waves travel on a strongly nonlinear BEC background. This is a three-wave acoustic weak turbulence regime.7,14,16 3.4. Separating the Condensate and the Wave Components Using the WavenumberFrequency plots we can separate BEC and the wave component and plot their spectra separately. In Fig. 7 we show the spectrum for the case of = 1.3 at late time for the condensate and the rest of the wave eld. These spectra have been obtained by integrating the ( k) from 0 to a threshold c (this corresponds to condensate) and from c to the maximum value of considered. In the present case, in order to separate the condensate, c was set to 1.5 (see Fig. 6). As is clear from the the gure, most of the energy is concentrated in the condensate. 3.5. Typical Events Leading to Vortex Anihilation Vortices are phase deffects of and, therefore, the correlation length growth is intimately connected with the decrease of the total number of vortices. As argued in Ref. 7 that Nvortices 1/2 . To give an illustration of the anihilation process we show in Fig. 8 two snapshots of | (x, y, t)|

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Fig. 6. (Color on-line) ( k) plot for the latest stages for the most nonlinear case, = 1.3. Solid curve shows the Bogolyubov dispersion relation.

Fig. 7. Total wave spectrum (solid line), condensate wave spectrum (dotted line) and background wave spectrum (dotted line).

at different times. The vortices are seen as blue spots in these snapshots and we see a considerable decrease of their number at the later time (on the right). It was shown in Ref. 7 that Bogolyubov sound is an essential mediator in the vortex anihilation process, and that introducing a sound absorption can lead to frustration and incompleteness of the BEC process. Let us now examine in detail the typical sequence of events leading to the vortex annihilation by tracking vortex pairs that are destined to anihi-

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Fig. 8. (Color on-line) | (x, y, t))| at two different instants of time.

late. The vortex pair motion is best seen in a computer generated movie which is available upon request from the authors. In Figs. 912 we show a representative sequence of frames from this movie. We can see that the vortex pair forms in frames ac so that the distance between the vortices in the pair is considerably less than distance to the other vortices. Such a pair propagates like a vortex dipole in uid, as seen in frames cf. During this propagation, the vortex pair scatters the ambient sound waves thereby transferring its momentum to the acoustic eld. This momentum loss make vortices get closer to each other and, therefore, move faster as a pair. This process can be interpreted as a friction between the vortices and a normal component (phonons). It is easy to show that such process leads to the change of distance d(t) between the vortices like d(t) = t A t, (5)

where coefcient is proportional to the energy density of sound and t A is the anihilation time. Fig. 13 shows evolution of the inter-vortex distance d(t), calculated for the vortex pair and the time range of Fig. 9. We see that for the time range when the vortex pair is more or less isolated from the other vortices, 11 < t < 40, the inter-vortex distance shrinks in qualitative agreement with law (5). However, immediately after that, in frame h in Fig. 10, the vortex pair collide with a third vortex and suddenly shrink and anihilate. Further on the movie we see that the vortex pair momentum was not completely lost and it keep propagating a Jones-Roberts dark soliton.19 In between of frames h and o the soliton cannot make up his

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Fig. 9. (Color on-line) Frames af from a movie.

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Fig. 10. (Color on-line) Frames ho from a movie.

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Fig. 11. (Color on-line) Frames pu from a movie.

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Fig. 12. (Color on-line) Frames vz from a movie.

mind oscillating between the state with and without vortices near the vortex anihilation threshold, until frame p where it re-emerges as a vortex pair. It collides with yet another vortex and changes its propagation direction to 90 in between of frames q and r, it annihilates again in frame s, propagates as a dark soliton until frame v. Eventually, this soliton is weakened due to further sound generation and scattering and it becomes too weak to maintain its stability and integrity. At this point it bursts thereby generating a shock wave as seen in frames vy. Summarizing, we can identify the following important events on the route to vortex anihilation: Gradual shrinking of the inter-vortex distance due to the sound scattering when the vortex pair is sufciently isolated from the rest of the vortices,

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Fig. 13. Distance between the two vortices as a function of time for the vortex pair and the time range of Figure 9.

sudden shrinking events due to collisions with a third vortex and resulting sound generation (similar three-vortex event was described in Ref. 20), post-anihilation propagation of dark solitons, occasional recovery of vortex pairs in dark solitons which are close to the critical amplitude, weakening and loss of stability of the dark solitons resulting in a shock wave. 4. CONCLUSIONS We have computed decaying GP turbulence in a 2D periodic box with initial spectrum occupying the small-scale range. We observed that BEC at large scales arises for any initial intensity without a visible threshold, even for very weakly nonlinear initial conditions. BEC was detected by analysing the spectra and the correlation length and, most clearly, by analysing the (k, ) plots. On these plots BEC and Bogolyubov waves are seen as two clearly distinct components: (i) BEC coherently oscillating at nearly constant frequency and (ii) weakly nonlinear waves closely following the

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Bogolyubov dispersion. By separating BEC and the waves we observed that most of the energy at late times is residing in the BEC component at most of the important scales except for the smallest ones. We also analysed the typical events on the path to vortex anihilation, an essential mechanism of BEC. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Al Osborne is acknowledged for discussions in the early stages of the work. REFERENCES
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