GANDHIAN STUDIES (Qns & Answers – focus areas)

CHAPTER 1 -HIND SWARAJ

Objective Questions
1.Identify the Gujarati equivalent term for civilisation
Ans. Good Conduct
2. Name the book which is popularly known as Gandhiji's Manifesto
Ans. Hind Swaraj
3. Name the book which is considered as the blue print or essence of Gandhian ideas
Ans. Hind Swaraj

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4. Identify the author of the book 'Civilization: Its Cause and Cure'?
Ans. Edward Carpenter
5. Which chapter of Hind Swaraj deals with the idea of swaraj
Ans. chapter 4 ve
6. Identify the author of the book,’ Economic History of India’
Ans. R C Dutt
7. Which chapter of Hind Swaraj deals with the idea of True Civilisation
Ans. Chapter 13
8. In which year Gandhi wrote the book ‘Hind Swaraj’
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Ans. 1909
9. Identify the first book written by Gandhiji.
Ans. Hind Swaraj
Hs

10. In which language Gandhi was written Hind Swaraj

Ans. Gujarati
11. ‘ A great English writer has written a work called ‘Civilisation: Its Cause and Cure’. Identify
that writer.
Ans. Edward Carpenter
12. Identify the literal meaning of Swaraj
Ans. Self rule
13. What is the popular meaning of swaraj
Ans. Political independence
14. Identify the most fundamental meaning of swaraj according to Gandhi.
Ans. Self Control
15. Which is considered as the mother of parliament
Ans. British Parliament
16. Recognise the emblem of slavery according to Gandhi.

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Ans. Parliament
17. Which civilisation is considered as one of the best civilisations in the world.
Ans. Indian civilisation
18. Identify the feature of modern civilisation according to Gandhi from the following.
(materialistic, moral, self denial) Ans, materialistic
19. Identify the object of life in modern civilisation according to Gandhi.
Ans. Bodily welfare
20. Identify the chief symbol of modern civilisation
Ans. Mechanisation
21. Recognise the root cause of poverty and unemployment in India according to Gandhi.
Ans. Mechanisation

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22. Identify the real enemy of Indian people according to Gandhiji
Ans. Modern Civilisation

Descriptive questions
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23. Prepare a short note on Gandhiji's concept of swaraj?
The literal meaning of swaraj is self rule. The popular meaning of swaraj is political
independence. By swaraj Gandhiji does not mean the mere transfer of power from the British.
To Gandhiji the fundamental meaning of swaraj is self control. Self control means control of
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senses and emotions. It is the complete mastery over one’s own self. According to Gandhi, it is
swaraj when we learn to rule ourselves. Swaraj is based on soul force.

24. Briefly explain the historical background of writing Hind Swaraj?

Hs

The revolt of 1857, Tilak’s statement on swaraj and the partition of Bengal in 1905 had
pave the way for arousing nationalism in British India. It resulted in violent protests against the
British rule in India and abroad. English men were attacked and government properties were
destroyed. Gandhi’s visit to England and his encounter with Indian youth and their cult of
violence persuaded him to write Hind Swaraj. The spread of materialistic civilisation also
provoked Gandhiji. He had a very clear idea about the method of fighting against British
imperialism and future India. He was eager to communicate them to the whole world, especially
to the Indians. In this context Hind Swaraj was written. He wrote this book in his native
language, Gujarati, while travelling from London to South Africa on board SS Kildonan Castle
between November 13 and November 22, 1909.

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25. Explain Gandhi’s views on Parliamentary democracy? Or Gandhi was a severe critic of
Parliamentary Democracy. Prepare a brief note on Gandhi’s grounds of criticism on
Parliamentary Democracy?
Gandhiji strongly opposed the British parliament. Gandhiji considered parliament as the
emblem of slavery. According to Gandhiji, without pressure British parliament can do nothing.
Because it is under the control of ministers who change from time to time. Gandhi considered
this parliament is without a real master. The parliament visualised by Gandhi consists of the best
men elected by the people. The members serve without pay and therefore they must dedicate
their lives to the public good.

26. Comment on Gandhi’s views on machinery? Or Analyse Gandhiji's critique on

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mechanization? Or “Gandhi was not against industrialization, he only oppose the craze of
mechanization” Discuss the statement?
According to Gandhi, machinery is the chief symbol of modern civilisation. It represents
a great sin. Gandhiji was against all labour saving machinery. But he was not against machinery
as such. He was against the craze for machinery. He was in favour of indigenous technology
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instead of sophisticated technology. He supported machines which assist human labour.
Gandhiji believed that mechanisation is the root cause of poverty and unemployment in India. It
is machinery that has impoverished India.
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27. Define the True Civilisation according to Gandhiji?
Gandhi defined True civilisation as, ‘ that mode of conduct which points out to man the
path of duty.’ In Gandhian view, performance of duty and observances of morality are
convertible terms.
Hs

28. Hind Swaraj is described as the Gandhian Manifesto. Evaluate? Or Briefly explain the
relevance of Hind Swaraj in our present society.
The ideas discussed in Hind Swaraj are still relevant. In it he anticipated the disastrous
effects of modern civilisation very clearly. The whole world today speaks of protecting the
environment. That is because the earth as an eco-system has reached a crisis of survival. Gandhi
was a visionary who could foresee this crisis very clearly. He warns all of us against it. He calls
on us to change our attitudes and our lifestyles. It is up to us how much we can understand him
and follow his example. Now we are living in a world of violence, communalism and
exploitation. He also tried to put forward some alternatives for resolving the present crisis.
Hence the ideas in Hind Swaraj is very relevant.

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29. Explain the reasons why Gandhiji described Indian civilization as one of the best
civilisations in the world? Or Gandhi considered Indian civilisation as one of the best
civilisations in the world. Explain?
In Hind swaraj, Gandhiji shared his views on civilisation. He defined civilisation as, ‘
that mode of conduct which points out to man the path of duty.’ In Gandhian view, performance
of duty and observances of morality are convertible terms. To observe morality is to attain
mastery over our mind and our passions. Gandhiji considered Indian civilization as one of the
best civilisations in the world because of the following characteristics of it.
Characteristics of True Civilisation
According to Gandhiji, ‘Our mind is restless bird. The more it gets the more it wants, and
still remains unsatisfied.’ Our ancestors set a limit a limit to our indulgences. So Gandhi

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advocates Simple Living and high thinking. We should follow simple living through the
limitation of wants. The Indian civilisation is based on a belief in God. But the western
civilisation is godless. The modern civilisation is based on exploitation. But Indian civilisation
does not promote exploitation
The Indian civilisation aimed at moral progress. The tendency of the Indian civilisation is
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to elevate the moral being, while that of the western civilisation is to propagate immorality.
Indian civilisation believed in nishkama karma or self less service i.e. self denial. Most of the
Indian people lives in villages. Gandhi visualised an India which consists of in-numerous self
reliant self sufficient villages. Village life is based on mutual co-operation and neighbourhood
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relationships.

