Jnteduicn te (cnqute ’) 8 47 -3 (45t2)

a, b, meZ m 0
should be tivisible by S
ue tay that a ds (ongrunt
to b modulo m. < m taling valuu fo =I,23,
divides (a-b) and thu dae find has when =5

iS Jymbolically witen ! 15 4x 80 u divsded by S

a=b(mod m) Thu - 5
That is mlea-)
as bCngd m) < () 8- (143) = (86-x)
should be divisible by 4.
) 18 = 3 (mod 5) By taking 2,
Sinu 6 dirices 8-8 =15 S4 /s divisible by. 4
() -31 4(mod ) Thus =2
-351
Sinu 4 divi deu -3|-4 =
ftnd any tou yalel
NOTE!- 4 a b(mod m) fullewis
and C d(mod m) thn Cngent, idaditei
= (bt d) mod m.
(at) ) =n(mod 8) ))=3(mod u)
)a=nlmod )
O Find the ut peitive C4-)=k
value ef Such Jhd. the =) 1= 4- k
triruing omnquini dderit thu by taking k-o,,2,3,
sati<ud
78t7 = 3(mod s) = 4, -4, -\2, -20
(7)
= (119) (mod 4)
6) 99
 Thus ) tol
sclution.
hau no
E)
divisi SinuSumaindau -divi Sboo valus
Thus4he 1= Thus
4 g8-
4 evty (4z-5)=12k
2=
ble
as6-9 ded 956 2= values 12k45
=
that 3 koy
Juquud
by
a=9,thu kez, k+3 l4,
,

by 4 4S
4 talking
13 = 256 mod 4= J5,26
+I|k
N=3
a47 i3 Thu x
thre
hal are
gives when 3),4oilion k=
U find no 5(mod 0
,2,3,-.
a 2)
Thus
mul
135x44
135 .040
tip135lying
X7L
’ (()
) feltrung
() (9)
6 +he
S 135XIu6 I15XI|9 135 Find
x44x x 1)74(10
equürd
aindai 48= x48 06
42 135 )185
6365
ty x
yamandei he
48=XuxG x43 53 (set.
x
(14 8
= 4
8 2(mod 1.
by whun
6(mod (mod whun by
: by
1whn
7.
(rmod
)
) 4). divided ddevicled diidd
in
) hart e
thu
 -Thuw 145
>lt5
|15 mutiply -3
J
the x3 x ’ )3(ro145=l0
x 113 S3= 55
SAqued I|3 ")210(2y
Xs30 22
44I13=,3
)53(4 3

x53 4 x53 4
4 (mod (mod
(mo
=.6(mod 10x3
Jumaindu ) d
(mod ) u)O n)
q(mod
u) )
is6 1)
>135x 1351 () ,
135\46 135mutipy
.04 o We
thu 0
know
\6X13 A
) 1461
l46 36
(5
1) x 43 A(26 4)
146=
tu
x73E.I 3S 13£er=0(mod)
13= 3(10
006 |40
37-4= + g1
3 >
asquind (mod G\mod 135 =
3G
(mod 2x63(mod = S(mod
(mod 4) 20(od
) (mod
)
gumainá 4) a) a) 3)
) -0
 nst,s
(i) ’) A
2=
(mod
44).2 3 22= D () i)elloung()
16=18
(mod44) 2 6' ,SD imod= a) (a)
(a)' ffnd
43 62128=3
°=
= =
4 9*
44| 256 = 4)= 1)
44 32(mod = l6
i
Cnod (2)' 4 i6 32 vidddivided
di didvedi h
Cmod = (mod (mod (mod =
emnand
(mod2(mod (tnod
4
44) (rnod 44) 4) )=a(mod 4) (by by by
HW 4) 4+) 4)) 23 41 Ro
44)
he
a)
(0 Thus ()4= thuul he uo
(4)=8)
(modto) (31S3)
?s
4.
q2 Hhine n=1 NOTE (mod
()=
numbrs
tolownq-the
4he
124 1" the 3= to) o) 10)
1(mod3=
3348IEL(Mod
=
2
I(n od
= last (mod xa 24
4q
numbeY
last q dilagt (mod 10)1 =4
(mod Cmod 1 digt (o) =
diqit (mod q
then (modo)(mod
0) (o (unit
n.
Pn io) E l0)
digi) s Io)
. (nod I 4.
44
 whuforrg inca
()31-4()+ *
Congrusnces EXAMPL ES
tollouinq
Solvethe
n2(modp)
$r)=o congune. bea
duqu n
ax- a
polynomial 1)=o net to be
bea
has aqr An het
conqruen
The.teanqe's polynomla divida(mod 0
31 POk)sotution
o the
a nteqed (mo polynomial
diqzue
+I s 1)
most'n heorem (modro) d an =
=0 congruence m) wi) Q,
=
o t
then
(mods) (mod 3) daqTee
k
ls Ps a,+
soluions. :
called
Said. a,14
°4 n

