Reservoir Engineering

Lecture 3

Dr. Rehab M. El-Maghraby

➢ BEHAVIOR OF REAL GASES – Compressibility Factor
In dealing with gases at a very low pressure, the ideal gas relationship is a convenient and generally
satisfactory tool.

At higher pressures, the use of the ideal gas equation-of-state may lead to errors as great as 500%, as
compared to errors of 2–3% at atmospheric pressure.
Basically, the magnitude of deviations of real gases from the conditions of the ideal gas law increases with
increasing pressure and temperature and varies widely with the composition of the gas.
Numerous equations-of-state have been developed in the attempt to correlate the pressure-volume-
temperature variables for real gases with experimental data. In order to express a more exact relationship
between the variables p, V, and T, a correction factor called the gas compressibility factor, z-factor, which is a
dimensionless quantity was introduced:

𝑷𝑽 = 𝒛𝒏𝑹𝑻
The gas compressibility factors for natural gases of various compositions
can be generalized with sufficient accuracies for most engineering
purposes when they are expressed in terms of the following two
dimensionless properties using Kay’s mixing rules :
• Pseudo-reduced pressure, Ppr
• Pseudo-reduced temperature, Tpr
𝑷 𝑻
𝑷𝒑𝒓 = 𝑻𝒑𝒓 =
𝑷𝒑𝒄 𝑻𝒑𝒄

𝑷𝒑𝒄 = ෍ 𝒚𝒊 . 𝑷𝒄𝒊 𝑻𝒑𝒄 = ෍ 𝒚𝒊 . 𝑻𝒄𝒊

𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

where p = system pressure, psia ppr = pseudo-reduced pressure, dimensionless

T = system temperature, °R
Tpr = pseudo-reduced temperature, dimensionless
ppc, Tpc = pseudo-critical pressure (psia) and temperature (oR) respectively Compressibility-factor-Z-chart.png (1924×2480) (engineeringunits.com)
Example
A gas reservoir has the following gas composition: the initial reservoir pressure and temperature are 3,000 psia
and 180°F, respectively. Calculate the gas compressibility factor under initial reservoir conditions

Step 1. Determine the pseudo-critical pressure from Equation 2-14:

𝑷𝒑𝒄 = ෍ 𝒚𝒊 . 𝑷𝒄𝒊 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟖

𝒊=𝟏
Step 2. Calculate the pseudo-critical temperature from Equation 2-15:

𝑻𝒑𝒄 = ෍ 𝒚𝒊 . 𝑻𝒄𝒊 = 𝟑𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟖

𝒊=𝟏
Step 3. Calculate the pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature :

𝑷 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎
𝑷𝒑𝒄 𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟖

𝑻 𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎
𝑻𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝑻𝒑𝒄 𝟑𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟖

Step 4. Determine the z-factor from Figure 2-1, to give: z = 0.85

Example
A gas reservoir has the following gas composition: the initial reservoir pressure and temperature are 3,000 psia
and 180°F, respectively. calculate the density of the gas phase under initial reservoir conditions. Compare the
results with that of ideal gas behavior.

Step 1. Calculate the apparent molecular weight

𝑴𝒂 = ෍ 𝒚𝒊 . 𝑴𝒊 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟑

Step 2. Determine the z-factor from Figure 2-1 according to the steps shown in the previous example, to give: z = 0.85
Step 3. Calculate the density of the real gas mixture:
𝑷𝑴𝒂 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟑
𝝆𝒈 = = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝒛𝑹𝑻 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 ∗ 𝟔𝟒𝟎
EFFECT OF NONHYDROCARBON COMPONENTS ON THE Z-FACTOR
Natural gases frequently contain materials other than hydrocarbon components, such as nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Hydrocarbon gases are classified as sweet or sour depending on the hydrogen
sulfide content. A hydrocarbon gas is termed a sour gas if it contains one gram of H2S per 100 cubic feet.
Concentrations of up to 5 % of nonhydrocarbon components will not seriously affect accuracy. Errors in
compressibility factor calculations as large as 10 % may occur in higher concentrations of nonhydrocarbon
components in gas mixtures.