30. Modern civilization paves the way for exploitation and violence and makes man selfish. Do
you agree with this statement? Explain.
Hs

Yes, I agreed with the statement. Modern civilization definitely paved the way for
exploitation and violence and makes man selfish. The reasons are as follows.
The object of life in modern civilization is bodily welfare or material well being. The chief
symbol of modern civilisation is mechanisation. It replaces physical labour with machines and
worsens the working condition of labourers. It helps to concentrate wealth and power in the
hands of few. Modern civilization paves way for exploitation and violence and makes man more
selfish. There is no consideration for religion and morality. It prevents moral and spiritual
growth. As a result of change in lifestyle, new diseases are coming up and more and more
hospitals are established to cater to the needs of the patients. Man is enslaved to the temptations
of money and luxury in the modern civilization. It made drastic changes in the consumption
pattern and destroyed village system. Modern civilization is based on the principles of ‘might is
right’ and ‘survival of the fittest’ Because of the above reasons man became more selfish and
undergo violent character.

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31. Explain the characteristics of True Civilisation.
Simple living through the limitation of wants.
Based on belief in God.
True civilisation does not promote exploitation
Aimed at moral progress.
Based on self less service and self denial.
Village oriented

32. Gandhi used rough words like ‘satanic’, ‘soulless’ etc. to denote modern civilisation.
Explain? Or Gandhi’s critique of modern civilisation.Or Explain the features of modern

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civilisation as advocated by Gandhiji?

The object of life in modern civilization is bodily welfare or material well being. The
chief symbol of modern civilisation is mechanisation. It replaces physical labour with machines
and worsens the working condition of labourers. It helps to concentrate wealth and power in the
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hands of few. Modern civilization paves way for exploitation and violence and makes man more
selfish. There is no consideration for religion and morality. It prevents moral and spiritual
growth. As a result of change in lifestyle, new diseases are coming up and more and more
hospitals are established to cater to the needs of the patients. Man is enslaved to the temptations
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of money and luxury in the modern civilization. It made drastic changes in the consumption
pattern and destroyed village system. Modern civilization is based on the principles of ‘might is
right’ and ‘survival of the fittest’ On the basis of the above features of modern civilisation,
Gandhi used rough words like ‘satanic’, ‘soulless’ etc. to denote modern civilisation.
Hs

CHAPTERII: EDUCATIOAL IDEAS OF M.K. GANDHI

Objective Questions
1. At the Wardha Conference, who was appointed as the head of the committee tasked with
preparing an education plan suitable for India?
Ans. Dr. Zakkir Hussain
2. Find the odd one out from the following (Head, Reading, Hand)
Ans: Reading
3. In which article of the Indian constitution stated about free and compulsory education.
Ans: Article 45
4.Identify the ultimate aim of education?

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Ans: Self realisation
5.Identify the aim of education according to Gandhiji.
Ans. Character building
6. Find out the centre of basic education from the following
(Learning, Craft, Labour)
Ans: Craft
7. Gandhiji considered ----- is the centre of Basic education
Ans. Craft
8. Where did Gandhiji start his educational experiments?
(Wardha, South Africa, London)
Ans. South Africa

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9. Wardha scheme of education was presented in which session of Indian National Congress?
Haripura

10. Match the following

A
1949
B
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Iswarbai Patel Committee
C
Character formation
1953 National policy on education Community living
1964 Kothari Commission Free and compulsory education
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1968 Secondary Education Commission SUPW
1977 University Education Commission Vocational efficiency
Hs

Ans:
1949 – University Education Commission – Character formation
1953 – Secondary Education Commission – Vocational efficiency
1964 – Kothari Commission – Community living
1968 – National Policy on Education – Free and compulsory education
1977 – Iswarbai Patel Committee – SUPW

Descriptive Qns. & Ans.

11. Specify the main recommendations of Wardha scheme of education in 1937?

Free, universal and compulsory education should be provided for all boys and girls between the
age group of 7-14
Education should be imparted through the mother tongue of the child.

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All education should centred around some basic craft.

12. Basic education imparted through craft or productive work. Describe the advantages of craft
centred education?
In Basic Education, a productive activity or craft is at the centre of education. Craft is selected in
accordance with the surroundings. Cooperative activity, accuracy, initiative and individual
responsibility are the principles of selecting a craft. There are many advantages for this.
Craft work helps the child to acquire sensory and motor co-ordination and to appreciate the
value of labour. Gandhi was of the opinion that the method of training through village handicraft
would promote the real disciplined development of the mind. It liberates students from purely
academic and theoretical instructions. It enabled children to break down the existing prejudice

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on manual and intellectual work. Clarity and reality can be given to the knowledge acquired by
children through craft as knowledge will be related to life.

13. Explain the features of the Wardha Scheme of Education?

Gandhiji’s primary emphasis is on the 3Hs i.e. Head, Heart and Hand, rather than on 3 Rs
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i. e.- reading writing and arithmetic. For Gandhiji, the true development of head, heart and hand
are necessary for a satisfactory system of education.
The feature of Basic education are the following.
Free and compulsory primary education: Free, universal and compulsory education should be
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provided for all boys and girls between the age group of 7-14.
Craft centred education: Education should be imparted through the mother tongue of the child.
According to Gandhiji the craft learned should be related to the physical and social environment
of the child and will achieve the integration of the curriculum. Craft work helps the child to
Hs

acquire sensory and motor co-ordination and to appreciate the value of labour. Gandhi was of
the opinion that the method of training through village handicraft would promote the real
disciplined development of the mind. It liberate students from a purely academic and theoretical
instructions. It enabled children to break down the existing prejudice on manual and intellectual
work. Clarity and reality can be given to the knowledge acquired by children through craft as
knowledge will be related to life.
Self- sufficient and self supporting education: Self supporting and self sufficiency in two
ways a) education that will help one to be self supporting in later life. b) Education process itself
is self supporting. It ensure modest and honest livelihood for the school leaving student.
Education through mother tongue: Education should be imparted through the mother tongue
of the child. Gandhiji’s observation was that the proper teaching of the mother tongue is the
foundation of all education. Without the capacity to speak effectively and to read and write

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correctly, no one can develop precision of thought or clarity of ideas. Moreover, it is a means of
introducing the child to the rich heritage of his people’s ideas, emotions and aspirations.
Citizenship Training: It aimed at giving the citizens of the future a keen sense of personal
growth, dignity and efficiency and social services in a co-operative community. The new
generation must at least have an opportunity to understand their problems, rights and
obligations.
Flexible curriculum and free environment: The flexibility of the curriculum and free
environment for the child to perform according to his own capacity are another remarkable
feature of basic education. The teacher is also free to organise necessary environment for the
development of the child.
Correlation: Subjects are not separated in this scheme of education. So education should

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closely relate to the day to day affairs of life. According to Gandhiji the craft learned should be
related to the physical and social environment of the child and will achieve the integration of the
curriculum. So education should closely relate to the day to day affairs of life.
Non-violence: The law of non-violence is an important feature of Wardha scheme. The basic
education is the application of the law of non violence in the life of students.
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14. Learning by doing as the basic principle of basic education. Analyse this statement and
prepare a brief report on the methodology of basic education.? OR What is the mode of study of
basic education?
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Gandhiji was highly critical of methods of teaching in that time. He was also against
teaching the alphabets, reading and writing in the beginning as it restricts the intellectual growth
of the children. Learning by doing is the basic principle of teaching in Basic education. In
Gandhiji’s opinion all parts of the body should function in the process of acquiring knowledge.
Hs

Gandhiji believed that school must be a “doing thing”. In basic education children acquire
knowledge of the subjects as a by-product of purposeful activities. A basic craft selected as the
core of this plan. craft is the medium of education in the basic system. Subjects are not separated
in this scheme of education. According to Gandhiji the craft learned should be related to the
physical and social environment of the child and will achieve the integration of the curriculum.
So education should closely relate to the day to day affairs of life.
Gandhiji’s primary emphasis is on the 3Hs i.e. Head, Heart and Hand, rather than on 3 Rs
i. e.- reading writing and arithmetic. For Gandhiji, the true development of head, heart and hand
are necessary for a satisfactory system of education.