know e)
to
Soluion
213+|=0(nod 6)
5)
C2)= ’()
fC)= ++)=648f()=
ts 4 soutons Now Hente p)= at
=; -2 Co) 3ince
+4)= 4() 0=fo)-4= SoluttSine
=|# LEl+3 1?+ 9r
o lie Solutiony 1- (modX=
) on
4 6=
(rmód=o
3) 31- 4t
m=
3.
31 =S
lies
Cmod s). (mod (mod
Cmods)
(mod s) in gìren (rROd
#o(rmod 3) -4modm)
h(
= mod
2+S
s) 3
EB the (rmod 0 fo
the 0(rnod )
s) S) (ongune 2
3)
Set 3) o.tI
(mod ce set
)
3)
 (ood
(2
(3 ro) 13) )
(rood ro)
-6 mod rmod13) Cmod -3=0=o(od
c=2,
6,
a=s.b= rmod 101=6
13) g)(rnod
l01 -4
=o (
(ue-d 27
4q-q
Cy-b)(mod Solution's
+2 = 21=l0,
b
4ác
b'-
d= y= 13+ 6
Considu
S1G+y2at =4 |2,
Consideu = W-
. NetQan [01
thus, e AnsT=
H
) m=j
so(pod vo) )(2(rnod
2L
) when E4)
lnaaA mod l) )I(mod )Cmod
(mod
1'7tto r+4
b
y=Qa14 Cmod So
tahe
(mod
y9
m). t) 1Cmod
o the -b) tonguences.
= dmod q
10
dui
considaty, -4
consi
We
Solve 14414 =
duConsi aar =ai
y de a Thu
 Solutions 1! 0 fs
whre
tengnuencuSoFyAMP[ES d
4 do form Lin
(i) ())
315(mod 1amfnu ak be
thuan (alle ad a
I01 ) aiE
c67 121 tind ak-b.m/ a
atCcnqvunes
a
= b(modSeluiom
I5 s =1 possis
heethei rtiqu Inear (modb(mod
m)o
(mod (mod (mod m) ,
number a th )
3s) 8) 2) k
onquna
solution,tellcwi ?4 Ps
Saud
ng
(iv) (ui) Conclude
Thuidue it
..(GG18)
d6 gcdd= 6 ()
d'= d=
a=10 l0 + onqeen@ has
G61 deu ongune has Thus
a=12,
b=1,
m=2} Aat a3,bs We We
has
ggcd
Clo,35) , dos does
d=gcd(n,3 2) 127 upE d have know
=I5 =8 no
5 b=|5 gcd(3,4) gcd
=4(pndude
divi (mod not (mod divids (a
not ax 91
ons hau
solutton.no (mod ,m)
des m=35) divides 48) thatthe that b(nodSnod
m)
=
|5 Solution
35 b=4 2() Solaion
he )
b=8
 () () ()
0, We 4s No u, 6)31=Teqired
Soluton. Thus
AddandQqn wute
Then.weand Now
4i |0,20,30, )4t (3| 137= 11= Sove
x 8,5684,12
\uo,68,1q6
224 ,
wd= 7a(nod o) 0 d=gcdCa,m)
(an d=gcd
(416)
he =| 10
= the ged 2(modlo) E I4 lo 10 = (nod4(mod
2)=0 Ahe
234
d wntt 224+ multples,
mutiple (C(mod 0 (mod (mod 4t 4
(mod followimg
=
0s
10 13 = (mod. 28) io)
= 28)= l4
1828 28) 0) lo). to)-0
22u(mod234÷13 Ps
. 10 )
the latai
23 s,
28) O
5(3) () )
e
8) ()
Al muliple d= tol o fod he
m=21
b=2,
a5
151=12 101 151= Muti
2/3) tt S1= (modA)
0gcd(is,2)
wing ssqù(mod4) 31
12 0= Q= (3
k
1=5
(mod 4) 51=4
snod7) (5 |2 all 1E 14+)=12. 8ples 3,
31
SoluionS 25 (mod
(mod (mod(onqunt
the nud 4 14 b
=)=
(mod 4 (mod (rnod 4 -) -2
ae solutions u, (rnod, (mod o
isa = 21) 85) 21) soutien."
) 4,\4,21,28," 3 ) m=4
qiven
Soluion tcsnties ) ll491. )
the )
by
Hen
 U) given
NDfR ,m,),:
m,mg m' y=M,a,
t,
ther olbBau he
thatelaivelye on whu on.
nspti
by
he soluti OPEMAI M X
emaundu
huOTem'
lhe Such ay (a, tom
4hun ete.o Ps
maindwSölution
4,,,thun M. (a,,m,),Wn (onqrtne
m Solution a UoheexM:Th
congquence
m1), n) division M.
Intqers modulo
wise fntars,common M M= tmod Rmod
RULf (mod
paia a,, cotmgule
IdntiBs the
unmgu *Dunotng
positive and a, M,1=0,
oblain th the o
are REM
tHEO
(onqruunthORiNU MiiE 2fs x
systo
P=|toT on
theyrimeany have We and bu by
4 4
T
35) k=0,l,2,3,4
by
qiven
souibn
S,12,)9
ae 2) @o, ae,,4ial,28t)
(rmod
l0 +)
6,(mod
= k(B5/)
1:5+
(modhe 1)(mod
0 k(m/a) 19,26.33
5,12,
thw 35). 33(mod
E
26(mod
1 35).
95),
(mod
1ES
3) mod
219(
12(mod
E35)
2=l0
4+3
35) 35 gcd )ai=3(mod
a m= =
O,li2
k=
ulue 2),1=12 Ca,m) i
4k
valu!
21) solutions
Vahiow
d bs,
19(mod(no t
16 +
=5
=5 gcd 21
muwiples =
the =s(mod l01(0,d= 5 5AU
Q= d
)
 on
9veG
Temainda, nemaindu
?s m:)
(tnod
Mit=|
u) 3:5.4
=,D, (1x1*g)+ iös),,B
e
l05
=
4),%
Ahule66
(ornmon
3B(nod n) i (2,4) )Cmod
=IS) (mod4)
(aa Cmod givts
(mod
(mod
Q;I=), 35 xi)+ (mod
Since
2017
M 15l0S-
Ma >M
X= =
ma)
(ag,m,m;M= I 1 233/os
X=2s
(35xz l
( \05
=
M = = 233
= X=233
(a,.m)= 3 8512l2 151
thus (onsi
del
X=
=) .:
(onqun 3),
5) 1=a(mod
(),1=123. 1(rmod
M1=
m by, xs).
simultonouslg
by
usng3) m,]=(0 1
3).1=3(mod 2| 28 l2, qiven (2x3
XO(mod
3
= =
ollowng (aa. x 8/ 84/4 fs xIxo)+
emandel
heovm (agma)=
(5,1)4 Solutton
5(mod
)
9), = 1=
J(mod
) (mod
4) 3) )
m)=(1,4).
m,-m M/m..=
= =. torutde X-lix)+
T=a(mod Mm, (mod (rnod
()1=1(mod
the at
usthu comman.
m,, I
Solve =
Mi M, it = =
a81=
M= M3 l1 I2r
f) Ca A
 () EXAMPLES eqn. where The
's
Taling Sub
No
Nouw înteqers Ftnd ar+by=C DIOPHONTINE
ANEAR
FQN
whee
1+4 Ond 151 LDE calld
stitle 9
cd the Thu equaton
oantbycc
Z0
t7y aibic LDEJ
(2 SolV. n have, we
ueists
tioCi5,7) =Soludion
tnteqers
Constitutes ineare
thìs | he au
4y
+y-I5 gt -|s)=6 in) 151+t4=151 tol ocoi
+y=l in iophantira all
yinteqers
positire satiBying
a
= ng Sot
l|- 2DE's
Theneqn (i) Henu
48 giLOE.
ven he Tha' comnbining.By a whSoluton
A|
31]ty=Ga3 5X3+
|8= 3
wheu TC5x3)
91 + divids 48
l
(,5)qcd =| 18 k<Vs
-°/4 < G44k =
15 =hu
31+ ory
+ tSy
X k=oe Z, >o,b=4 dotkb,
ke
solutions o
52 5 5 2 6
(31+y X4 solutHon 4
4170,yzo. DE 4
= y=3
=
3 bcoM +
3
48 3-15k y
e au
- Solutioneu yo-
9) >0 is
= the > k
the
3 given by +he.
mbun

