Stored Procedures and Triggers in SQL

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

List the advantages of stored procedures

Interpret the various aspects of stored procedures

Outline the different types of error handlers

Analyze SQL triggers

Introduction to Stored Procedures
 Stored Procedures

A stored procedure is a collection of precompiled SQL commands in a database.

Parameter List

SQL
Name
Statements

When a procedure calls itself, then it is called a recursive stored procedure.

 Stored Procedures

The explanation of each parameter in the stored procedure syntax is given below:

Procedure Name • Refers to the name of the stored procedure

Declaration Section • Refers to the declarations of all variables

Executable Section • Refers to the section of code that is executable

Advantages of Stored Procedures
 Advantages of Stored Procedures

Secure Database Better Performance

Centralized Business Logic Advantages Higher Productivity

Reduced Network Traffic Ease of Use

Increased Scalability
Working with Stored Procedures
 Changing the Default Delimiter

MySQL Workbench uses the delimiter (;) to separate statements and execute each
statement distinctly.

• If MySQL Workbench is used to define a stored procedure

with semicolon characters, then it considers the whole
stored procedure as multiple statements.
• To tackle this, redefine the delimiter temporarily. This will
pass the whole stored procedure to the MySQL workbench
as a single statement.
• The command to redefine delimiter is DELIMITER
delimiter_character.

Note: Backslash (\) is an escape character, and it must be avoided in MySQL.

 Creating Stored Procedures

CREATE PROCEDURE keywords are used to create stored procedures.

SYNTAX
CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name(parameter_list)
BEGIN
statements;
END

In MySQL, code is written between the BEGIN and END keywords. The delimiter character is placed
after END to conclude the procedure statement.
 Executing Stored Procedures

To execute the stored procedure, you can use the following syntax with the CALL keyword:

SYNTAX

CALL [Procedure Name] ([Parameters])

If the procedure has parameters, then the parameter values must be specified in
the parenthesis.
 Removing Stored Procedures

DROP PROCEDURE statement is used to delete stored procedures.

SYNTAX

DROP PROCEDURE [IF EXISTS] stored_procedure_name;

• If you drop a procedure that does not exist without using the IF EXISTS option, MySQL
shows an error.
• If you use the IF EXISTS option for the same condition, then MySQL shows a warning.
 Stored Procedures: Example

Problem Statement: You are a junior DB administrator in your company. Your manager has
asked you to retrieve data on employees with more than five years of experience, using a
single command.

Objective: Use a stored procedure to retrieve the required data anytime.

 Stored Procedures: Example

Step 1: You have a table on employees with details, such as employee ID, first name, last
name, gender, role name, department, experience, country, and continent.

• If you drop a procedure that does not exist without using the IF EXISTS option, MySQL
shows an error.
• If you use the IF EXISTS option for the same condition, then MySQL shows a warning.
 Stored Procedures: Example

Step 2: Create a stored procedure that displays the employees with more than five years of
experience using the following command.

QUERY
DELIMITER &&
CREATE PROCEDURE get_mid_experience()
BEGIN
SELECT * FROM Emp_Table WHERE experience > 5;
END &&

• If you drop a procedure that does not exist without using the IF EXISTS option, MySQL
shows an error.
• If you use the IF EXISTS option for the same condition, then MySQL shows a warning.
 Stored Procedures: Example

Step 3: Call for the stored procedure to return the results based on the specified condition.

QUERY

CALL get_mid_experience();

Output:
 Using Variables in Stored Procedures

Variable is a named data object whose value can be changed during stored procedure execution.

They are used to store immediate results and are local to the stored procedure.
 Declaring and Assigning Variables

DECLARE and SET keywords are used to declare and set variables.

Declaring Variables Assigning Variables

DECLARE variable_name SET variable_name = value;

datatype(size) [DEFAULT
default_value];
 Declaring and Assigning Variables: Example

Problem statement: You are a junior DB administrator, and your manager has asked you to
identify the total number of employees in the employee table created earlier.

Objectives: Use the stored procedure to view the number of employees anytime and also
declare a variable for total employees.
 Declaring and Assigning Variables: Example

Step 1: Using the same employee table as earlier, create a stored procedure and declare a
default variable 0.

QUERY

DELIMITER &&
CREATE PROCEDURE get_total_employees()
BEGIN
DECLARE totalemployee INT DEFAULT 0;
SELECT COUNT (*)
INTO totalemployee
FROM Emp_Table;
SELECT totalemployee;
END &&
DELIMITER ;
 Declaring and Assigning Variables: Example

Step 2: Use the CALL function to view the stored procedure results.

QUERY
CALL get_total_employees()

Output:
 Scope of Variables

Scope of a variable refers to the lifetime of a variable.

A variable declared
A variable declared Two or more variables
inside the stored
inside the block with the same name
procedure will be out
BEGIN END will be out can be declared in
of scope when it
of scope at END. MySQL.
reaches END.

Note: A variable that begins with @ is called a session variable. It is accessible until the
session ends.
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values

Parameter refers to a placeholder for a variable to store a value of a data type.

IN OUT INOUT

Generally, MySQL stored functions return a single value. To obtain multiple values, use
stored procedures with INOUT or OUT parameters.
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values (IN)

This is the default mode, and parameter is the input here. The calling program must pass an
argument to the stored procedure when it is defined.

• Values are protected in an IN parameter.

• When the values in the parameter are changed,
IN
the original value remains unchanged after the
stored procedure ends.
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values: Example (IN)

Problem Statement: You are a junior DB administrator in your organization. Your manager
has asked you to list the employee names in the automotive department.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with an IN parameter to extract employee names by

specifying the department name.
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values: Example (IN)

Step 1: Create a procedure named employee of auto. Keep the department as the IN parameter.

QUERY

CREATE PROCEDURE Employee_of_Auto(

IN Department VARCHAR(255)
)
BEGIN
SELECT Emp_Name, Dept
FROM Emp_Table
WHERE Dept = “Automotive”;
END
Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values: Example (IN)

Step 2: Call the procedure with the mentioned department.

QUERY

CALL Emp_of_Auto("Automotive");

Output:
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values (OUT)

This parameter is used to pass a parameter as an output. Its value can be changed inside
the stored procedure.