15. Write down the Gandhiji's definition of education?

According to Gandhi, education may be defined as an all-round drawing out of the best in the
child and man- body, mind and spirit.

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16. What are the shortcomings of the education system implemented by the British in India? OR
Briefly explain the demerits of British education system in India?
1) It was neglected Indian system of education
2) It was an urban system of education in a rural country like India.
3) The curriculum was English dominated.
4) The system aimed to establish western dominance.
5) The western system of education viewed human as material resource.
6) The system followed a single track.
7) The British education system was very expensive.
8) The system demands a continuation of British rule and neglected secular democratic values.

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17. The medium of instruction has a vital role in teaching-learning process. Analyse it in the
context of Basic Education. Or Write your opinion about medium of instruction? Or What are
the advantages of mother tongue as the medium of instruction.
One of the resolutions that were adopted at Wardha conference was that education must
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be imparted through the mother tongue. Gandhiji’s observation was that the proper teaching of
the mother tongue is the foundation of all education. Language is a crucial tool for
communication. A language is an exact reflection of the character and growth of an individual.
Foreign language put a burden to the students to understand the ideas and concepts. Without the
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capacity to speak effectively and to read and write correctly, no one can develop precision of
thought or clarity of ideas. Moreover, it is a means of introducing the child to the rich heritage of
his people’s ideas, emotions and aspirations.
Hs

18. Gandhiji’s Basic Education is fundamentally different from the conventional scheme of
education in its content and process of learning. Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate
your arguments on the basis of the content and method of basic education?
Yes, I agree with that statement. Gandhiji’s Basic Education is fundamentally different from the
conventional scheme of education in its content and process of learning.
The flexibility of the curriculum and free environment for the child to perform according
to his own capacity are another remarkable feature of basic education.. The teacher is also free
to organise necessary environment for the development of the child. The basic education is
designed for children between seven and fourteen years of age and accordingly curriculum has
been suggested. The following subjects are taught in Basic education.
Basic Craft: any one of the following may be chosen as the basic craft.
(i) Spinning and Weaving, (ii) Carpentry,(iii) Agriculture, (iv) Fruit and Flower Cultivation,

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(v) Leather work,(vi) Culturing Fish, (vii) Pottery, (viii) Any handicraft according to the local
need, (iv) Home Science for girls.
The craft thus selected should be rich in educational possibilities.
Mother tongue.
Mathematics.
General science and Social Studies.
Drawing and Music.
Learning by doing is the basic principle of teaching in Basic education. In Gandhiji’s opinion all
parts of the body should function in the process of acquiring knowledge. In basic education
children acquire knowledge of the subjects as a by-product of purposeful activities. A basic craft
selected as the core of this plan. Craft is the medium of education in the basic system. Subjects

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are not separated in this scheme of education. So education should closely relate to the day to
day affairs of life.

19. List out the various objectives of including teaching of social studies in basic education?
To develop a broad human interest in the progress of mankind
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To develop a proper understanding of his/her social and geographical environment.
To inculcate the love of the mother land.
To develop a sense of the rights and responsibilities of citizen.
To develop mutual respect for world religions.
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20. Specify the importance of teaching general science in basic education?
To develop an intelligent and appropriate outlook on nature.
To develop the habit of accurate observation and of testing experience by experiment.
Hs

To understand the important scientific principles exemplified in a) the phenomena b) the

application of science to the service of man.

21. In the Gandhian scheme of education drawing assumes great importance. Explain the
significance of drawing in the curriculum?
To train the eye in the observation and discrimination of forms and colours and to develop
memory of forms.
To develop the capacity to make drawings of objects to be constructed and for designing, as well
as to give practice in scales drawing and making graphs and pictorial graphs.
To cultivate an appreciation of the beautiful in nature and art, and to develop the capacity for
tasteful design and decoration.

22. Analyse the technique of correlation in Gandhian education.?

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 The technique of correlation has great importance in Basic education. Subjects are not
separated in this scheme of education. According to Gandhiji the craft learned should be related
to the physical and social environment of the child and will achieve the integration of the
curriculum. True education should closely relate to the day to day affairs of life. Children learnt
the concepts and subjects in a relative manner i.e. through craft in relate with each other.

23. Prepare a detailed report on the merits of Basic Education. Mention at least six points?
1. Child-centered education: the basic system regards the child as the basic unit whose needs
must be studied and understood, catered and fulfilled.
2. Learning by doing: Gandhiji believed that school must be a “doing thing”. In basic education
children acquire knowledge of the formal school subjects as a by-product of purposeful

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activities.
3. Craft as the core of the basic plan: craft is the medium of education in the basic system.
4. Self supporting aspect: Earn while you learn is another feature of the plan.
5. Integrated knowledge: basic education treats knowledge as an integrated whole. Curriculum is
built round three integrally related centres: (a) Physical environment (b) Social environment (c)
Craft work.
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6. Relation with life: Education is to be directed to the needs of life. It is not to pursue an idea
which has no relation with or is totally isolated from the real situations of life.
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24. Make a note on the formation of the Wardha Education Plan?
The British colonialism have destructed the traditional educational system and enslaved Indians
with English education and western cultural values. Gandhian educational ideas were derived
from the experiments that he conducted in Tolstoy‟s farm and phoenix settlement in South
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Africa. Gandhiji expressed his views on education through a series of articles in Harijan in 1937.
Finally Gandhiji presented his basic education system to the nation in the Wardha educational
conference in 1937. The conference appointed a committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Zakir
Hussain. The committee submitted the reports in 1937 and 1938. These reports has become the
fundamental document of the basic scheme and it came to be known as the Wardha scheme of
education.

25. Prepare a note on the advantages of the method of correlation of subjects in basic education?
Gandhi had a holistic approach to education. For education must consider all aspects of
life and society. The foundation of Gandhian principles of education is based on the eternal
Indian principles of education, which opens the door for all and knowledge. Simultaneously aim
of education for him included the nationalistic goal of political freedom. Education in its true
and broad sense is a lifelong process, which beginning of life and ends with the end of life going

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on unceasingly. Knowledge of God, self realization, spiritualism and oneness with God are the
ultimate aim of education according to Gandhiji. His primary emphasis is on the 3’H’s i.e. –
Head, Heart and Hand, rather than on 3 Rs i.e. – Reading, Writing and Arithmetic.