=h
481-9h
3)-9
 O -enty ottheonpOssess¢s
m, a SYSTEM
gcd EXAMPLES Ihe
Solve eliinating
2X
HHence,which (2x3
Conside uhen Systn
41+ 2(pod)41+
21+6y.=I(mod
= )0| 3g
3y=2(mod41t a1t
) acquainted
well 1s (zt az
(mod ) -4xC,
9cd inea Solution
obtained
qcdC dy + of
Safislied I2y=2 6y Soluion
moduld
uniqu by uNEAR
1 ad-bc = ep
C-8, Ccngsunte
EI and q iua
) = (mod Cmod (mod
(mod y i (orlRUENCE
for )=| n)=| m) )
)
) process
inde orngueore
y=7 pend
gcd S thus
(0
Hene Neitx2
-
wh at15y -x3, X2 = the
4z (S'+ x5 9i+4g5hod
(4(3x5 27t - 9731
8) =-3(mod)
BiG
- -Ay(mod 4t4y 4L44) -
Cmod
G1
4yi3) A3) -25ya Sy Solut(mod
x4, ys4 y=4
204
= = x4 =1(od 5(mod on. 4) :
11 2 = (mod 4
25 (mod , (mod
(mod mod (rmod |3) y4
13) (3) 13) 13) )
18) 13) (moda)
(3). -
 tene) 11(mod
Solution
theis
92-x* gcd Thus,
E3 ’
(4xs- 31+ H+ 1t
(mod1B) forL=
(nod 23(mod
D91l6) -24y D1+Sy=9(mod
= (G) T+
24y gcd(94,16)
=1. ged
lution i
3
Sy
3y= 13)
l6) Cnod = (35), 3x} = 3y=l0
43 i6)
-43(inod q(mod 10 y
y=4(mod lG) (rnod lG) (mod (móc (nod CUe