OUT

The initial value of the OUT parameter cannot be accessed by the stored procedure
when it starts.
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values: Example (OUT)

Problem Statement: You are a junior DB administrator in your organization. Your manager
has asked you to count the employees in the retail department.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with an OUT parameter and extract the required result.
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values: Example (OUT)

Step 1: Create a procedure called employee count in retail with the OUT parameter to count the
employees in the retail department.

QUERY

DELIMITER &&
CREATE PROCEDURE Emp_Count_in_Retail ( OUT total_Emp INT)
BEGIN
SELECT count(Emp_ID) INTO total_Emp FROM Emp_Table WHERE Dept
= "Retail";
END &&
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values: Example (OUT)

Step 2: Call the created procedure to store the returned value. Pass a session variable named
@Retail_Employees. Select values from these in a separate value called employee retail.

QUERY
Output:

CALL Emp_Count_in_Retail (@Retail_Employees);

Select @Retail_Employees AS EmployeeRetail;
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values (IN OUT)

This is a combination of IN and OUT parameters.

INOUT

This specifies that the calling program can pass the argument and the stored procedure can
modify the INOUT parameter.
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values (IN OUT)

Problem Statement: You are a junior DB administrator in your organization. Your manager
wants to track total number of changes made each time when there is a new addition to an
existing database.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with an IN OUT parameter to display the required
count.
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values (IN OUT)

Step 1: Create a procedure iteration with count as the IN OUT parameter and increment as the
IN parameter.

QUERY

CREATE PROCEDURE
Iterations (INOUT count int, IN increment int)
BEGIN
SET count = count + increment;
END
 Stored Procedures That Return Multiple Values (IN OUT)

Step 2: Set Iterations to zero. Call the procedure with the variable when there is one change;
repeat the process when there are five changes.

QUERY
Output:
SET @Iterations = 0;
CALL Increment_Counter (@Iterations, 1);
select @Iterations;
CALL Increment_Counter (@Iterations, 5);
select @Iterations;
 Stored Procedures with One and Multiple Parameters

Stored procedures can have one or more parameters, and these parameters are separated
by commas.
 Stored Procedures with One Parameter: Example

Problem Statement: You are a junior DB administrator in your organization. Your manager
wants to identify an employee’s experience based on just the employee ID and decide
whether to give them a hike or not.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with employee ID as the parameter.

 Stored Procedures with One Parameter: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure with the relevant employee details and keep employee
ID as the parameter.

QUERY
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmpExp(eid int)
BEGIN
SELECT Emp_ID, Emp_Name
Role_name, Dept, Experience
FROM Emp_Table
WHERE Emp_ID = eid;
END $$
Stored Procedures with One Parameter: Example

Step 2: Call the stored procedure.

QUERY

CALL GetEmpExp(620);

Output:
 Stored Procedures with Two Parameter: Example

Problem Statement: You are a junior DB administrator in your organization. Your manager
wants to identify employees with less than 3 years of experience and salaries less than 30000.

Objective: Create a stored procedure that takes the employee experience and salary as
parameters.
 Stored Procedures with Two Parameter: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure with the relevant employee details and keep employee
experience and employee salary as the parameters.

QUERY

DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmpHike(exp int, sal int)
BEGIN
SELECT *
FROM Emp_Table
WHERE Experience <= exp
AND Salary <= sal;
END $$
 Stored Procedures with Two Parameter: Example

Step 2: Call the stored procedure.

QUERY

CALL GetEmpHike(3,30000);

Output:
 Listing Stored Procedures

SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS statement displays all the characteristics of stored procedures.

• Returns stored procedures that have a privilege to

access
• Stores stored names
Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR
 Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR

Problem Statement: You work as a junior analyst at your organization. You must assist the
HR department with the development of an employee information table in one of the
databases so that the HR can track and retrieve their data anytime they need it.

Objective: Build the appropriate database and table for storing the HR specific data.

Download the HR_EMP_TABLE.csv file from the course resources section.

 Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR

The HR department has provided a detailed description of the required table given below.

Column Name Value Type

EMP_ID A unique ID assigned to each employee while joining the organization

MANAGER_ID EMP_ID of the reporting manager for the project

FIRST_NAME First name of the employee

LAST_NAME Last name of the employee

SALARY Monthly salary of the employee in dollars

GENDER Gender of the employee abbreviated as M (male), F (female), and O (others)

EXP Overall work experience of the employee

ROLE Employee job designation

CONTINENT Location of the branch

COUNTRY Country of the branch
DEPT Department of the employee
 Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR

Step 1: Create a database named HR_DB with the CREATE DATABASE statement.

SQL Query

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS

HR_DB;
 Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR

Step 2: Set HR_DB as the default database in MySQL with the USE statement.

SQL Query

USE HR_DB;
 Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR

Step 3: Set INNODB as the default storage engine for HR_DB database in MySQL
with the SET statement.

SQL Query

SET default_storage_engine =
INNODB;
 Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR

Step 4: Create the required EMP_RECORDS table in the HR_DB database with the CREATE TABLE
statement as given below.

SQL Query
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS HR_DB.EMP_RECORDS (

EMP_ID VARCHAR(4) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CHECK(SUBSTR(EMP_ID,1,1) = 'E’),

FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

LAST_NAME VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

GENDER VARCHAR(1) NOT NULL CHECK(GENDER IN ('M', 'F', 'O')),

ROLE VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

DEPT VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

EXP INTEGER NOT NULL CHECK (EXP >= 0),

COUNTRY VARCHAR(80) NOT NULL,

CONTINENT VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,

SALARY DECIMAL(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '2000.00’ CHECK(SALARY >= 2000.00),

EMP_RATING INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 CHECK (EMP_RATING IN (1,2,3,4,5)),

MANAGER_ID VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL CHECK(SUBSTR(MANAGER_ID,1,1) = 'E’),

) ENGINE=INNODB;
 Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR

Step 5: Analyze the structure of the EMP_RECORDS table with the DESCRIBE statement.

Output:

SQL Query

DESCRIBE HR_DB.EMP_RECORDS;
 Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR

Step 6: Insert the required data from the downloaded HR_EMP_TABLE.csv file into the
EMP_RECORDS table as shown below.

SQL Query

INSERT INTO

HR_DB.EMP_RECORDS(EMP_ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,GENDER,ROLE,DEPT,EXP,COUNTRY,CONTIN
ENT,SALARY,EMP_RATING,MANAGER_ID)

VALUES

("E083","Patrick","Voltz","M","MANAGER","HEALTHCARE",15,"USA","NORTH
AMERICA","9500",5,"E002"),

...