26. Gandhian Education Plan is called as Basic Education. Why?

Gandhian scheme of education is based on values of Indian culture. It lays down the
minimum education which every child is entitled to receive without the distinction of caste or
creed. It is intimately related to the basic needs and interests of the child and makes use of his
innate potentialities for creative and productive work. It is closely associated with basic
occupation of the community. Based on the above reasons Gandhi’s scheme or Wardha scheme
of education is called Basic Education.

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CHAPTER III GANDHIAN VISION OF PEACE
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Objective Questions
1.Identify an example of structural violence from the following?
(killing, Child-labour, threatening) Ans. child labour
2. Identify the visible form of violence?
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(Structural violence, Cultural violence, Personal violence) Ans. Personal violence
3. Identify the Gandhian method of conflict resolution?
Ans.Satyagraha
4. Which day is observed as International day of Non- violence?
Hs

Ans.Oct. 2
5. Find out the anti war movement from the following?
(Champaran, Salt Satyagraha, Pacifism) Ans. Pacifism
6. Name the movement which condemn all types of war ?
Ans. Pacifism
7. Which is considered as the worst form of violence according to Gandhi.?
Ans. Poverty
8. Identify the founder of Peace studies from the following?
(Gene Sharp, Johan Galtung, Gandhiji) Ans. Johan Galtung
9. Find out the suitable method of conflict resolution according to gandhian line from the
following?
(Arbitration, Adjudication, Mediation) Ans. Mediation
10. Identify an alternative dispute resolution method developed in India?

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Ans. Lok Adalat
11. Gandhi practised........... as a means to resolve conflicts.
Ans. Satyagraha
12. Identify the gandhian method of resolving conflicts.
Ans. Satyagraha
13. Identify the Gandhian example of positive peace from the following
(Ramarajya, Sarvodaya, Satyagraha)
Ans. Sarvodaya
14. Identify a condition in which social and economic justice and well being are ensured for all?
Ans. Positive peace
Other questions

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15. Briefly explain the meaning of cultural violence.?
Cultural violence refers to aspects of a culture that can be used to justify or legitimize
direct or structural violence. Cultural violence is the prevailing attitudes and beliefs that we
have been taught since childhood and that surround us in daily life about the power and
necessity of violence.
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16. Prepare a note on structural violence with examples?
Structural violence refers to systematic ways in which social structures harm or otherwise
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disadvantage individuals. Structural violence refers to discrimination, deprivation, social
injustice, inequality between men and women and denial of human rights. eg. Child labour,
untouchability.
Hs

17. Explain Gandhian understanding of peace?

Gandhi has become a synonym for non-violence and peace. Gandhi developed and applied non
violent theory and techniques that changed the lives of those around him and the world as well.
Gandhi’s non violent actions were related with his philosophy of life. Gandhi’s concept of peace
is a broad one. For him peace emerged from a way of life. Therefore peace is intimately linked
up with justice, development and environment. He criticized the modern model of development
as inherently violent. Gandhiji considered poverty as the worst form of violence. In Gandhian
theory of peace, human values take great prominence. Non-violence is a way of life and together
with the search for truth (satyagraha). The notion of sarvodaya also sees peace as incompatible
with exploitation or inequality of wealth. Thus Gandhian ideal social order i.e. Sarvodaya is
equated with a form of positive peace.

18. Write a note on Pacifism?

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Pacifism is an anti-war movement whose advocates believe that the principal means of
preventing war is to condemn its immoral character. Pacifists condemn all war, denying the
legitimacy of wars of liberation and refuse to take up arms.
Pacifism is an anti-war movement whose advocates believe that the principal means of
preventing war is to condemn its immoral character. Pacifists condemn all war, denying the
legitimacy of wars of liberation and refuse to take up arms.

19. Briefly explain various causes of conflict.?

Conflict is an incompatibility in the interests, aims or goals of two individuals or social units.
a) Political and institutional factors: weak state institutions, elite power struggles and political
exclusion, breakdown in social contract and corruption.

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b) Socio-economic factors: inequality, exclusion and marginalisation, absence or weakening of
social cohesion, poverty
c) Resource and environmental factors: greed, scarcity of natural resources often due to
population growth leading to environmental insecurity, unjust resource exploitation
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20. There are different types of conflicts around us. State and explain various types of conflicts?
Conflicts occur at all levels of social life- intra-personal, inter-personal, intra- group inter-group,
intra- organisational and inter-organisational. Some conflicts are over the distribution of
material resources and positions. While in others the differences are over less tangible issues
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such as honour, recognition or identity.
Intra-personal conflict occurs within an individual. Inter-personal conflict is occurring between
two or more people. Intra-group conflict means conflict among members of a group. Inter-group
conflict is a conflict between two or more groups. Intra-organization conflict means conflict
Hs

that occurs within an organization. Conflict between two or more organizations is called inter-
organizational conflict.

21. Prepare notes on the following? a) Mediation b) Negotiation

Mediation is a private, informal dispute resolution process in which a neutral third party, the
mediator, helps disputing parties to reach an agreement.
Negotiation is a process in which two or more participants attempt to reach a joint decision on
matter common concern by directly talking to each other in situations where they are in actual or
potential disagreement or conflict.

22. Prepare notes on the following? a) Arbitration b) Adjudication

Arbitration is the process of hearing and determining of a dispute or the settling of differences
between parties by a person or persons chosen or agreed to by them. A third party reviews the

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evidence in the case and imposes a decision that is legally binding on both sides and enforceable
in the courts
Adjudication is a process by which the judges resolve disputes by handing down binding
judgements favouring one of the parties after hearing the views of both the sides.

23. Identify Gandhiji's method of conflict resolution and write its significance.?
Gandhi practised satyagraha in his daily life and used it to resolve conflicts. No one has
done more to develop and popularize the tool of non-violent action than Mahatma Gandhi.
Gandhi has demonstrated the value of non-violent satyagraha as an effective weapon for
correcting untenable positions, when obtaining redress through constitutional means is slow or
difficult. Social scientists have started taking an interest in analysing the processes underlying

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Gandhi's technique of Satyagraha in recent times.

24. Prepare a short note on structural violence by assessing farmer's protest in our country?
Structural violence refers to systematic ways in which social structures harm or otherwise
disadvantage individuals. Structural violence refers to discrimination, deprivation, social
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injustice, inequality between men and women and denial of human rights. Presently we are
facing the farmers protests across the country. This due to the anti farmer laws enacted by the
state. Farmers are of the opinion that the laws would affect the interest of them. They would
bring into exploitable conditions.
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25. Explain negative peace and positive peace?
Negative peace has normally denoted as the ‘absence of war’ and other forms of large scale
violent human conflict. for example, a ceasefire agreement is signed, a negative peace will
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emerge. It is negative because it stopped something undesirable happening without addressing

its deeper causes.
Positive peace refers to a condition in which social and economic justice and well being are
ensured for all. Positive peace denotes the simultaneous presence of many desirable states of
mind and society, such as harmony, justice, equity, etc. Positive peace is filled with positive
content such as restoration of relationships, the creation of social systems that serve the needs of
the whole population and the constructive resolution of conflict. It is referred as absence of
violence plus presence of social justice.