Katz Correlation for the compressibility factor is extended by Wichert and Aziz for the gas containing H2S and
CO2 to get on account this difference. Wichert and Aziz introduce a new term a “critical temperature
adjustment factor,” Ɛ, which is proportional to the concentrations of H2S and CO2 in the sour gas.

Ɛ : Correction factor in degrees Rankine.

A : mol fraction H2S plus CO2 in the gas mixture.
B : mol fraction H2S in the gas mixture.
The equations for making the adjustment for the presence of sour gases is :
➢ corrected value of the pseudo critical temperature value

𝑻′𝒑𝒄 = 𝑻𝒑𝒄 − 𝜺

➢ corrected value of the pseudo critical pressure value

𝑷𝒑𝒄 . 𝑻𝒑𝒄 ′
𝑷𝒑𝒄 ′ =
𝑻𝒑𝒄 + 𝑩(𝟏 − 𝑩)𝜺
where Tpc = pseudo-critical temperature, °R ppc = pseudo-critical pressure, psia
T′pc = corrected pseudo-critical temperature, °R p′pc = corrected pseudo-critical pressure, psia
ε = pseudo-critical temperature adjustment

After calculation of the corrected value of the pseudo critical pressure and temperature value, we need to
calculation the corresponding reduced values.
𝑷
𝑷𝒑𝒓 =
𝑷𝒑𝒄
Finally you can read the Z factor from the regular standing and Katz chart (above chart).
Example
A sour natural gas has a specific gravity of 0.7. The compositional analysis of the gas shows that it contains
5% CO2 and 10% H2S. Calculate the density of the gas at 3,500 psia and 160°F

Step 1. Calculate the uncorrected pseudo-critical properties of the gas from Equations 2-18 and 2-19:

Tpc = 168 + 325 (0.7) − 12.5 (0.7)2 = 389.38 °R

ppc = 677 + 15 (0.7) − 37.5 (0.7)2 = 669.1 psia

Step 2. Calculate the pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor from Equation 2-24:

ε = 120 (0.150.9 − 0.151.6) + 15 (0.10.5 − 0.14) = 20.735

Step 3. Calculate the corrected pseudo-critical temperature :

𝑻′𝒑𝒄 = 𝑻𝒑𝒄 − 𝜺 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟖 − 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟓 = 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟔𝟒
Step 4. Adjust the pseudo-critical pressure ppc :
′
𝑷𝒑𝒄 . 𝑻𝒑𝒄 ′ 𝟔𝟔𝟗. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟔𝟒
𝑷𝒑𝒄 = = = 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
𝑻𝒑𝒄 + 𝑩 𝟏 − 𝑩 𝜺 𝟑𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟓
Step 5. Calculate the pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature :

𝑷 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟓
𝑷′𝒑𝒄 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
𝑻 𝟏𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎
𝑻𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖
𝑻′𝒑𝒄 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟔𝟒
Step 6. Determine the z-factor from Figure 2-1, to give: z = 0.89

Step 7. Calculate the apparent molecular weight of the gas :

𝑴𝒂 𝑴𝒂
𝜸𝒈 = =
𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟔
𝑴𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟔 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟕
Step 8. Solve for gas density:
𝑷𝑴𝒂 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟕
𝝆𝒈 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝒛𝑹𝑻 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 ∗ 𝟔𝟐𝟎
The equations for making the adjustment for the presence of N2 and H2O in the gas mixture is :
➢ Calculate the correction for the presence of N2 and H2O
𝑻𝒑𝒄,𝒄𝒐𝒓 = −𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟏 𝒚𝑵𝟐 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒚𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑷𝒑𝒄,𝒄𝒐𝒓 = −𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟎 𝒚𝑵𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒚𝑯𝟐 𝑶
➢ Then calculate the pseudo critical pressure (Ppc’) and temperature (Tpc’) values after accounting
for the presence of CO2 and H2S (sour gases) – shown in the previous slide