...

("E403","Steve","Hoffman","M","ASSOCIATE DATA SCIENTIST","FINANCE",4,"USA","NORTH

AMERICA","5000",3,"E103");
 Use Case: Employee Data Analysis by HR

Step 7: Analyze the data entered into the EMP_RECORDS table with the SELECT statement.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM HR_DB.EMP_RECORDS;

Output:
Compound Statement
 Compound Statement

Compound statement is a block that contains declarations of variables, condition

handlers, cursors, loops, and conditional tests.

Functionality Structure Application

 Compound Statement

The compound statements are enclosed within a BEGIN...END block.

Syntax
[begin_label:] BEGIN

[statement_list]

END [end_label]
 Compound Statement: Example

Problem Statement: The HR department wants to extract the manager’s details along with
the number of employees reporting to the manager by using the manager’s employee ID.

Objective: Create a stored procedure that takes the manager's employee ID as input and
returns the manager's basic information as well as the number of employees reporting to
the manager.
 Compound Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as shown below:

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS GetEmpCount; FROM EMP_RECORDS m

DELIMITER $$ LEFT JOIN EMP_RECORDS e ON m.EMP_ID =

e.MANAGER_ID
CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmpCount(IN mid VARCHAR(4))
WHERE m.ROLE IN ("MANAGER", "PRESIDENT","CEO")
BEGIN
AND m.EMP_ID = mid
DECLARE empCount INT;
GROUP BY m.EMP_ID
DECLARE managerName VARCHAR(255);
ORDER BY m.EMP_ID;
SET empCount = 0;
SET empCount = empCount + 1;
SET managerName = (SELECT CONCAT(FIRST_NAME, ' ',
LAST_NAME) FROM EMP_RECORDS WHERE EMP_ID = mid); END WHILE;

WHILE empCount < 1 DO END $$

SELECT m.EMP_ID, m.FIRST_NAME, m.LAST_NAME, DELIMITER ;

m.ROLE, m.DEPT, COUNT(e.EMP_ID) AS `EMP_COUNT`

 Compound Statement: Example

Step 2: Execute this stored procedure with the EMP_ID of the manager and check the output.

SQL Query

CALL GetEmpCount("E083");

Output:
Conditional Statements
 Conditional Statements

Conditional statements are used to regulate the flow of an SQL query's

execution by describing the logic that will be executed if a condition is satisfied.
 Types of Conditional Statements

There are two types of conditional statements supported by MySQL.

IF CASE
Conditional
Statement
 IF Statement

It is a type of control-flow
In the IF condition, a block
statement that determines
whether to execute a block of
IF of SQL code is specified
STATEMENT between the IF and END
SQL code based on a specified
IF keywords.
condition.
 Types of IF Statements

IF

IF-THEN IF-THEN-ELSEIF-
ELSE

IF-THEN-ELSE
 IF-THEN Statement

The IF-THEN statement executes a set of SQL statements based on a specified condition.

Syntax
IF condition THEN

statement_list;

END IF;
 IF-THEN Statement: Example

Problem Statement: The HR department wants to identify the employees who have a rating
below three and are not performing well.

Objective: Create a stored procedure to determine if an employee's performance is bad

depending on the rating, where a rating below three indicates bad performance.
 IF-THEN Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as shown below:

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS getEmpScore1;

DELIMITER $$

CREATE PROCEDURE getEmpScore1(

IF score < 3 THEN
IN eid VARCHAR(4),
SET performance = "BAD";
OUT performance VARCHAR(50))
END IF;
BEGIN
END $$
DECLARE score INT DEFAULT 1;

SELECT EMP_RATING INTO score

FROM EMP_RECORDS WHERE EMP_ID = eid;

 IF-THEN Statement: Example

Step 2: Use the EMP_ID and a temporary global variable @performance to run this stored
procedure, and then use this variable to examine the result.

SQL Query SQL Query

CALL getEmpScore1("E505",
SELECT @performance;
@performance);

Output:
 IF-THEN-ELSE Statement

The IF-THEN-ELSE statement executes another set of SQL statements when the
condition in the IF branch does not evaluate to TRUE.

Syntax
IF condition THEN

statement_list;

ELSE

statement_list;

END IF;
 IF-THEN-ELSE Statement

Problem Statement: The HR department needs to know the employees who have a rating below
three and are not doing well as well as the ones with a rating of three or more and are
performing well.

Objective: Create a stored procedure to determine if an employee's performance is good or

bad depending on the rating, where a rating below three indicates bad performance and three
or above indicates good performance.
 IF-THEN-ELSE Statement

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as shown below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS getEmpScore2;

DELIMITER $$
IF score < 3 THEN
CREATE PROCEDURE getEmpScore2(
SET performance = "BAD";
IN eid VARCHAR(4), OUT performance VARCHAR(50))
ELSE
BEGIN
SET performance = "GOOD";
DECLARE score INT DEFAULT 1;
END IF;
SELECT EMP_RATING INTO score
END$$
FROM EMP_RECORDS

WHERE EMP_ID = eid;

 IF-THEN-ELSE Statement

Step 2: Use the EMP_ID and a temporary global variable @performance to run this stored
procedure, and then use this variable to examine the result.

SQL Query SQL Query

CALL getEmpScore2("E005",
SELECT @performance;
@performance);

Output:
 IF-THEN-ELSEIF-ELSE Statement

The IF-THEN-ELSEIF-ELSE statement conditionally executes a set of SQL

statements based on multiple conditions.

Syntax
IF condition THEN

statement_list;

ELSEIF elseif_condition THEN

statement_list;

...

ELSE

statement_list;

END IF;

It can have multiple ELSEIF branches.

 IF-THEN-ELSEIF-ELSE Statement: Example

Problem Statement: The HR department needs to know how each employee is performing
by categorizing them based on their ratings, which vary from one to five. They want to grade
each employee's performance as Overachiever, Excellent Performance, Meeting
Expectations, Below Expectations, and Not Achieving Any Goals.

