Project Report: Arduino

UNO and Ultrasonic Sensor-

Based Radar System
 Table of Contents

• Project Overview Team Members and

• Roles
• Introduction to Radar System
• Components and Their Description
• Block Diagram
• Circuit Diagram
• Working Principle
• Arduino Code
• Processing Code
• Problem Statement
• Key Points and Improvements
• Applications
• Future Enhancements
• Conclusion
• References
Project Overview

This project focuses on developing a radar system using Arduino UNO

and an ultrasonic sensor. The system can detect objects, measure their
distance, and display their position on a screen. This project aims to
provide a cost-effective, educational demonstration of radar technology
principles.

Team Members :

1.Ashutosh upadhaya
2.Sanyam Soni
3.Rahul Soni
Introduction to Radar System

Radar is a long-range object detection system that uses radio waves to

determine parameters such as range, speed, and position of an object.
This project employs sonar technology using an ultrasonic sensor to
detect objects within a specific range, simulating radar functionality.
Radar systems typically use microwaves to determine the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of objects. These waves bounce off objects
in their path, allowing the radar to detect and measure objects within its
range.

Principle of Operation

Radar systems operate by transmitting a signal that reflects off an object

and returns to the radar receiver. The time delay between transmission
and reception, along with the angle of the returned signal, allows the
system to calculate the object's distance and position. Doppler radar
systems also measure the frequency shift of the returned signal to
determine the object's speed.
Components and Their Description

Hardware
• Arduino UNO: A microcontroller used to process data and control the
system.
• Specifications: ATmega328P microcontroller, 14 digital I/O pins,
6 analog input pins, 32 KB flash memory.
• Role: Acts as the brain of the radar system, processing input
from the sensor and controlling the servo motor.

• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor: Measures the distance to objects using

ultrasonic waves.
• Specifications: Operating voltage 5V, measuring angle 15
degrees, ranging distance 2 cm to 400 cm.
• Role: Sends out ultrasonic waves and receives the reflected
waves to measure distance.

• Tower Pro SG90 Servo Motor: Rotates the ultrasonic sensor to scan the
area.
• Specifications: Operating voltage 4.8V-6V, torque 2.5kg/cm,
rotation angle 0° to 180°.
• Role: Moves the ultrasonic sensor to different angles for
scanning.

• Mounting Bracket for Ultrasonic Sensor: Holds the sensor in place.

• Role: Provides stability and positioning for the ultrasonic sensor.
 • Jumper Cables + USB Cable (for Arduino): Used for connections and
power.
• Role: Facilitates the connection of components and power
supply.

Software

• Arduino IDE: Platform for writing and uploading code to the Arduino.

• Features: Code editor, serial monitor, integrated libraries for

various sensors and actuators.
• Role: Develops and uploads the control code to the Arduino
UNO.

• Processing Application: Software for visualizing the radar data.

• Features: Graphics library, serial communication capabilities,

interactive display.
• Role: Receives data from the Arduino and displays it in a visual
format.

Ultrasonic Sensor
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor determines the distance to a target object. It
has a transmitter that converts electrical signals to ultrasonic waves and a
receiver that converts the reflected waves back into electrical signals. It
operates at 4 MHz and has a detection range of 2 cm to 400 cm.
Servo Motor

The Tower Pro SG90 servo motor operates on +5V and has a torque of
2.5kg/cm. It rotates between 0°-180° to allow the ultrasonic sensor to scan
the area.

Block Diagram
Below is a simplified block diagram illustrating the connection between the
components:

Circuit Diagram
Here is the basic circuit diagram for the radar system:
Working Principle

The system's objective is to determine the distance, position, and speed of

obstacles. The ultrasonic sensor sends out waves and detects the reflected
waves from objects. The Arduino processes these signals and determines the
distance and angle of the object. This data is displayed on a screen using the
Processing application.