26. Briefly explain the notion of peace?

Peace can be classified into two categories negative peace and positive peace. Negative
peace has normally denoted as the ‘absence of war’ and other forms of large scale violent human
conflict. Positive peace refers to a condition in which social and economic justice and well

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being are ensured for all. Peace is the absence of personal, structural and cultural violence or a
combination of negative peace (absence of violence) and positive peace (presence of social
justice).

27. Explain various types of conflict resolution methods?

Conflict resolution is a formal process of bringing the disputing parties together to
discuss and work out a solution to their problem. It is the practice of identifying and handling
conflict in a sensible, fair and efficient manner. There are various types of conflict resolution
methods. They are mediation, adjudication, negotiation and arbitration.
Mediation is a private, informal dispute resolution process in which a neutral third party, the
mediator, helps disputing parties to reach an agreement.

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Negotiation is a process in which two or more participants attempt to reach a joint decision on
matter common concern by directly talking to each other in situations where they are in actual or
potential disagreement or conflict.
Adjudication is a process by which the judges resolve disputes by handing down binding
judgements favouring one of the parties after hearing the views of both the sides.
ve
Arbitration is the process of hearing and determining of a dispute or the settling of differences
between parties by a person or persons chosen or agreed to by them. A third party reviews the
evidence in the case and imposes a decision that is legally binding on both sides and enforceable
in the courts
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CHAPTER IV NON -VIOLENT SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

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AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Objective Questions
1. Identify a major non-violent protest in India led by Gandhiji in March – April 1930?
Ans: Salt Satyagraha/Dandi March
2. Identify the founder of Anandavan?
Ans: Baba Amte
3. Identify the peoples movement that stopped the initiative of hydro electric project across
Kunthippuzha river in Kerala
Ans: Silent Valley
4. Match the following
A B

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 a) Baba Amte Pochampalli
b) Silent Valley Peasant Movement
c) Bhoodan Movement Kunthippuzha River

d) Class based movement Lok Biradari Prakalp

Ans:
a) Lok Biradari Prakalp
b) Kunthippuzha River
c) Pochampalli
d Peasant Movement

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Other questions
5. Define social movement?
Social movement imply organised but continuous campaign in support of a social goal
characteristically either the accomplishment or the prevention of a change in society’s structure
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or values.

6. Name the different types of social movements?

1. Reformative movements
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2. Redemptive movements
3. Class based movements
4. Cast based movements
5. The tribal movements
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6. Women’s movements
7. Ecological movements

7. Define Social Change?

According to H T Mazumdar social change may be defined as a new fashion or mode, either
modifying or replacing the old, in the life of people or in the operation of society.

8. Find out the characteristics of Social change. ?

Universal phenomenon
Not uniform
Differs from age to age
Prediction is impossible
May produce counter changes
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9. Identify the major sources of inspiration for developing Gandhian concept of society?
Indian tradition of religious tolerance, Christian notion of love, forgiveness and suffering
Anekantavada, Anasakti

10. Explain Gandhi’s views on social change?

For Gandhi, individual change is important as well as the social change. Gandhi
realised that individual and society are interrelated. So individual goals and social objective
must not contradict each other. For Gandhi, individual change is the starting point of social
change. Gandhi believed that the happiness of the individual formed from within the happiness
of the society. He believed in the purity of ends and means to achieve the goal. Gandhi
contributed satyagraha and constructive programme as the methods for peaceful social

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reconstruction and social change.

11. Explain the relationship between the individual and society.

According to Gandhiji, the individual change was important as well as the societal
change. Gandhi believed that the happiness of the individual formed from within the happiness
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of the society. Gandhi realised that individual and society are interrelated. So individual goals
and social objective must not contradict each other. For Gandhi, individual change is the starting
point of social change. He has solved every problem in its totality and started a two sided action
plan. a) Individual point of view b) Social point of view
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Gandhiji’s concept of social welfare and social action starts from individuals. Gandhiji believed
in the purity of ends and means to achieve individual and social goals.

12. Identify and explain the methods suggested by Gandhiji for social change?
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Gandhiji contributed Satyagraha and constructive programme as the methods for social
reconstruction and social change.
Satyagraha is not just a concept or creed but a way of life it is the most potent weapon that can
be used by individuals or groups to fight against corruption exploitation injustice etc. It never
considers life as a single act. But it is holistic and linked to every aspect of individual and his
social life.
Constructive programme is the real way to attain freedom without distinction of race, colour
or creed. It explains non violent action taken within a community to build structures systems,
process or resources that are Constructive substitutes to oppression. It also gives a special power
and directness in improving one self and once community.

13. Prepare a short note on Bhoodan movement? Or Briefly explain the importance of Bhoodan
Movement?

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The Bhoodan movement was a voluntary land reform movement in India. It was initiated by
Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampalli village in Andhra Pradesh. The movement
attempted to persuade wealthy land owners to voluntarily give a percentage of their land to land
less people.

14. Check out how the Silent Valley Movement inspired other nature conservation movements
in India? Or Analyse the significance of Silent Valley agitation in environmental movements of
India?
Silent Valley movement aimed at the protection of the Silent Valley, an evergreen tropical forest
in the Palakkad district of Kerala. It was started in 1973 by Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishad to
save the Silent Valley from being flooded by a hydro electric project. This movement continued

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for 10 years and involved 1000 of people who did not even live in the surroundings that was to
be destroyed. The lion tailed Monkey became the bone of contention during the Silent Valley
Controversy. While the conservationists wanted its population and habitat protected, the pro
dam groups ridiculed the environmentalists for giving priority to monkey’s over human needs.
Indira Gandhi decided to deny permission for the hydro electric project and in 1986 Silent
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Valley was declared as a National park. The movement in several ways social to other
environmental movements in India. The seminal contribution of Silent Valley movement is that
it educated people regarding the importance of environmental pollution.
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15 Write note on The Bhoodan and Gramdan Movements?

Vinoba Bhave, a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, noticed the problems faced by the landless
harijans in Pochampalli, Telangana. He led the movements in an attempt to bring about a “non-
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violent revolution” in India’s land reforms programme. The movements were about urging the
landed classes to voluntarily surrender a part of their land to the landless giving it the name-
Bhoodan Movement.

• It began in 1951.
• In response to the appeal by Vinoba Bhave, some land owning class agreed to voluntary
donation of their some part of land.
• The Central and State governments had provided the necessary assistance to Vinoba
Bhave.
• Later, the Bhoodan gave way to the Gramdan movement.
• The objective of the Gramdan movement was to persuade landowners and leaseholders in
each village to renounce their land rights and all the lands would become the property of
a village association for an egalitarian redistribution and joint cultivation.

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 • Under this movement, a village was declared as Gramdan when at least 75% of its
residents with 51% of the land signified their approval in writing for Gramdan.
• The first village to come under Gramdan was Magroth, Haripur, Uttar Pradesh.

16. Prepare a write-up onBaba Amte

Murlidhar Devidas Amte also known as Baba Amte was an Indian social worker and
social activist from the state of present Maharashtra. He was famous for his contribution for the
rehabilitation and empowerment of people who had been suffering from leprosy. He won Padma
Vibhushan, Dr. Ambedkar International Award, Gandhi Peace Prize, Ramon Magsaysay Award,
Jamnalal Bajaj Award, Templeton Prize. He is popularly called as the modern Gandhi of India.