Objective: Create a stored procedure to determine the performance of an employee based

on the employee rating with an additional criteria for identifying an invalid rating using the
IF-THEN-ELSEIF-ELSE statement.
 IF-THEN-ELSEIF-ELSE Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as shown below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS getEmpScore3; ELSEIF score = 4 THEN

SET performance = "Excellent Performance";
DELIMITER $$
ELSEIF score = 3 THEN
CREATE PROCEDURE getEmpScore3(
SET performance = "Meeting Expectation";
IN eid VARCHAR(4),
ELSEIF score = 2 THEN
OUT performance VARCHAR(50))
SET performance = "Below Expectation";
BEGIN
ELSEIF score = 1 THEN
DECLARE score INT DEFAULT 1; SET performance = "Not Achieving Any
SELECT EMP_RATING INTO score FROM EMP_RECORDS Goals";
WHERE EMP_ID = eid; ELSE
IF score = 5 THEN SET performance = "Invalid Rating";

SET performance = "Over Achiever"; END IF;

END$$
 IF-THEN-ELSEIF-ELSE Statement: Example

Step 2: Use the EMP_ID and a temporary global variable @performance to run this stored
procedure, and then use this variable to examine the result.

SQL Query SQL Query

CALL getEmpScore3("E005",
SELECT @performance;
@performance);

Output:
 CASE Statement

CASE
Statement

It is a type of control-flow
statement used in stored It extends the
procedures to create functionality of the IF
conditional statements statement.
that make the code more
readable and efficient.
 Types of CASE Statements

Simple CASE CASE Searched CASE

 Simple CASE Statement

It checks for equality; however, it cannot be used to check for equality

with NULL because NULL returns FALSE.

Syntax
CASE case_value
WHEN when_value1 THEN statements
WHEN when_value2 THEN statements
ELSE
[ELSE else_statements]

Or,

BEGIN
END;
END CASE;

It only allows a value to be compared to a set of distinct values.

 Simple CASE Statement

MySQL raises an error in absence of the ELSE clause if no conditions are satisfied.

Error

Case not found for CASE statement

The ELSE clause utilizes an empty BEGIN...END block to prevent any errors.
 Simple CASE Statement: Example

Problem Statement: The HR department needs to know how each employee is performing
by categorizing them based on their ratings, which vary from one to five. They want to grade
each employee's performance as Overachiever, Excellent Performance, Meeting
Expectations, Below Expectations, and Not Achieving Any Goals.

Objective: Create a stored procedure to determine the performance of an employee based

on the employee rating with an additional criteria for identifying an invalid rating using the
Simple CASE statement.
 Simple CASE Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as shown below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS getEmpScore4; CASE score

DELIMITER $$ WHEN 5 THEN

CREATE PROCEDURE getEmpScore4( SET performance = "Over Achiever";

IN eid VARCHAR(4), WHEN 4 THEN

OUT performance VARCHAR(50)) SET performance = "Excellent Performance";

BEGIN WHEN 3 THEN

DECLARE score INT DEFAULT 1; SET performance = "Meeting Expectation";

SELECT EMP_RATING INTO score WHEN 2 THEN

FROM EMP_RECORDS WHERE EMP_ID = eid; SET performance = "Below Expectation";

 Simple CASE Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as shown below.

SQL Query – Par 3

WHEN 1 THEN

SET performance = "Not Achieving Any

Goals";

ELSE

BEGIN

SET performance = "Invalid Rating";

END;

END CASE;

END$$
 Simple CASE Statement: Example

Step 2: Use the EMP_ID and a temporary global variable @performance to run this stored
procedure, and then use this variable to examine the result.

SQL Query SQL Query

CALL getEmpScore4("E005",
SELECT @performance;
@performance);

Output:
 Searched CASE Statement

It is similar to the IF statement; however, it is considerably more readable.

Syntax
CASE
WHEN search_condition1 THEN statements
WHEN search_condition1 THEN statements
...
[ELSE else_statements]

Or,

BEGIN
END;
END CASE;

It is used for performing more complex matching such as ranges.

 Searched CASE Statement

MySQL raises an error in absence of the ELSE clause if no condition evaluates to TRUE.

Error

Case not found for CASE statement

The ELSE clause utilizes an empty BEGIN...END block to prevent errors.

 Searched CASE Statement: Example

Problem Statement: The HR department needs to know how each employee is performing
by categorizing them based on their ratings, which vary from one to five. They want to grade
each employee's performance as Overachiever, Excellent Performance, Meeting
Expectations, Below Expectations, and Not Achieving Any Goals.

Objective: Create a stored procedure to determine the performance of an employee based

on the employee rating with an additional criteria for identifying an invalid rating using the
Searched CASE statement.
 Searched CASE Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as shown below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS getEmpScore5; CASE

DELIMITER $$ WHEN score = 5 THEN

CREATE PROCEDURE getEmpScore6( SET performance = "Over Achiever";

IN eid VARCHAR(4), WHEN score = 4 THEN

OUT performance VARCHAR(50)) SET performance = "Excellent Performance";

BEGIN WHEN score = 3 THEN

DECLARE score INT DEFAULT 1; SET performance = "Meeting Expectation";

SELECT EMP_RATING INTO score WHEN score = 2 THEN

FROM EMP_RECORDS WHERE EMP_ID = eid; SET performance = "Below Expectation";

 Searched CASE Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as shown below.

SQL Query – Par 3

WHEN score = 1 THEN

SET performance = "Not Achieving Any

Goals";

ELSE

BEGIN

SET performance = "Invalid Rating";

END;

END CASE;

END$$
 Searched CASE Statement: Example

Step 2: Use the EMP_ID and a temporary global variable @performance to run this stored
procedure, and then use this variable to examine the result.

SQL Query SQL Query

CALL getEmpScore5("E005",
SELECT @performance;
@performance);

Output:
Loops in Stored Procedures
Loops in Stored Procedures

Loops, also known as iterative control statements,

are a programming structure that repeats a set of
instructions until a specific condition is satisfied.

They are crucial for saving time and reducing errors.

 Types of Loops

There are three types of loops supported by MySQL.

