General Heat Conduction Equation In Cartesian Coordinates System:

Net heat conducted into element from all the coordinate

directions
• Let qx be the heat flux in a direction of face ABCD and
qx+dx be the heat flux in a direction of face EFGH.

• The rate of heat flow into the element in x direction

through the face ABCD is
Qx  qx dy dz  k x T dy dz ….(2)
x
Where, k – Thermal conductivity, W/mK
Consider a small rectangular element of sides dx, dy and dz as T Temperature gradient
shown in above Figure. x
The energy balance of this rectangular element is obtained from The rate of heat flow out of the element in x direction
first law of the thermodynamics. through the face EFGH is
 

Qx  d x  Qx   ( Qx )dx
 
 
Net Heat
x
 
 
   Heat 

 kx  dydz   kx  dydzdx

   
conductedint o
 
  
Heat stored

 generated   

 element from




 








 …(1) x x  x
   with in the 


 
    in the element
 
     
all the
  element
   
 

Qxdx  kx  dydz  kx  dx dy dz …. ….(3)

   
 
coordinate directions
x x  x 
 
 
 
General Heat Conduction Equation In Cartesian Coordinates System:
Subtracting (2)-(3)
   T    T    T 
  kx   k y   kz dx dy dz
 kx T dydz  kx T dydz  kx T dx dy dz
   
Qx Q x  x  y  y  z  Z 
(xdx) x 
x x  x  

Net heat conducted into element from all the coordinate

 kx T dydz kx T dydz  kx dx dy dz
 

x x x  x  directions.
   T    T    T 
  kx   k y   kz dx dy dz ….…(7)
  k x T dxdydz
 
 Q Q …..…(4) x  x  y  y  z  Z 
x (x  dx) x  x 
Similarly….. Heat Stored in the element; We know that…
     
Qy  Q( y  dy )  ky dx dy dz ….…(5)
y  y   Heat stored  
 Mass of

  Specific

  Rise in

  
          
  
Qz  Q( z  dz )  k z dx dy dz ….…(6) in the  the    heat of the   temperatur e
z  z    element    of 
element    element   
Adding (4)+(5)+(6);     element 
 
Net heat conducted = T
 mCp 
t
T
   dxdydz  C p 
t
[  Mass  Density  volume ]
T
Heat stored in the element   C  dx dy dz ..…(8)
t
General Heat Conduction Equation In Cartesian Coordinates System:
Heat Stored within the element Divided by k,
Heat generated within the element is given by
 2T  2T  2T q C 
Q  q dx dy dz …..…(9)    
x 2 y 2 z 2 k k t

Substituting equation (7,8 and 9) in equation (1)

 2T  2T  2T q 1  …..…(10)
   
              x 2 y 2 z 2 k  t
(1)   kx   ky   kz   dx dy dz
 x  x  y  y  z  z  
T
 qdx dy dz   C dx dy dz k
t  m2 / s
C p
            
  kx   ky   kz   q  C 
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

Considering the material is isotropic. So,

kx= ky= kz=k=constant
 2  2  2 1 
  
  2T  2T  2T  x 2 y 2 z 2  t
T
    k  q  C p
 x 2 y 2 z 2  t This equation is known as diffusion equation (or) Fourier’s equation.
General Heat Conduction Equation In Cartesian Coordinates System:
Case (iii): One dimensional steady state heat conduction

 If the temperature varies only in the x direction, the equation

0 (10) reduces to
t
 2T q
 0 ……(14)
x 2 k
      q
2 2 2
    0
x 2 y 2 z 2 k In the absence of internal heat generation, equation (14) becomes:
 2T
0 ..……(15)
x 2
Case (iv): Two dimensional steady state heat conduction
This equation is known as Poisson’s equation
If the temperature varies only in the x and y directions, the equation
In the absence of internal heat generation, equation (12) (1.10) becomes;
becomes:  2   2  2  2T  2T q
  0    0 ………(16)
x 2  y 2 k
x 2 y 2 z 2
In the absence of inter heat generation, equation (1.16) reduces to

This equation is known as Laplace equation  2  2 ………(17)

 0
x 2 y 2
General Heat Conduction Equation In Cartesian Coordinates System:
Case (v): Unsteady state, one dimensional, without internal
heat generation

• In unsteady state, the temperature changes with time, i.e.,


 0.
t
• So, the general conduction equation (10) reduces to

 2 1 

x 2  t .…(18)

Similarly….. Derive and practice…..

General Heat Conduction Equation in Cylindrical Co-ordinates

It is a general three dimensional heat conduction equation in

cylindrical co-ordinates.