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17.Write note on Baba Amte’s life and contribution?

Baba Amte was one of the most prominent social reformers of modern India; born to Devilal
Singh and Laxmibai Amte, his childhood name was Murlidhar. He was born on 26 December
1914 in Wardha District of Maharashtra.He was also involved in the Freedom Movement
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against the British and participated in several movements led by Mahatma Gandhi. He was very
influenced by Gandhiji and all his life followed his principles and way of life.

Work and Reforms:

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1. His most important contribution to India and its society is his work for the care,
empowerment and rehabilitation of people sufferings of leprosy. Leprosy is a kind of
disease which has a lot of stigma attached to it, even more in those days than now. Baba
Amte vehemently tried to spread awareness about the disease that it’s not contagious and
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once allowed virus from a leprosy patient to be injected into him to prove his point.
2. For treatment, care and rehabilitation of leprosy patients disowned by their family and
society, he founded three Ashrams in Maharashtra. He also established a Hospital for the
same purpose on 15 August 1949 in Anandvan.
3. Furthermore, he also worked for creating awareness among masses towards the
conservation of forests, ecological balance and wildlife protection.
4. He was also associated with Narmada Bachao Andolan and worked for the rights of
displaced people due to the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam.
5. Thus, he devoted all his life for the welfare of society and for India’s better future; Baba
Amte died on 9 February 2008 at Anandvan, Maharashtra.

17. Salt satyagraha is called as a non- violent social revolution. Analyse.

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 The Salt Satyagraha was a mass civil disobedience movement initiated by Mahatma
Gandhi against the salt tax imposed by the British government in India. He led a large group of
people from Sabarmati Ashram on 12th March 1930 till Dandi, a coastal village in Gujarat, to
break the salt law by producing salt from seawater. Salt satyagraha underlined the Gandhian
approach to social movement and protest against injustices. Dandi march has been etched as an
example and method of non-violent struggle. Salt satyagraha through simple act of making salt
upheld the principle of non violent struggle for independence.

• Around 60,000 people including Gandhiji himself were arrested by the government.
• There was widespread civil disobedience carried on by the people. Apart from the salt
tax, other unpopular tax laws were being defied like the forest laws, chowkidar tax, land
tax, etc.

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• The Congress Party was declared illegal. But this did not deter the satyagrahis who
continued the movement.
• K Kelappan led a march in the Malabar region from Calicut to Payyanur.
• Thousands of women also took part in the Satyagraha.
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• Foreign clothes were boycotted. Liqueur shops were picketed. There were strikes all
over.
• The British government was shaken by the movement. Also, its non-violent nature made
it difficult for them to suppress it violently.
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• This movement had three main effects:
• It pushed Indian freedom struggle into the limelight in western media.
• It brought a lot of people including women and the depressed classes directly in touch
with the freedom movement.
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• It showed the power of the non-violent Satyagraha as a tool in fighting imperialism.

• Gandhiji was released from prison in 1931 and he met with Lord Irwin who was keen to
put an end to the civil disobedience movement and the media attention it had caught.

18. Write a note on silent valley movement?

Save Silent Valley was a social movement aimed at the protection of Silent valley, an
evergreen tropical forest in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. It was started in 1973 to save
the Silent Valley Reserve Forest in from being flooded by a hydroelectric project. The valley
was declared as Silent Valley National Park in 1985.

• Silent Valley National Park is located in the Nilgiri Hills, Palakkad District in Kerala,
South India. It is part of The Western Ghats World Heritage Site.

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 • Silent Valley National Park is a unique preserve of natural rain forests and is home to the
largest population of Lion-tailed Macaque, an endangered species of Primate.
• The area in this national park was historically explored in 1847 by the botanist Robert
Wight. The British named the area Silent Valley because of a perceived absence of noisy
Cicadas. Major Rivers flowing through the park are Kunthi (tributary to River
Bharathapuzha )and Bhavani(tributary to River Kaveri).
• The forest of the Silent Valley area was notified as reserved forest in 1914.
• The park was established on 15th November 1984 and were declared as a National Park.
• On 1st september 1986, the Silent Valley National Park was included in the core area of
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
• Leaders: activists, environmentalists, poets, The Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP)

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CHAPTER V- RURAL DEVELOPMENT
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1. Identify the programme which is considered as the ‘Silver Bullet’ for eradicating rural
poverty and unemployment.?
Ans. MGNREGA
2. Name the rural reconstruction approach introduced by Mahatma Gandhi?
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(Sriniketan, Sevagram experiment, Marthandom experiment) Ans. Sevagram
3. Name the rural reconstruction approach introduced by Rabindranath Tagore.
Ans. Sriniketan
4. Prepare a note on the elements of Rural Development?
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There are three elements of rural development.

Basic necessities of life: Basic necessities like food, clothes, shelter, basic literacy, primary
health care are ensured for the community Self respect: Every person seeks some sort of self
respect, dignity or honour. The denial of self respect indicates lack of development. Freedom:
It refers to political or ideological freedom, economic freedom and freedom from social
servitude

Other questions

5. Briefly explain various dimensions of rural development?

The important dimensions of rural development are the following?
1. Development of agriculture and allied activities: In rural development importance should be
given to agriculture and allied activities.

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2. Socio-economic and political development: Rural development cannot be possible without the
improvement of socio-political and economic condition of rural people. Freedom to express
their opinion, free and fair franchise in democracy, increased purchasing power and elimination
of poverty are the main conditions for this
3. Improving quality of rural life: This means the infrastructure development for a better rural
life. This may include creation of rural durable assets and infrastructure like roads, bridges,
power supply and educational facilities, health and sanitation facilities, adoption of ICT and
agricultural marketing etc.
4. Rural disaster risk mitigation: It is an important aspect of rural development now a days.
Prevention of river bank erosion, flood and drought control measures and community capacity
building are included in this dimension.

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6. Gandhiji’s approach to rural reconstruction was practical and productive. Explain Gandhian
strategies for Rural Reconstruction?
Gandhiji’s approach to rural reconstruction was holistic and people centred. Gandhian
strategy was based on his concept of village swaraj. Constructive programme and agriculture are
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the two Gandhian strategies for rural reconstruction. Gandhiji developed various activities under
his constructive programme and considered it as a truthful and non-violent way for winning
poorna swaraj. It is an attempt to develop society at the grass root level with locally available
resources.
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In gandhian vision of of rural reconstruction, agriculture was a primary concern because
food is the basic requirement of the life. It has a major role in village or rural develoment. It
provides major employment opportunities to the rural people. Gandhian approach to rural
reconstruction attempt to reconstruct village republics which would be non-violent, self-
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governed and self-sufficient so far as the basic necessities of rural people are concerned.