Executes one or more Executes one or more

statements repeatedly for statements repeatedly as
an infinite number of times long as a condition is TRUE

Executes one or more

statements repeatedly
until a condition is satisfied
 LOOP Statement

DEFINITION FUNCTIONALITY

Executes one or more Extends the

statements repeatedly Basic LOOP functionality of IF
for an infinite number statement
of times
 LOOP Statement

Syntax Flowchart
[begin_label]: LOOP

statement_list START

END LOOP [end_label];

STATEMENT
 LOOP Statement: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to write a simple infinite loop in MySQL that
counts even integers and adds them one after the other in a string separated by a comma.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with a simple infinite loop in MySQL that counts even
integers from 1 and adds them one after the other in a string separated by a comma.
 LOOP Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as given below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

loop_label: LOOP
DROP PROCEDURE InfiniteEvenLoop;
SET num = num + 1;

IF (num mod 2) THEN

DELIMITER $$
ITERATE loop_label;
CREATE PROCEDURE InfiniteEvenLoop()
ELSE
BEGIN
SET msg = CONCAT(msg,num,',');
DECLARE num INT;
END IF;
DECLARE msg VARCHAR(300);
END LOOP;
SET num = 1;
SELECT msg;
SET msg = '';
END$$
 LOOP Statement: Example

Step 2: Execute this stored procedure with the CALL statement, and analyze the warning produced
by MySQL as the loop is infinite.

SQL Query

CALL InfiniteEvenLoop();

Output:
 WHILE Loop

DEFINITION FUNCTIONALITY

Executes one or more Also known as a

statements repeatedly pretest loop because
WHILE Loop it checks the search
as long as a condition
is TRUE condition before
executing the
statement(s)
 WHILE Loop

Flowchart

START
Syntax
[begin_label]: LOOP

statement_list
SEARCH
END LOOP [end_label]; CONDITION

TRUE

STATEMENT FALSE

START
 WHILE Loop: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to write a loop in MySQL that counts
integers till 10 and adds them one after the other in a string separated by a comma.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with a while loop in MySQL that counts integers till 10
and adds them one after the other in a string separated by a comma.
 WHILE Loop: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as shown below:

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE EvenWhileLoop;

WHILE num <=10 DO

DELIMITER $$
SET msg = CONCAT(msg,num,',’);
CREATE PROCEDURE EvenWhileLoop()
SET num = num + 1;
BEGIN
END WHILE;
DECLARE num INT;
SELECT msg;
DECLARE msg VARCHAR(300);
END $$
SET num = 1;

SET msg = '';

 WHILE Loop: Example

Step 2: Execute this stored procedure with CALL statement and check the output.

SQL Query

CALL EvenWhileLoop();

Output:
 REPEAT Loop

DEFINITION FUNCTIONALITY

Executes one or more Also known as a post-

statements repeatedly test loop because it
REPEAT Loop checks the search
until a condition is
satisfied condition after the
execution of the
statement(s)
 REPEAT Loop

Flowchart

START
Syntax
[begin_label]: LOOP

statement_list
STATEMENT
END LOOP [end_label];

FALSE
SEARCH
CONDITION

TRUE

START
 REPEAT Loop: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to write a loop in MySQL that counts integers
till 10 and adds them one after the other in a string separated by a comma.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with a repeat loop in MySQL that counts integers till
10 and adds them one after the other in a string separated by a comma.
 REPEAT Loop: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as given below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE EvenRepeatLoop; REPEAT

SET msg = CONCAT(msg,num,',');

Delimiter $$ SET num = num + 1;

CREATE PROCEDURE EvenRepeatLoop() UNTIL num > 10

BEGIN END REPEAT;

DECLARE num INT DEFAULT 1; SELECT msg;

DECLARE msg Varchar(300) DEFAULT ''; END $$

 REPEAT Loop: Example

Step 2: Execute this stored procedure with CALL statement and check the output.

SQL Query

CALL EvenRepeatLoop();

Output:
Terminating Stored Procedures and Loops
 LEAVE Statement

The LEAVE statement is used to exit a flow control which has a

specific label, such as stored programs or loops.

Syntax
LEAVE label;
 Using LEAVE With Stored Procedure

A LEAVE statement is used to terminate a stored procedure or function.

Syntax
DELIMITER //

CREATE PROCEDURE
procedure_name(parameter_list)
[label]: BEGIN
statement_list;
...
IF condition THEN
LEAVE [label];
END IF;
...
-- other statements
END //

DELIMITER;
 Using LEAVE With Stored Procedure: Example

Problem Statement: The HR department wants to find the employees with a rating above 3
along with their basic information.

Objective: Create a stored procedure for the basic information of an employee only if the
rating is above 3.
 Using LEAVE With Stored Procedure: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as given below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE GoodEmployeeRecord;

IF rating < 3 THEN

LEAVE sp;
Delimiter $$
END IF;
CREATE PROCEDURE GoodEmployeeRecord(eid VARCHAR(4))
SELECT EMP_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, DEPT,
sp: BEGIN
SALARY
DECLARE rating INT DEFAULT 0;
FROM EMP_RECORDS WHERE EMP_ID = eid;
SELECT EMP_RATING INTO rating
END$$
FROM EMP_RECORDS WHERE EMP_ID = eid;
 Using LEAVE With Stored Procedure: Example

Step 2: Execute this stored procedure with the EMP_ID of the employee and check the output.

SQL Query

CALL GoodEmployeeRecord("E083");

Output:
 Using LEAVE With LOOP Statement

The LEAVE statement is used in a LOOP statement when a set of statements

needs to be executed at least once before the termination of the loop.

Syntax
[label]: LOOP
statement_list
...
-- terminate the loop
IF condition THEN
LEAVE [label];
END IF;
...
-- other statements
END LOOP [label];
 Using LEAVE With LOOP Statement: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to write a simple infinite loop in MySQL that
counts even integers to add them one after the other in a string separated by a comma and
terminate when the integer exceeds 10.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with a simple infinite LOOP in MySQL that counts even
integers till 10 and adds them one after the other in a string separated by a comma,
terminating the loop when the integer count exceeds 10.
 Using LEAVE With LOOP Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as given below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE EvenLoop;

loop_label: LOOP

DELIMITER $$ IF num > 10 THEN

CREATE PROCEDURE EvenLoop() LEAVE loop_label;

BEGIN END IF;

DECLARE num INT; SET num = num + 1;

DECLARE msg VARCHAR(300); IF (num mod 2) THEN

SET num = 1; ITERATE loop_label;

SET msg = '';

Using LEAVE With LOOP Statement: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as given below.

SQL Query – Par 3

ELSE

SET msg = CONCAT(msg,num,',');

END IF;

END LOOP loop_label;

SELECT msg;

END$$
 Using LEAVE With LOOP Statement: Example

Step 2: Execute this stored procedure with the CALL statement, and analyze the warning
produced by MySQL as the loop is infinite.