➢ Then Calculate the pseudo-critical temperature and pressure for the presence of N2 and H2O in
the gas mixture.
𝑻′𝒑𝒄 −𝟐𝟐𝟕.𝟐 𝒚𝑵𝟐 −𝟏,𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒚𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑻′′
𝒑𝒄 = + 𝑻𝒑𝒄,𝒄𝒐𝒓
𝟏 − 𝒚𝑵𝟐 − 𝒚𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝑷′𝒑𝒄 −𝟒𝟗𝟑.𝟏 𝒚𝑵𝟐 −𝟑,𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒚𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝑷′′
𝒑𝒄 = + 𝑷𝒑𝒄,𝒄𝒐𝒓
𝟏 − 𝒚𝑵𝟐 − 𝒚𝑯𝟐 𝑶

After calculation of the corrected value of the pseudo critical pressure and temperature value, we need to
calculation the corresponding reduced values. 𝑷 𝑻
𝑷𝒑𝒓 = 𝑻𝒑𝒓 =
𝑷′′𝒑𝒄 𝑻′′𝒑𝒄
Finally you can read the Z factor from the regular standing and Katz chart (above chart).
CORRECTION FOR HIGH-MOLECULARWEIGHT GASES
The relationships for calculating pseudocritical pressure and temperature Kay’s mixing rules , result in
unsatisfactory z-factors for high-molecular-weight reservoir gases. The large deviations occur to gases with
high heptanes-plus (C7+) concentrations.
Kay’s mixing rules should not be used to determine the pseudo-critical pressure and temperature for
reservoir gases with specific gravities > 0.75. This deviation can be minimized by utilizing the mixing rules,
together with newly introduced empirical adjustment factors.
➢ ISOTHERMAL GAS COMPRESSIBILITY COEFFIECIENT
Knowledge of the variability of fluid compressibility with pressure and temperature is essential in performing
many reservoir engineering calculations. For a liquid phase, the compressibility is small and usually assumed
to be constant. For a gas phase, the compressibility is neither small nor constant.
The isothermal gas compressibility, Cg (psi-1) is the change in volume per unit volume for a unit change in pressure :
𝟏 𝟏 𝝏𝒛
𝒄𝒈 = −
𝑷 𝒛 𝝏𝑷 𝑻

𝝏𝒛 𝟏
For an ideal gas, z = 1 and = 𝟎 , therefore: 𝒄𝒈 =
𝝏𝑷 𝑻 𝑷

For an real gas,

𝒄𝒑𝒓
𝒄𝒈 =
𝑷𝒑𝒄
where
cpr = isothermal pseudo-reduced compressibility, Values of Cpr is
obtained from the graph
cg = isothermal gas compressibility, psi−1
ppc = pseudo-reduced pressure, psi
Example:
A hydrocarbon gas mixture has a specific gravity of 0.72. Calculate the isothermal gas compressibility
coefficient at 2,000 psia and 140°F by assuming:
a. An ideal gas behavior
b. A real gas behavior

Solution

a. Assuming an ideal gas behavior, determine cg :

𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒈 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊−𝟏
𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

b. Assuming a real gas behavior

Step 1. Calculate Tpc and ppc

Tpc = 168 + 325 (0.72) − 12.5 (0.72)2 = 395.5 °R

PPc = 677 + 15 (0.72) − 37.5 (0.72)2 = 668.4 psia
Step 2. Compute ppr and Tpr

𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗
𝑷𝒑𝒄 𝟔𝟔𝟖. 𝟒

𝑻 𝟏𝟒𝟎 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎
𝑻𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐
𝑻𝒑𝒄 𝟑𝟗𝟓. 𝟓

Step 3. From Figure 2-3, find cpr: cpr = 0.36

Step 4. Solve for cg

𝒄𝒑𝒓 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔
𝒄𝒈 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊−𝟏
𝑷𝒑𝒄 𝟔𝟔𝟖. 𝟒
➢ GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR
The gas formation volume factor (Bg) is used to relate the volume of gas, as measured at reservoir
conditions, to the volume of the gas as measured at standard conditions, i.e., 60°F and 14.7 psia.
This gas property is then defined as the actual volume occupied by a certain amount of gas at a specified
pressure and temperature, divided by the volume occupied by the same amount of gas at standard conditions.