7. Briefly explain early rural development programmes in India?

In the post independent India, a few social workers initiated rural reconstruction
programmes mostly in isolation from one another and without any or very little government
assistance. They are the following.
Scheme of Rural reconstruction (1903) - Sunderban, West Bengal -Sir Daniel Hamilton
Marthandom Experiment, Tamil Nadu(1921) - Dr. Spencer Hatch (YMCA)
Gurgaon Experiment (1927) -F. I. Brayne
Baroda Experiment (1932) -V. K. Krishnamachari
Firka Development Scheme, Madras (1946) - T. Prakasam
Nilokheri Experiment (1947-S K Day
Grow More Food Campaign -(1947)

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Etawah Pilot Project, U. P. (1948) - Albert Mayor

8. Prepare a note on MGNREGA?

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act guarantees 100 Days of
wage employment in a year to every household adult members willing to do unskilled manual
labour. The objective of the programme is to reduce unemployment in rural India. This scheme
provides an alternative source of livelihood which will have an impact on reducing migration,
restricting child labour, alleviating poverty and making village self sustaining through
productive assets creation such as road construction, cleaning of water resources, soil and water
conservation work etc. This programme is considered as the largest anti poverty programme in
India.

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9. Analyse the significance of Kudumbasree in the women empowerment of Kerala.? Or
Analyse the significance of Kudumbasree in the rural development of Kerala?
Kudumbasree was launched by the government of Kerala in 1998 for eradicating poverty
from the state through concerted community action under the leadership of local self
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governments. The literal meaning of Kudumbasree is prosperity of family. Today Kudumbasree
is one of the largest women empowering projects in the country. It covers more than 60 percent
of the households in Kerala. Women empowerment is one of the important objectives of
Kudumbasree along with poverty eradication. The aim of the Kudumbashree scheme is to
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improve the standard of living of poor women in rural areas by setting up micro-credit and
productive enterprises. It opened a new string of expected events in our development history.
It is a community based self help initiative involving poor women. Kudumbashree was
conceived as a joint programme of the Government of Kerala and NABARD implemented
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through Community Development Societies of Poor Women, serving as the community wing of
Local Governments. Kudumbasree is formally registered as the State Poverty Eradication
Mission, a society registered under the charitable societies act. At the grass roots level
Kudumbasree has Neighbourhood Groups (NHG) that send representatives to the ward level
Area Development Societies(ADS). The ADS sends its representatives to the Community
Development Society(CDS), which completes the unique three-tier structure of Kudumbasree.
The Kudumbasree initiative has today succeeded as in addressing the basic needs of the less
privileged women by providing them a more dignified life and a better future through three
critical components, micro-credit, entrepreneurship and empowerment.

10. Write a note on Scheme of rural reconstruction at the sunderbans in Bengal?

In 1903, Sir Daniel Hamilton formed a scheme to create model villages, in an area in
Sunderban (Bengal), based on cooperative principles. He organised one village of this type and

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set on Cooperative Credit Society which functioned up to 1916. In the 1924, he organised a
Central Cooperative Bank and Cooperative Marketing Society and established a Rural
Reconstruction Institute in 1934.The institute provided training facilities in cottage and
subsidiary industries.

11. Write a note on Gurgaon project?

In Gurgaon district, this programme of village development was the first one to be run
by the State. It was started by the Mr. F. L. Brayne. In 1920, Mr. Brayne had been appointed on
the post of Deputy Commissioner in Gurgaon district and he began this project of rural
upliftment in his district, which became famous as Gurgaon Project. The main objectives of this
project were: (1) To increase crop production, (2) to control extra expenditure, (3) to improve

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the health, (4) to develop the feeling of women-education, and (5) home development work.
Although this project got some success yet this scheme also could not survive more because this
project was also based upon the sentiments of F.L. Brayne and when he was transferred,
gradually this programme also stopped.
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12. Write a note on Shriniketan project?
Shriniketan is situated about 100 km. away from Calcutta (Kolkata) in West-Bengal. This
area was socially, economically and politically backward. Shri Rabindra Nath Tagore began this
project of village development in this area with the help of sociologist Shri L.M. Hurst. Tagore
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thought that if some villages were developed, the other villages will get inspiration and the
programme of village development will spread all over the country and thus the whole country
would be developed. Shriniketan Village Welfare Institute was established in 1920 whose main
objectives were the following:
Hs

(1) To increase the knowledge of rural people.

(2) To help the rural people in establishing cottage industry.

(3) To inspire the people to follow new technology.

(4) Development of dairy farming.

(5) To create the feeling of co-operation.

(6) To arrange the facility of health and education.

(7)To create the feeling of rural leadership.

This Project, in the beginning, was started only in 8 villages but after some time this project was
extended to 15 villages.

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13. Write a note on Seva-gram rural development project?

Mahatma Gandhi knew very well that as long as Indian people are suppressed, their
society and their nation cannot progress. For ending this suppression, he began this welfare
project SEVA GRAM, establishing his Ashram in wardha, in 1920. The main objective of this
programme was to prevent the economic and social suppression of the people and to create the
feeling of patriotism among them and they must think that this is their own country. For
fulfilling this objective, Gandhiji made a programme, which became famous as Gandhian
Constructive Programme.

The programme was started under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in 1933. The main
objectives of the experiment were: a)service to the underprivileged, b) decentralised production
and distribution of wealth. c) self-sufficiency of Indian villages. The activities of Sevagram

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experiment consisted of training centres for cottage industries, preaching and practising
communal harmony, prohibition, removal of untouchability and stress on women’s education.

The following objectives were also in Sevagram experiment: (1) to use khadi clothes, (2)
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to introduce Health Programme, (3) the programme of sanitation in the village, (4) the
programme of women welfare, (5) the programme of economic help, (6) to uplift the backward
classes, (7) primary and adult educational programmes, (8) to improve the conditions of poor
people, (9) programme of social harmony, and (10) to popularise the mother tongue and other
national dialects.
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14. Write a note on Marthandam project .
This project of rural development was initiated in the village Marthandam near
Trivendrum of Kerala State by Young Men Christian Association (YMCA) and Christian
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Church Association under the direction of Dr. Spencer Hatch in 1928. This village was
undeveloped economically and the economic condition of the native majority was poor. Here,
people used to cultivate only paddy and coconut on some places. For exploiting this weakness, it
was thought that some developmental work should be done, so that the Christian faith could
spread. Consequently Dr. Hatch made agreement with YMCA and the Church for his work and
initiated this project in neighbouring village Marthandam.
This programme of Dr. Hatch remained for a long period because he had trained workers
and the local people were inspired to work themselves. As such this project was very successful
in this area. But the whole programme was centred on a person and after the death of Dr. Hatch,
there was a conflict on the question of leadership and due to no economic advantage to the non-
paid workers, this programme could not survive.
15. Write a note on Grow more food campaign.

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This campaign, started in 1942, was continued after getting the independence. The main object
of this campaign was to fulfil the need of food, which had been created due to the Second World
War. This campaign was the first one to be organized on a national level. In this campaign, the
new seeds and chemical fertilizers were distributed among the farmers. Agricultural departments
of state governments organized this campaign.