SQL Query

CALL EvenLoop();

Output:
 Using LEAVE With WHILE Loop

A LEAVE statement is used to terminate a WHILE loop when a specific condition

is satisfied before its loop condition becomes FALSE.

Syntax
[label:] WHILE search_condition DO
statement_list
...
-- terminate the loop
IF condition THEN
LEAVE [label];
END IF;
...
-- other statements
END WHILE [label];
 Using LEAVE With WHILE Loop: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to write a loop in MySQL that produces the
sum of first 20 even integers.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with a WHILE Loop in MySQL that counts first 20
even integers and adds them one by one, terminating the loop when the integer count
exceeds the 20th even integer and return the sum.
 Using LEAVE With WHILE Loop: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as given below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE LeaveWhileLoop;

while_label: WHILE num < 200 DO

IF num > 20 THEN

Delimiter $$
LEAVE while_label;
CREATE PROCEDURE LeaveWhileLoop()
END IF;
BEGIN
SET sum = sum + 2;
DECLARE num INT;
SET num = num + 1;
DECLARE sum INT;
END WHILE while_label;
SET num = 1;
SELECT sum;
SET sum = 0;
END $$
 Using LEAVE With WHILE Loop: Example

Step 2: Execute this stored procedure with CALL statement and check the output.

SQL Query

CALL LeaveWhileLoop();

Output:
 Using LEAVE With REPEAT Loop

A LEAVE statement is used to terminate a REPEAT loop when a specific

condition is satisfied before its loop condition becomes TRUE.

Syntax
[label:] REPEAT
statement_list
...
-- terminate the loop
IF condition THEN
LEAVE [label];
END IF;
...
-- other statements
UNTIL search_condition
END REPEAT [label];
 Using LEAVE With WHILE Loop: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to write a loop in MySQL that produces the
sum of first 20 even integers.

Objective: Create a stored procedure with a REPEAT Loop in MySQL that counts first 20
even integers and adds them one by one, terminating the loop when the integer count
exceeds the 20th even integer and return the sum.
 Using LEAVE With REPEAT Loop: Example

Step 1: Create a stored procedure as given below.

SQL Query – Par 1 SQL Query – Par 2

DROP PROCEDURE LeaveRepeatLoop; repeat_label: REPEAT

SET sum = sum + 2;

Delimiter $$ SET num = num + 1;

CREATE PROCEDURE LeaveRepeatLoop() IF num > 20 THEN

BEGIN LEAVE repeat_label;

DECLARE num INT; END IF;

DECLARE sum INT; UNTIL num > 200

SET num = 1; END REPEAT repeat_label;

SET sum = 0; SELECT sum;

END$$
 Using LEAVE With REPEAT Loop: Example

Step 2: Execute this stored procedure with CALL statement and check the output.

SQL Query

CALL LeaveRepeatLoop();

Output:
Stored Functions in Stored Procedures
Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

A stored function is a stored program that returns a

single value.

It is a subroutine that may be accessed by programs

that use a relational database management system.
Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

The CREATE FUNCTION statement is

used for creating a stored function and
user-defined functions.
 Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

Syntax for creating a stored function:

DELIMITER $$

CREATE FUNCTION fun_name(fun_parameter(s))

RETURNS datatype
[NOT] {Characteristics}
fun_body;
 Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

Parameters Description

fun_name The name of the stored function that the user wants to create

fun_parameter The list of parameters used by the function body

datatype The data type that returns value of the function

fun_body The set of SQL statements that performs the operations

 Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

Example:
EMP_ID Fname Lname Start_Date
DELIMITER //

CREATE FUNCTION no_of_years(date1 date) RETURNS

int
BEGIN 1 Ravi Kumar 2000-01-09
DECLARE date2 DATE;
Select current_date()into date2;
RETURN year(date2)-year(date1);
END // 2 Slim Shady 2005-09-11
DELIMITER ;
SELECT no_of_years(Start_Date) AS
years_difference;
3 Michael Scott 2002-04-12

4 Travis Baker 2004-06-11

Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

Output:

EMP_ID Fname Lname Years

1 Ravi Kumar 21

2 Slim Shady 16

3 Michael Scott 19

4 Travis Baker 17
Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

To remove a stored function, we use the

DROP FUNCTION.

Syntax for removing a stored function:

DROP FUNCTION [IF EXISTS] function_name;
 Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

The list of all stored functions from databases can be accessed

by using SHOW FUNCTION STATUS.
 Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

Syntax for listing stored function:

SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
[LIKE 'pattern' | WHERE search_condition];
 Stored Functions in Stored Procedures

Syntax for listing stored function using the data dictionary:

SELECT
routine_name
FROM
information_schema.routines
WHERE
routine_type = 'FUNCTION'
AND routine_schema = '<database_name>';
 Problem Statement

Problem Scenario: You are a junior database administrator. Your manager has asked you to perform
different operations using stored function on the emp_details table with the schema named as sys.

Objective: You are required to extract the first and last names, department, and designation based on
the experience of the employees.
 Solution

Query for designation

DELIMITER $$
drop function sys.Customer_details1;
CREATE FUNCTION Customer_details1(experience int)
RETURNS VARCHAR(2255) DETERMINISTIC
BEGIN DECLARE customer_details1 VARCHAR(2255);
IF experience <= 2 THEN SET customer_details1 = 'JUNIOR DATA SCIENTIST';
ELSEIF experience <= 5 THEN SET customer_details1 = 'ASSOCIATE DATA SCIENTIST';
ELSEIF experience <= 10 THEN SET customer_details1 = 'SENIOR DATA SCIENTIST';
ELSEIF experience <= 12 THEN SET customer_details1 = 'LEAD DATA SCIENTIST';
ELSEIF experience > 12 THEN SET customer_details1 = 'MANAGER'
END IF; RETURN (customer_details1); END$$ DELIMITER $$;
SELECT first_name, last_name, department, Customer_details1(experience) as designation FROM
sys.emp_details ORDER BY experience;
 Output

After executing the query, the list of names, department, experience,

and designation are shown as the following output:
 Problem Statement

Problem Scenario: You are a junior database administrator. Your manager has asked you to perform
different operations using stored function on the emp_details table with the schema named as sys.