16) l6) l6)

ls) 16)
16) -O 13)

*rample. nd ) i) ) ( duchd n
()= hu ) Sromples, - by
n) lundon'.
Euts's
n-1.)= 4 C30) d(3) ()=
(2) o (cllud
n - = =
s)
(3) 's 7s 8 4 4 4 I,
a 29 (i buli
- pxime (iS,7,| (l131s (t (1
9-3= 3-
6 4.|, 2,3.4 funilion
3' numlel 15
uunlea. coprima) 13, Copimu)
It,19, copra) ts
(opirne) toprim
23
2
 ) Sme) imy )
23

i) a=Inodhen n).
thun tun Taepoty *Eratbple.:
(0
fadetrimsi a,
pn) n t (3,5)=|,qcd
PiPr (ab) a n=ll, 8|=
= tb
(a) gcd (mod I gcdfan)ond
inigetan ulatively (1.
dutintanePe oCb)
i) 5)
prime =|" is
n,
tue
C
and 360 ¢(860).nd
) (2)=4p(3).(4) 23To
4X
unlus
Prn=
ime (2X212)
fid
(360) 96
= (36) =
-o-4)()4)
24
x4
360 2,3,
2x3x 5
5
45
3G0
2 4
pr)
P.=2 he
(3)
=9 =
2
6.
P=3.P;= dilfeent
=q6.
5 )
U )
 O then
égumaualy thernumbu (
<lool()
fnt
(aits, yeu
EXMPLES;
Find Feymat' s 's
thiontin
fexmat
Tf
Pp
a'a
(modp). T!
p-))+1= theotm
Wilson'
fs s
is
3600. 4númber
oprim 9nthe aond p
isrttle a
=| gcd primu
the
number (mod aa
with pima
Cathuowa) o
tol owing p)= (modnumbu
thu . |
he p).

:q(3600 3600
x3x = 3 3 (3400)o(tooi)=
) 420/
That ()
9
400)
q60, = 225
25 45 50q00 18003600 =2O is
:3600
Xxx I.13
3600 =
960 (00)
=
1-4)()
2 2
xlX13
3
5
 Ao5 Nou Thus Nou Jhucte m
) Fumat'
thetun
Argrsm 0ing Appy
(S 5 hare 8. |Osing
S2 qitn, gB0 we 8 a 830is
4