 2T 1  1  2  2 q 1   k 
         
r 2 r r 2
r  2 z 2 k    C  
Steady versus Unsteady (Transient) Heat Transfer
 Steady implies no change with time at any point
within the medium

 Transient implies variation with time or time

dependence
Conduction Heat Transfer in electronic components like Chassis panel, Fins, Cold Plates…etc.
Fourier law of heat conduction: Thermal Diffusivity:
 The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured The ratio between heat conducted and heat stored by a
normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature material. It represents how fast heat diffuses through a
gradient in that direction. Where, material. k  m2 

 
Q  A
dT
 s Cp

dx Conduction of heat through slab or plane wall:
dT Consider slab of uniform thermal conductivity k, thickness
Q   kA
dx L, with inner temp T1 and outer temp T2,Consider small
elemental area thickness dx
Thermal Conductivity: Integrating below eqn.
Limits: 0-L and T1-T2
 The thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the Q  dx   kAdT
rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material L T 2

per unit temperature difference. (W/m.K) Q 

0
dx   kA  dT
T1

Q L  0    kA T 2  T 1 
 The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the Q  L  kA T 1  T 2 
ability of the material to conduct heat. kA
Q  T 1  T 2 
L
 A high value for thermal conductivity indicates that the T  T2
Q  1
material is a good heat conductor, and a low value indicates L
that the material is a poor heat conductor or insulator. kA
T
Q  Where, R- Thermal resistance (K/W)
R
Conduction Heat Transfer in electronic components like Chassis panel, Fins, Cold Plates…etc.
Concept of Thermal Resistance: Conduction through Composite Panel:

Heat transfer by convection at side A

Q=ha A (Ta-T1)
k1 A
Heat transfer by conduction at slab 1 Q T1  T2 
L1
k2 A
Heat transfer by conduction at slab 2 Q T2  T3 
L2

Analogy between thermal and electrical resistance: Heat transfer by conduction at slab 3

 Rate of heat transfer  Electric current k3 A

Q T3  T4 
L3
 Thermal resistance  Electrical resistance

 Temperature difference  Voltage difference

Where, R- Thermal resistance (K/W)

Conduction Heat Transfer in electronic components like Chassis panel, Fins, Cold Plates…etc.

1 Adding both sides of above equations

Ta  T1  Q 
ha A  1 L L2 L 1 
T a  Tb  Q   1   3  
 ha A k1 A k 2 A k 3 A hb A 
L1
T1  T2  Q  T a  Tb
k1 A Q
 1 L1 L2 L3 1 
h A  k A  k A  
k 3 A hb A 
L2  a 1 2
T2  T3  Q 
k2 A  Toverall
Q
R
L3 1
T3  T 4  Q  R , Q  UA  T
k3 A UA
Where,
1
T 4  Tb  Q 
hb A
R – Overall Resistance

U - Overall heat transfer coefficient

L/kA – Conduction Resistance

Where, R- Thermal resistance (K/W) 1/hA – Convection Resistance

Conduction Heat Transfer-Cylindrical electronic components like Resistor, Capacitor, Circular Pin Fins...
Conduction through hollow cylinder

• Consider hollow cylinder of inner radius r1, outer

radius r2, inner temperature T1, outer temp T2 and
thermal conductivity k.

• Let us consider small elemental area of thickness dr

• From Fourier law of conduction Q=-kA dT/dr,

Area=2πrL

Q  dr  k 2 rLdT 2  kL T1  T 2 
Q 
r2 T2 r
dr ln 2
Q   2 kL  dT r1
r1
r T1 T1  T 2 
Q 
Q  ln r r1  2 kL T 2  T1
r2
1 r
 ln 2
2  kL r1
Q  ln r 2  ln r1  2 kL T1  T 2
T
Q 
r2
Q  ln  2 kL T1  T 2 R
r1
Where, R- Thermal resistance (K/W)
Conduction Heat Transfer – Simple Problems 1
 PROBLEMS ON SLABS: Solution:

Determine the heat transfer through the plane Chassis panel fitted in the We know that, heat transfer through plane wall is
electronic system of length 6m, height 4 m and thickness 0.30 m. The
temperature of inner and outer surfaces are 100°C and 40°C. Thermal T overall
conductivity of wall is 0.55 W/mK. Q
R
Given: Where, T1  T2
1. Inner surface Temperature , T1 = 100°C + 273 =373 K T = T1 –T2 Q 
L / kA
2. Outer surface Temperature, T2 = 40°C + 273 = 313K
3. Thickness, L = 0.30 m R = L/kA 373  313
  2640 watts
4. Area, A = 64 = 24m2 0.30
5. Thermal conductivity, k = 0.55 W/mK 0.55  24
Q  2640 watts

To find: Flat electronic components:

T1
1. Total Heat transfer (Q) = ?
T2
Conduction Heat Transfer – Simple Problems 2
A composite slab is made of 3 layers 15 cm, 10cm and 12 cm thickness Solution:-
•L1=15 cm
respectively. The 1st layer is made of material with k=1.45 W/mK, for 1 L L L 1
R  1  2  3  •L2=10cm
60% of the area and the rest of material with k=2.5 W/mK. The 2nd h a A k 1 A k 2 A k 3 A hb A •L3=12 cm
[ T a  Tb ] •k1a= 1.45w/mk
layer is made of material with k=12.5 W/mK for 50% of the area and Q  •k1b= 2.5 w/mk
1 L L L 1 •k2a= 12.5w/mk
 1  2  3 
the rest of material with k=18.5 w/mk. The 3rd layer is made of single h a A k 1 A k 2 A k 3 A hb A •k2b=18.5 w/mk
•k3= 0.76w/mk
material of k=0.76 W/mK. The composite slab is exposed on one side to [Ta  Tb ]
Q  •Ta=260C
1 L 1 •Tb=-200C
warm at 260C and cold air at -200C. The inside HTC is 15 W/m2K. the  R1  R 2  3 
ha A k 3 A hb A •ha=15 w/m2K
outside HTC is 20 W/m2K. Determine heat flow rate and interface •hb=20w/m2K
R 2a * R 2b •A1a=0.60
temperatures. R 1a * R 1b R 
R1  2
R 2a  R 2b
•A1b=0.40
R 1a  R 1b •A2a=0.50
L1 L2 •A2b=0.50
R1a  R 
2 a
K 2a A2a •A3=1
K 1a A1a
L1 L2
R1a  R 2 a 
K 1b A1b K 2b A2b