Objective: You are required to extract the names and status of the projects using stored procedure
with stored functions.
 Solution

Query for stored function

DELIMITER $$
CREATE FUNCTION Customer_details1(project_id VARCHAR(225))
RETURNS VARCHAR(2255) DETERMINISTIC
BEGIN DECLARE customer_details1 VARCHAR(2255);
IF project_id = 'P103' THEN SET customer_details1 = 'Drug Discovery';
ELSEIF project_id = 'P105' THEN SET customer_details1 = 'Fraud Detection';
ELSEIF project_id = 'P109' THEN SET customer_details1 = 'Market Basket Analysis';
ELSEIF project_id = 'P201' THEN SET customer_details1 = 'Self Driving Cars';
ELSEIF project_id = 'P204' THEN SET customer_details1 = 'Supply Chain Management';
ELSEIF project_id = 'P208' THEN SET customer_details1 = 'Algorithmic Trading';
ELSEIF project_id = 'P302' THEN SET customer_details1 = 'Early Detection of Lung Cancer';
ELSEIF project_id = 'P406' THEN SET customer_details1 = 'Customer Sentiment Analysis';
END IF; RETURN (customer_details1); END$$
DELIMITER $$;
 Solution

Query for using stored procedure

DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE GetCustomerDetail() BEGIN
SELECT project_id, status , Customer_details1(project_id) as
project_name FROM sys.project_details ORDER BY project_id;
END$$ DELIMITER ; call GetCustomerDetail();
 Output

After executing the query, the list of project_id, project_name, and status are
shown as the following output:
 Difference Between Stored Functions and Stored Procedures

Stored Functions Stored Procedures

• A function has a return type and returns a • A procedure does not have a return type.
value. It returns values using the OUT
parameters.
• Functions cannot be used with data
manipulation queries. Only select queries • DML queries such as insert, update, and
are allowed in functions. select can be used with procedures.

• A function does not allow output • A procedure allows both input and output
parameters. parameters.

• Stored procedures cannot be called from a • Functions can be called from a stored
function. procedure.
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures

Duration: 20 mins

Problem statement: You are working for a company that deals with geographical data. Most of the SQL
work done here is via stored procedures. You are an analyst and have been asked to create a stored
procedure to pull all North American countries using the COUNTRY table.
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures

Steps to be performed:
Step 01: Create a view containing the columns COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, and CONTINENT_ID
and name it "COUNTRY“

SQL Query

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS COUNTRY;

CREATE TABLE COUNTRY (
COUNTRY_ID INT,
COUNTRY_NAME TEXT,
CONTINENT_ID INT,
CONTINENT_NAME TEXT
);
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures

Output:
 Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures

Step 02: Insert values in the COUNTRY table

SQL Query

INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (1, 'Ukraine', 3, 'Europe');
INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (2, 'France', 3, 'Europe'); INSERT
COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (3, 'Germany', 3, 'Europe'); INSERT
COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (4, 'Italy', 3, 'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY
(COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (5, 'United States', 2, 'North America'); INSERT
COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (6, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina', 3,
'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (7, 'United Kingdom',
3, 'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (8, 'Japan', 1,
'Asia'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (9, 'Indonesia', 1,
'Asia'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (10, 'Vietnam', 1,
'Asia'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (11, 'Russia', 3,
'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (12, 'Switzerland', 3,
'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (13, 'Cuba', 2, 'North
America');
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures

Step 03: Display the COUNTRY table

SQL Query
SELECT * FROM COUNTRY
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures

Step 04: Write a query to create a stored procedure and name it "SP_COUNTRIES_NA"

SQL Query
DELIMITER &&
CREATE PROCEDURE SP_COUNTRIES_NA()
BEGIN
SELECT COUNTRY_NAME FROM COUNTRY WHERE CONTINENT_NAME="North America";
END &&
CALL SP_COUNTRIES_NA();
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with One
Parameter

Duration: 20 mins

Problem statement: You are working for a company that deals with geographical data. Most of the
SQL work done here is via stored procedures. You are an analyst and have been asked to create a
stored procedure to pull the count of distinct countries in a continent, passed in the procedure
argument, using the COUNTRY table.
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with One
Parameter

Steps to be performed:
Step 01: Create a view containing the columns COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, and CONTINENT_ID
and name it "COUNTRY“

SQL Query
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS COUNTRY;
CREATE TABLE COUNTRY (
COUNTRY_ID INT,
COUNTRY_NAME TEXT,
CONTINENT_ID INT,
CONTINENT_NAME TEXT);
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with One
Parameter

Output:
 Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with One
Parameter

Step 02: Insert values in the COUNTRY table

SQL Query

INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (1, 'Ukraine', 3, 'Europe');
INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (2, 'France', 3, 'Europe'); INSERT
COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (3, 'Germany', 3, 'Europe'); INSERT
COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (4, 'Italy', 3, 'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY
(COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (5, 'United States', 2, 'North America'); INSERT
COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (6, 'Bosnia and Herzegovina', 3,
'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (7, 'United Kingdom',
3, 'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (8, 'Japan', 1,
'Asia'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (9, 'Indonesia', 1,
'Asia'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (10, 'Vietnam', 1,
'Asia'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (11, 'Russia', 3,
'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (12, 'Switzerland', 3,
'Europe'); INSERT COUNTRY (COUNTRY_ID, COUNTRY_NAME, CONTINENT_ID, CONTINENT_NAME) VALUES (13, 'Cuba', 2, 'North
America');
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with One
Parameter

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with One
Parameter

Step 03: Display the COUNTRY table

SQL Query
SELECT * FROM COUNTRY
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with One
Parameter

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with One
Parameter

Step 04: Write a query to create a stored procedure and name it "SP_COUNTRIES_OF_CONTINENT"

SQL Query
DELIMITER &&
CREATE PROCEDURE SP_COUNTRIES_OF_CONTINENT(IN CONT_NAME TEXT)
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT COUNTRY_NAME) FROM COUNTRY WHERE CONTINENT_NAME=CONT_NAME;
END &&

CALL SP_COUNTRIES_OF_CONTINENT('Asia');

CALL SP_COUNTRIES_OF_CONTINENT('North America');

Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with One
Parameter

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Duration: 20 mins

Problem statement: You work for an ed-tech startup that curates and delivers courses for experienced
professionals. You have been asked to create a procedure that classifies the courses into three
categories:
• StudentCount less than or equal to 1000
• StudentCount greater than 1000 and StudentCount less than or equal to 5000
• StudentCount greater than 5000
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Steps to be performed:
Step 01: Create a view with the columns CourseID, CourseName, and StudentCount and name it
"Course"