H
2 =I(rnod7). l(mod qcd(8,=1.a)
a= 31
(9od (rood
)6 4)1(rmod4) = =p Femadt (onclude = i(mod p)
= 8pz fhovehat
4 anal Fomat's
a=si s (mod I a
drvi 's 3I phiu divisi
)
tht'um sible that 31)
). thuosu numbel ble
pet little:
pnd by by
3
's1 |
ThusCa).fs
divisible Thus 5x5"=1X
tloe
Hlene
by Bu
By(a'-).i, .qua is
3.
(e' ab t(mod
a= p)
cai)=| 5xl2(mod
SX5x5= )
2 = fumati gcd uen the 5"= S=
=I i'=|(rno =
I had juquud (0(rnod )
(no (mod (mod them
d
divi_ibie tothi (mod 3
d ), 4) t. ged
+) 4) semaihde. ) (mod )2
_how (a,)
by )
7 ha
 by +heorerm Hheovtn 6ivetha
)|| hen
(17-D!+I=wison'
(ps appl
theotys Thus know,ilson'shle
i7
by
(6!41=
Cp-)!+|
-D41=
0(mod. p)apply(p-)!+l= divisble
otfs y
10!
+1
0tmod wilso
0lmod17)
vsibl die
=
(mod O
fs (mod 0 divstble
divisible n's
1 p)
p)
2x 2'
Thu 2=(rÍod4+) al
((mod
2= 232 (a: by
41
suqte = (modl19(mod
41)
=25 4) I7 =
800 x* 42
d (nod X
25
(mod mod (
suandets
4+) 41) (mocd 4) ) divigibie
41)
20
L4 T A Ron Private
to message the that Secur
mssÖges by Pablie usrs
other
K cierypt titendd|allows
L 2
C
D Bvest
B Aeo tveyont key |phyaapdy:
22 (2 navd user. key to ormuni
catton
niques
M that
tor $-
2B , svicipient
view only Tt
NOPQ13 lenan Adi edse Public messaqs privak
24 l4
the is
Shamir, the
2S 5 tokey a'
trom keycontnts. Sndu c Study
16
1. nYpt a
RS is is
l8 used used o
step sep skp Step step shp Step
De<nypHonEn(rypion e
Suth. Suh funion.
toiient
euler's
Say
numbers
which
Gi- 5'- is 4 8, 1
equivalenfly
Public that -
Computt equal that
Choose Cormput P
Brivate Ps
Comput t(tor
9 Selec
C bing
plan
!M<n : to1. qcd koown
bung M= CEMe kuy
kydEelmod ed a hiqh a2
c = Q(b)=P-)-)
vale
cphet Cnod (mod E1[mod
fein n laqe
e Seurity)
=p*9
tet fd, (n) st
tet o) n) n 4 þn) on) + prim
 fen sbic
key nat7s ibl qI1to iipant
blmbrs
i
pl3. usteoGo Ina
d
13x17=22|
npxq kes and
35d=imod ed
) (35192)
ogcd =I n)92
= (1-) PsA
EXAMPLES
tyWe (13-) = privak4he pnivat
B4
={35, 2 3S
92*2 k=2 d )divide
192k +|=
192 (92 = A (yplo
kl2,3,. Ts
tnod
35 35, keys systm a
key of
(92 hen I4 pime
385
A 4he
?
By and
Palblic
Pi Thuso=
3A l,23,tyWe |3d PSA
whn, &
k ed= daBa,
vae d=
Gok+1 pxq=1I=14 h= publie e
d= = aud 13,
kuy key 1 1 alonth
48| 13 (mod e=13 @-)C1-) dita
Cmod
n ^e.
fd,n3,1 =3 t wive
oco)) provatr
ky.
t Cn) we
J=L(mod have
34,1|
 (

ST0P|Sng
59 Ksl
43
4|
Cas3,
Now G=Ce
(onsidaa co,)(e) 4STOPM= Byqcd uhuee=
datasatitying 13
M Ce
tHeu
CmodCE
Encvyption STO M=
P by
0PgPz43,
9=59, 13)
=
\41s 1s9 Mmod C13
M
coulation (4) > =
, 4
(r0d (nod M (2,c)
24 (s)= 3x59 urù guthky
)=C M=lS 6)3
2534) 253ª = 2436 =2534 nuTbui
o 1, (53
2
a
Now
la15l l4ls(41 JA45
G=1814°= L819(819=(3= \319° (19)6 L8q(mod
luls=
(4is l4s3 \Ls 1819* j3,
9531)q= Sb,ss, 24,22,23,
31,40,41;43,44,
34,38, 43
13 12 (on 13 8,49,5254.SS 46,44,4
= = JAsl si = = 45
= = 1828 2,833 dea S13
35s(mod
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