To find interface temp.

Q= (Ta-Tb)/R= Ta-T1/Ra= T1-T2/R1= T2-T3/R2= T3-Tb/Rb

Substitute the appropriate values and estimate the interface temperature

Conduction Heat Transfer – Simple Problems 3
Heat conduction with heat generation
 Many practical heat transfer applications involve the
conversion of some form of energy into thermal energy
in the medium.

 Such mediums are said to involve internal heat

generation, which manifests itself as a rise in
temperature throughout the medium.

 Some examples of heat generation are resistance heating

in wires and nuclear reactions in nuclear fuel rods and
where electrical, chemical, and nuclear energies are
converted to heat respectively .

In many practical cases, there is a heat generation

within the system. Typical examples
 Electric coils

 Heater

 Nuclear reactor

 Boiler
Conduction Heat Transfer – Simple Problems 4&5
4.An electric current is passed through a plane wall of thickness 5.An electrical transmission line made of a 25 mm dia annealed
150 mm which generates heat at the rate of 50,000 W/m3. The copper wire carries 200 A and has a resistance of 0.4  10-4 /cm
conv. Heat transfer co efficient b/w wall and ambient air is 65 length. If the surface temperature is 200ºC and the ambient air
W/m2K, ambient air temperature is 280C and thermal temperature is 10ºC, determine the heat transfer coefficient
conductivity of wall= 22W/mK between the wire surface and the ambient air and the maximum
Find 1)Surface temp, 2)Max. temp temperature in the wire. Assume k = 150 W/mK
Given
Thickness L= 0.15m Solution. The heat loss in the conductor
Heat generation q=50,000 W/m3 Q = I2R = (200)2 (0.4 10-4)
h= 65W/m2K Note: Refer HMT Data Book = 1.6 W/cm = 160W/m
T∞=280C=301K for formulae and materials 160
k=22W/mK property  q  Q / V   325. 95 kW / m 3
 0.0125 1
2

Solution: The maximum temperature

Surface temperature -Tw=T∞+qL/2h q 2
Tmax  Tw  r
Maximum temperature- Tmax=Tw+qL2/8K 4k
(3.2595 105 )(12.5 10 3 ) 2
Tw=T∞+(qL)/2h  200   200.08C
4 150
=301+(50,000*0.15/65)
rq
=416.4K Tw  T 
2h
Tmax=Tw+qL2/2K
h
ro q


12.5 103 3.2595105 
 10.72 W / m2 K
= 416.4+(50,000*0.152/2*22) =442 K 2(Tw  T ) 2(200  10)
Conduction Heat Transfer – Simple Problems 6
6.Nichrome, having a resistivity of 100-cm is to be used as a The surface temperature
heating element in a 10 kW heater. The Nichrome surface rq
Tw  T 
temperature should not exceed 1220ºC. Other design features 2h
include d 4 10 4 1
–Surrounding air temperature = 20ºC 1220  20  . .
2 d 2
2(1.15) 103
–Outside surface coefficient = 1.15 kW/m2K.
–Thermal conductivity of Nichrome= 17 W/mK 10 4
d  2.3066  10 3
Find out what diameter Nichrome wire is necessary for a 1-metre 12003.61110 3

long heater and Also find the rate of current flow.

 2.3066 mm
Solution. Let ‘d’ is the diameter of the Nichrome wire. Here Resistance of 1 metre long wire
Q = 10 kW, L = 1m
q 
Q

10  103

4 10 4
W / m3  .L 100  10  6 . 10  2  1
V  2  d 2 R  
 d (1) A   2
 3 
4   2 . 3066 10 
4  
 0 . 24 

Q  I 2 R  10 kW

10 4
I   204 A
0 . 24
Thermal Contact Resistance
Thermal Contact Resistance
Thermal Contact Resistance
Transient Heat Conduction - Lumped Systems
Transient Heat Conduction - Lumped Systems
Transient Heat Conduction - Lumped Systems - Problems

Liquid and immersion is the new cool at Supercomputing

https://www.theregister.com/2022/11/19/liquid_cooling_sc22/

A liquid cooled Lenovo Neptune server configured with dual AMD Genoa
CPUs and four Nvidia H100 GPUs.
Transient Heat Conduction - Lumped Systems
Transient Heat Conduction - Lumped Systems