𝑽𝑷,𝑻
𝑩𝒈 =
𝑽𝒔𝒄

where Bg = gas formation volume factor, ft3/scf

VP,T = volume of gas at pressure p and temperature, T, ft3
Vsc = volume of gas at standard conditions, scf
➢ GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

For real gases, where Psc =14.7 psia, Tsc = 520, zsc (z-factor at standard conditions) = 1.0

𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒛𝑻 𝑴𝒂
𝑩𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟓
𝒔𝒄𝒇 𝑷 𝝆𝒈

𝒃𝒃𝒍 𝒛𝑻 𝑴𝒂
𝑩𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟗
𝒔𝒄𝒇 𝑷 𝝆𝒈

where Bg = gas formation volume factor z = gas compressibility factor

T = temperature, °R 𝝆g = gas density, lb/ft3
Ma = apparent molecular weight of gas

𝑷𝑴𝒂
𝝆𝒈 =
𝑹𝑻
𝒏𝑹𝑻𝒔𝒄 𝟏 . 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟎 . (𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = = = 𝟑𝟕𝟗. 𝟒 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑷𝒔𝒄 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒛 𝒏𝑹𝑻
➢ GAS EXPANSION FACTOR
The reciprocal of the gas formation volume factor is called the gas expansion factor and is designated by the
symbol Eg,
𝒔𝒄𝒇 𝑷 𝝆𝒈
𝑬𝒈 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟑𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟐
𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒛𝑻 𝑴𝒂

𝒔𝒄𝒇 𝑷 𝝆𝒈
𝑬𝒈 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 = 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟎
𝒃𝒃𝒍 𝒛𝑻 𝑴𝒂

where Eg = gas expansion factor z = gas compressibility factor

T = temperature, °R 𝝆g = gas density, lb/ft3
Ma = apparent molecular weight of gas
Example
A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 ft3/day from a gas reservoir at an average pressure of 2,000 psia
and a temperature of 140°F. The specific gravity is 0.72. Calculate the gas flow rate in scf/day.

Solution
Step 1. Calculate Tpc and ppc

Tpc = 168 + 325 (0.72) − 12.5 (0.72)2 = 395.5 °R

PPc = 677 + 15 (0.72) − 37.5 (0.72)2 = 668.4 psia

Step 2. Calculate the ppr and Tpr:

𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑻 𝟏𝟒𝟎 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎
𝑷𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗 𝑻𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐
𝑷𝒑𝒄 𝟔𝟔𝟖. 𝟒 𝑻𝒑𝒄 𝟑𝟗𝟓. 𝟓

Step 3. Determine the z-factor from Figure 2-1: z = 0.78

Step 4. Calculate the gas formation volume factor:

𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒛𝑻 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 ∗ (𝟏𝟒𝟎 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎)

𝑩𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟓
𝒔𝒄𝒇 𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

Step 5. Calculate the gas flow rate in scf/day by dividing the gas flow rate (in ft3/day) by the gas
formation volume factor Bg as expressed in scf/ft3:

𝑽𝑷,𝑻
𝑩𝒈 =
𝑽𝒔𝒄
𝒇𝒕𝟑൘
𝒔𝒄𝒇 𝑽𝑷,𝑻 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒄𝒇
𝑮𝒂𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝑽𝒔𝒄 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟒 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟖 𝑴𝑴𝒔𝒄𝒇/𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝑩𝒈 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝒅𝒂𝒚
➢ GAS VISCOSITY
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of the internal fluid
friction (resistance) to flow due to the internal friction
between the molecules. It the resistance to the flow of a
fluid.

➢ If the friction between layers of the fluid is small, i.e.,

low viscosity, fluids with have a low resistance, shear
quickly, and the molecules flow rapidly. An applied
shearing force will result in a large velocity gradient.

➢ As the viscosity increases, each fluid layer exerts a

larger frictional drag on the adjacent layers and velocity
gradient decreases. High-viscosity fluids move languidly
and resist deformation.
➢ GAS VISCOSITY

The viscosity of a fluid is the ratio of the shear force per

unit area to the local velocity gradient.