Detailed Working Steps

1. Initialization: The Arduino initializes the servo motor and sets the
ultrasonic sensor pins as input and output.
2. Scanning: The servo motor rotates the ultrasonic sensor from 0° to
180°, pausing at each step to take a distance measurement.
3. Distance Measurement: At each step, the ultrasonic sensor sends out a
40 kHz pulse. The time taken for the echo to return is measured.
4. Data Processing: The Arduino calculates the distance based on the time
delay and sends this data, along with the angle, to the Processing
application via serial communication.
5. Visualization: The Processing application plots the distance and angle
on a polar coordinate system, creating a real-time radar display.
Arduino Code

#include <Servo.h>

#define TRIG_PIN 9

#define ECHO_PIN 10

#define SERVO_PIN 11

Servo myServo;

int pos = 0;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(TRIG_PIN, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ECHO_PIN, INPUT);

myServo.attach(SERVO_PIN);

void loop() {

for(pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 1) {

myServo.write(pos);

delay(20);

long duration, distance;

digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(ECHO_PIN, HIGH);

 distance = (duration / 2) / 29.1;

Serial.print(pos);

Serial.print(",");

Serial.println(distance);

delay(100);

for(pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos -= 1) {

myServo.write(pos);

delay(20);

long duration, distance;

digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(ECHO_PIN, HIGH);

distance = (duration / 2) / 29.1;

Serial.print(pos);

Serial.print(",");

Serial.println(distance);

delay(100);

}
Processing Code

import processing.serial.*;

Serial myPort;
String data;
float angle, distance;

void setup() {
size(800, 800);
myPort = new Serial(this, "COM3", 9600); // Adjust COM port as necessary
}

void draw() {
background(0);
fill(0, 255, 0);
translate(width/2, height/2);
ellipse(0, 0, 10, 10);
if (myPort.available() > 0) {
data = myPort.readStringUntil('\n');
if (data != null) {
data = trim(data);
String[] values = split(data, ',');
if (values.length == 2) {
angle = float(values[0]);
distance = float(values[1]);
float x = cos(radians(angle)) * distance;
float y = sin(radians(angle)) * distance;
ellipse(x, y, 10, 10);
}
}
}
}
Problem Statement
With the invention of airplanes, there arose a need for an instrument to
detect their location and time. Radar systems were developed to detect
aircraft in the air, and these systems are now crucial for defense, air-traffic
control, and many other applications. Early radar systems were large,
expensive, and limited in functionality. Modern radar systems have evolved
to be more compact, cost-effective, and versatile, but there remains a need
for educational tools to demonstrate the basic principles of radar technology
in an accessible manner.

Key Points and Improvements

• Integrated Power Supply: Instead of providing a different voltage source

for operating the ultrasonic sensor and servo motor, we have used
supply from the microcontroller. This reduces the cost and complexity
of additional voltage supplies.
• Improved Output Display: The output screen now shows the accurate
distance as well as the angle of the object, displayed using a polar
coordinate system, which is much more precise compared to previous
versions.
Applications

Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of target

objects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, vehicles, people, and the natural
environment. It uses electromagnetic radio waves to determine the angle,
range, or velocity of objects. The modern radar system is more advanced,
and the uses of radar are highly diverse, including:

• Air Traffic Control: Ensuring the safe and efficient movement of aircraft.
• Defense Systems: Detecting and tracking potential threats.
• Weather Monitoring: Tracking weather patterns and predicting storms.
• Automotive Safety: Providing features like adaptive cruise control and
collision avoidance.

Future Enhancements

• Enhanced Range and Accuracy: Upgrading the ultrasonic sensor to one

with a higher range and accuracy.
• Multiple Sensors Integration: Using multiple sensors to cover a larger
area and provide more detailed data.
• Advanced Data Processing: Implementing machine learning algorithms
to predict the behavior of detected objects.
• Real-Time Data Transmission: Integrating wireless communication
modules to transmit data to remote systems in real-time.
Conclusion

This project demonstrates the basic principles of radar technology using cost-
effective components and open-source software. By integrating an ultrasonic
sensor with Arduino UNO and displaying the data using Processing, we have
created a functional radar system capable of detecting and measuring the
distance and position of objects. This project serves as an educational tool for
understanding radar technology and its applications.

References

• Electronics Hub: Arduino Radar Project Students Heart: Arduino-Based

Radar Project How to Mechatronics: Arduino Radar Project