16. Write a note on Rural Re-Construction Programme In Baroda?

The Maharaja of Baroda was a progressive and enlightened man and he started the Baroda
experiment in 1932. This programme aimed at developing "will to live better" and a capacity for
self-help and self-reliance. The programme included the following items:

Improvement of communication,

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Digging of drinking water wells,

Anti-malarial measures,

Pasture development,
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Distribution of improved seeds,

Training in Cottage crafts,

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Establishment of Panchayats and Co-operatives covering every Village,

Development of village schools as Centre for teach agriculture and for improving the will to live
better. The programme had full legislative and financial support.
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17. Prepare a note on the Firka Development Scheme

The Firka Development scheme of Madras was a Government sponsored Scheme in 1946
this programme aimed at organizing the villagers for a Happier, more prosperous and fuller life
in which the individual villagers had the opportunity to develop both as an individual and as a
unit of a well-integrated society. The short term objectives of the scheme was to develop basic
amenities and an institutional framework for carrying out communication, water supply,
sanitation, formation of local self-governments and cooperatives: 'The long term objectives were
to attain self-sufficiency in food, Clothing, shelter, development of agriculture, animal
husbandry, khadi and village industries." The administrative machinery consisted of Director of
Rural Welfare at the State level, the Collector at District level, the Rural Welfare Officer at
Firka level and 5 to 10 Gramasevaks under him. Besides these, staffs for Agriculture and Public
Works were also provided for every Firka. Later in 1953-54, when the Community

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Development Programme and National Extension Service Programme were adopted by Madras
State, the Firka Development Scheme was merged with it.

18. Write a note onThe Etawah Pilot Project?

In 1948, Albert Mayor started the Etawah Pilot Project for the development of the rural
areas of Etawah District in Uttar Pradesh. The main objective of the project was "to see what
degree of productive and social improvement as well as initiative, self-confidence and co-
operation can be developed. The problem was to ascertain how quickly these results may be
attained and remain permanently a part of the people's mental, spiritual, technical equipment and
outlook after the special pressure is lifted." The other important features were: production
intensity, people's cooperation, development of appropriate attitudes, careful selection of

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Personnel, self-reliance, local resources and supply and development of Village leadership.

The effort was made to introduce the Concept of Decentralized Economy leading to Agro-
Industrial Economy which in turn led to the development of agriculture, horticulture, poultry,
piggery, fishery, and other forms of animal husbandry. For intensive operation of the
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programme, 97 Villages of Mahadeva Block in Etawah District were selected. Various activities
llke agricultural Demonstrations, soil conservation, improvement in animal husbandry, village
sanitation and the co-operation of various departments and non-official agencies were carried
out. In order to secure people's participation, a programme of social education was also started.
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The Project was successful in achieving its aim and within 3 years, it was extended to 300
Villages of the Etawah District in UP."

19. Write a note on The Nilokheri Experiment?

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S. K. Dey was the founder of the Nilokheri Experiment in 1948, when nearly 7000
displaced persons were rehabilitated in Nilokheri town after independence. The scheme was also
known as "Mazdoor Manzil" because of its principle 'he who will not work, neither shall he eat'.
Under this programme, the main activities were a Vocational Training Centre run on co-
operative lines and the Colony had its own dairy, poultry, piggery, printing press, engineering
workshops, tannery, and bone-meal factory. People were given vocational training of their
choice to run these Co-operative Enterprises. Rights for education and medical care for the sick
were also guaranteed.” The Nilokheri project, in spite of its limitations, left an imprint on the
Community Development Programme in the country. It gave the idea of agro-industrial
Township as the nerve-Centre of rural development. The programme found place in the First
Five Year Plan and in the layout of the Financial Plan of the first 52 Community Projects.

28 XII GANDHIAN STUDIES SOLVED QN BANK BY SARVODAYA TEACHERS COLLECTIVE [HSSLIVE.IN]

Kudumbashree
• Kudumbashree Kudumbashree (prosperity of the family), the women oriented community
based poverty alleviation programme which is based on micro-credit and self- help group
,being implemented in Kerala by the State Government in 1998, with the active support
of Government of India, National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD) tries to cure the morbid development imbalance of the State.
• Mission of Kudumbashree “To eradicate absolute poverty in ten years through concerted
community action under the leadership of Local Governments, by facilitating
organization of poor for combining self help with demand led convergence of available

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services and resources to tackle the multiple dimensions and manifestation of poverty
holistically”. Reaching out to the families through women & reaching out to the society
through families
• Gram Panchayat | Community Development Society (One in each panchayat, registered
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as a Society under the Societies Act) | Area Development Society (30-40 NHGs) – ward
level (Overseeing committee of 7 persons) | Neighbourhood Groups and Self Help
Groups (10-20 persons) Structure of the Kudumbashree
• Kudumbashree promotes: Toys Units and Grocery Shops.¬ Soap Powder Units ¬
Readymade Garments Units ¬ Electronics Units ¬ Horticulture Units ¬ Building
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Materials Units ¬ Umbrella Units ¬ Condiments Units ¬ Foot Ware Units ¬ Fruit
Processing Units ¬ Group Farming Units ¬ IT Units ¬ Canteens/ Catering Units ¬
• Micro- Enterprises Programme: Kudumbashree promotes Thrift mobilization by setting
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up thrift & Credit Societies at NHG level to encourage the poor to save and to provide
them cost effective and easy credit.
• “Ashraya” in local language (depending) aims at uplifting the poorest of the poor from
their destitution. Poorest of the poor families, which lack adequate food, drinking water,
shelter, educational facilities for children, sanitation facilities, employment opportunities
and land for shelter and worst sufferers of illness and chronic diseases are identified and
rehabilitated under various schemes. The programme launched in 391 village Panchayats
and 6 municipalities.
• Lease land farming programme, named ‘Harithashree’ in local language, lends helping
hands to those cultivators who are having no land at all. So Kudumbashree pools
uncultivated lands on rent and provide the willing cultivators for agricultural operations.
6. Lease Land Farming/ “Haritashree”:

29 XII GANDHIAN STUDIES SOLVED QN BANK BY SARVODAYA TEACHERS COLLECTIVE [HSSLIVE.IN]

• self-sufficiency, self reliance and sustainability (S3) of the village panchayats. The
project envisages to addressing the problems of child development, geriatric care,
mentally and physically challenged, education, adolescent care, women empowerment,
and enterprise development, unemployment of the educated youth, agriculture/animal
husbandry / dairy development, revamping the traditional sectors basic minimum needs
and destitute identification and rehabilitation.
• The children from poor families are organized to develop their intellectual faculties by
performing cultural activities from time to time. “Balasabhas” functions as a platform of
the children to help develop their overall capabilities that combines education,
entertainment and empowerment.
• Kudumbashree became the lifeline to many of the poor women in the State of Kerala.

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Resultantly, the women of the State have become active participants in the planning and
implementation process of various anti-poverty programmes. By participating in various
income generating– cum developmental activities, the morale and confidence of women
become very high. In a nutshell, Kudumbashree, a comprehensive SHG- based poverty
eradication programme with partnership of local government and SHG is considered a
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unique programme. All the state can introduce such a women oriented poverty alleviation
programme and ultimately which leads to empowerment of women.

Prepared by SARVODAYA TEACHERS COLLECTIVE

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30 XII GANDHIAN STUDIES SOLVED QN BANK BY SARVODAYA TEACHERS COLLECTIVE [HSSLIVE.IN]