Viscosities are expressed in terms of:

1 poise = 100 centipoises = 1 × 106 micropoises
= 6.72 × 10−2 lb mass/ft-sec
= 2.09 × 10−3 lb-sec/ft2 = 1 dyne-sec/cm2
➢ GAS VISCOSITY
Comparing frictionless flow in a tube to viscous flow, as in
Figure, we see that, in (a) the fluid flow in a tube has
negligible resistance, so, the speed is the same all across the
tube. However, as in (b) when a viscous fluid flows through a
tube, its speed at the walls is zero, increasing steadily to its
maximum at the center of the tube. For a viscous fluid,
speed is greatest at midstream because of drag at the
boundaries.
We can see the effect of viscosity in a Bunsen burner flame,
even though the viscosity of natural gas is small due to the
velocity profile across the tube.
The gas viscosity is not commonly measured in the laboratory because it can be estimated precisely from
empirical correlations. Viscosity of the gas phase, μg is a function of pressure, temperature, and composition.

METHODS OF CALCULATING THE VISCOSITY OF NATURAL GASES

Two popular methods that are commonly used in the petroleum industry are the:
• Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows Correlation Method
• Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin Method
The Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows Correlation Method
Graphical correlations for estimating the viscosity of natural gas as a function of temperature, pressure, and gas gravity
were developed.
Step 1. Calculate the pseudo-critical pressure, pseudo-critical temperature, and apparent molecular weight of the
natural gas. Corrections to these pseudocritical properties for the presence of the nonhydrocarbon gases (CO2, N2,
and H2S) should be made if they are present in concentrations greater than 5 mole percent.
Step 2. Obtain the viscosity of the natural gas at one
atmosphere and the temperature of interest from Figure
2-5. This viscosity, as denoted by μ1, must be corrected
for the presence of nonhydrocarbon components by
using the inserts of Figure 2-5. The nonhydrocarbon
fractions tend to increase the viscosity of the gas phase.
The effect of nonhydrocarbon components on the
viscosity of the natural gas can be expressed
mathematically by the following relationships:
μ1 = (μ1)uncorrected + (Δμ)N2 + (Δμ)CO2 + (Δμ)H2S
Where:
μ1 = “corrected” gas viscosity at one atmospheric pressure and
reservoir temperature, cp
(Δμ)N2 = viscosity corrections due to the presence of N2
(Δμ)CO2 = viscosity corrections due to the presence of CO2
(Δμ)H2S = viscosity corrections due to the presence of H2S
(μ1)uncorrected = uncorrected gas viscosity, cp
Step 3. Calculate the pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature.
Step 4. From the pseudo-reduced temperature and pressure, obtain the viscosity ratio (μg/μ1) from Figure 2-6.
The term μg represents the viscosity of the gas at the required conditions.
Step 5. The gas viscosity, μg, at the pressure and temperature of interest is calculated by multiplying the
viscosity at one atmosphere and system temperature, μ1, by the viscosity ratio.
Example
A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 ft3/day from a gas reservoir at an average pressure of 2,000 psia and
a temperature of 140°F. The specific gravity is 0.72. Calculate the viscosity of the gas.
Solution
Step 1. Calculate the apparent molecular weight of the gas: 𝑴𝒂 𝑴𝒂
𝜸𝒈 = =
𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟔
𝑴𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 ∗ 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟔 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
Step 2. Determine the viscosity of the gas at 1 atm and 140°F
from Figure 2-5: μ1 = 0.0113
Step 3. Calculate Ppr and Tpr:

Tpc = 168 + 325 (0.72) − 12.5 (0.72)2 = 395.5 °R

PPc = 677 + 15 (0.72) − 37.5 (0.72)2 = 668.4 psia
𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗
𝑷𝒑𝒄 𝟔𝟔𝟖. 𝟒
𝑻 𝟏𝟒𝟎 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎
𝑻𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐
𝑻𝒑𝒄 𝟑𝟗𝟓. 𝟓
Step 4. Determine the viscosity rates from Figure 2-6:

(μg/μ1) = 1.5

Step 5. Solve for the viscosity of the natural gas:

𝝁𝒈 = 𝟏, 𝟓 ∗ 𝝁𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟓 𝒄𝒑
End of Lecture 3