CREATE
CREATE TABLE Course (
CourseID INT,
CourseName TEXT,
StudentCount INT);
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Step 02: Insert values in the Course table

Query
INSERT INTO Course(CourseID, CourseName, StudentCount) VALUES(1,'Data
Science',100034),
(2,'PMP',2500),
(3,'Agile',4003),
(4,'ITIL',387),
(5,'Blockchain',7876);
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Step 03: Display the Course table

Query
SELECT * FROM Course;
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Step 04: Write a query to create a stored procedure and name it "CLASSIFY_COURSE"

Query

DELIMITER &&
CREATE PROCEDURE CLASSIFY_COURSE(IN id INT, OUT CATEGORY TEXT)
BEGIN DECLARE C INT DEFAULT 1;
SELECT StudentCount INTO C FROM Course WHERE CourseID=id;
IF C<=1000 THEN
SET CATEGORY = "Low Demand";
ELSEIF C>1000 AND C<=5000 THEN
SET CATEGORY = "Mid Demand";
ELSE SET CATEGORY = "High Demand";
END IF; END &&
CALL CLASSIFY_COURSE(1, @CATEGORY);
SELECT @CATEGORY;
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Output:
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Step 05: Write a query to create a stored procedure called "CLASSIFY_COURSE"

Test Case 01

DELIMITER &&
CREATE PROCEDURE CLASSIFY_COURSE(IN id INT, OUT CATEGORY TEXT)
BEGIN DECLARE C INT DEFAULT 1;
SELECT StudentCount INTO C FROM Course WHERE CourseID=id;
IF C<=1000 THEN
SET CATEGORY = "Low Demand";
ELSEIF C>1000 AND C<=5000 THEN
SET CATEGORY = "Mid Demand";
ELSE SET CATEGORY = "High Demand";
END IF; END &&
CALL CLASSIFY_COURSE(3, @CATEGORY);
SELECT @CATEGORY;
Assisted Practice: Stored Procedures with Multiple
Values

Output:
Knowledge Check
Knowledge
Check
Which of the following defines a stored procedure in SQL?
1

A. Block of functions

B. Group of SQL statements

C. Collection of views

D. None of the above

 Knowledge
Check
Which of the following defines a stored procedure in SQL?
1

A. Block of functions

B. Group of SQL statements

C. Collection of views

D. None of the above

The correct answer is B

A stored procedure is a logical unit in a database that groups one or more precompiled SQL
statements contained within the BEGIN and END keywords in the stored procedure's body.
Knowledge
Check
What is the purpose of the SQL CASE statement?
2

A. To filter rows in a SELECT query

B. To perform calculations on numeric columns

C. To conditionally change the value of a column

D. To join tables in a query

 Knowledge
Check
What is the purpose of the SQL CASE statement?
2

A. To filter rows in a SELECT query

B. To perform calculations on numeric columns

C. To conditionally change the value of a column

D. To join tables in a query

The correct answer is C

The CASE expression evaluates conditions sequentially and yields a value upon the first met condition, resembling
an if-then-else statement. Therefore, once a condition becomes true, the evaluation halts, and the corresponding
result is returned.
Knowledge
Check
Which of the following is an escape character in SQL?
3

A. Period

B. Comma

C. Colon

D. Backslash
 Knowledge
Check
Which of the following is an escape character in SQL?
3

A. Period

B. Comma

C. Colon

D. Backslash

The correct answer is D

Backslash is the escape character in MySQL.

Knowledge
Check
What is the keyword used to create a stored procedure?
4

A. DECLARE PROCEDURE

B. SET PROCEDURE

C. CREATE PROCEDURE

D. ASSIGN PROCEDURE
 Knowledge
Check
What is the keyword used to create a stored procedure?
4

A. DECLARE PROCEDURE

B. SET PROCEDURE

C. CREATE PROCEDURE

D. ASSIGN PROCEDURE

The correct answer is C

CREATE PROCEDURE is the keyword used to create stored procedure in MySQL.

Knowledge
Check Which of the following repeats a set of instructions until a specific condition is
5 reached?

A. Loops

B. Control structures

C. Repeat statement

D. Stored procedures
 Knowledge
Check Which of the following repeats a set of instructions until a specific condition is
5 reached?

A. Loops

B. Control structures

C. Repeat statement

D. Stored procedures

The correct answer is C

Repeat statements are used to repeat a set of instructions until a specific condition is met.
Knowledge
Check Which characteristics are used to control the privileges of execution of a stored object?
6 Select all that apply.

A. DEFINER

B. SET

C. SQL SECURITY

D. DECLARE
 Knowledge
Check Which characteristics are used to control the privileges of execution of a stored object?
6 Select all that apply.

A. DEFINER

B. SET

C. SQL SECURITY

D. DECLARE

The correct answer are A, C

DEFINER and SQL SECURITY characteristics are used to control the privileges of execution of a stored
object.
Lesson-End Project: Payroll Calculation

Problem statement:
You are a part of the HR department in a company, and you have been asked
to calculate the monthly payout for each employee based on their experience
and performance.

Objective:
The objective is to design a database to retrieve the detailed salary divisions
of each employee in the organization.

Note: Download the employee_datasets.csv and department_datasets.csv

files from Course Resources to perform the required tasks
Lesson-End Project: Payroll Calculation

Tasks to be performed:

1. Write a query to create the employee and department tables

2. Write a query to insert values into the employee and department tables
3. Write a query to create a view of the employee and department tables
4. Write a query to display the first and last names of every employee in the
employee table whose salary is greater than the average salary of the
employees listed in the SQL basics table
5. Write a query to change the delimiter to //
Lesson-End Project: Payroll Calculation

Tasks to be performed:

6. Write a query to create a stored procedure in the employee table for

every employee whose salary is greater than or equal to 250,000
7. Write a query to execute the stored procedure
8. Write a query to create and execute a stored procedure with one
parameter using the order by function in descending order of the salary
earned

Note: Download the solution document from the Course Resources section
and follow the steps given in the document
 Key Takeaways

A stored procedure is executed using the CALL keyword.

The CREATE PROCEDURE keyword is used to create stored procedures,

which can contain one or more comma-separated parameters.

IF and CASE are the two types of conditional statements that govern
the execution of a SQL query.

A trigger is a set of actions that are executed automatically when a

specific change operation is performed on a specific table.