MicroTrap_Operations_Manual

Operations Manual
Edition 4.4
MREL GROUP OF COMPANIES LIMITED

5-779 Sir John A MacDonald Blvd. Kingston, Ontario K7L 1H3 Canada
T: +1-613-545-0466 E: contact@mrel.com www.mrel.com
II
Copyright Information
MREL Group of Companies Limited (MREL) warrants that the product is free from Manufacturer’s defects for a period of one (1) year from
the date of shipment to the Customer. This Warranty covers all parts and labour.
MREL does not warrant that the product will meet the Customer’s requirements, or that it will operate in the combinations which may be
selected by the Customer.
MREL does not and cannot warrant the performance or results that may be obtained by using the product. Accordingly, the product and its
documentation are sold “as is” without warranty as to their performance, merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. The Customer
assumes the entire risk as to the results and performance of the product.
MREL is committed to product innovation; accordingly product may undergo specification improvements without notice. Copyright ©
2022 MREL Group of Companies Limited. MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Logo, and MREL Logo
are trademarks or registered trademarks of MREL Group of Companies Limited. Windows® is a registered trademark of Microsoft
Corporation.
© Copyright 2022, MREL Group of Companies Limited. This Operations Manual supersedes any earlier editions. All Rights Reserved.
Reproduction or adaptation of any part of this documentation or Software without written permission of the Copyright owner is unlawful.
Publication Histor y
Edition 4.4, 2022
This version of the Manual
Edition 4.0, March 2014
Edition 3.0, Februar y 2013

Edition 2.2, March 2009
Edition 2.1, Januar y 2009
MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Getting Started 1
1.1 MicroTrap™ Hardware Included 2

1.2 Installing the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software 2
1.3 Definitions of VOD Settings 3

Chapter 2: Introduction 5
2.1 Background 6
2.2 Safety Considerations 7
2.3 VOD Applications 7
2.3.1 Testing of Explosive Samples 7
2.3.2 Testing of Explosives in Blastholes 8
2.4 Applications of the MicroTrap™ with Scope Upgrade Installed 8
Chapter 3: Hardware 9
3.1 Hardware Components 10

3.1.1 MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder 10
3.1.2 Carrying Case 15
3.1.3 Battery Charger 16
3.1.4 USB Communications Cable 16
3.1.5 BNC Adapters 16
3.2 Internal Rechargeable Battery 16
3.3 Checking the Power Status 16
3.4 Recharging 17
3.5 Operating the MicroTrap™ from External Power Sources 17
3.6 Long Term Storage Considerations 18
3.7 VOD Resistance Probes 18
3.7.1 VOD ProbeRod 18
3.7.2 VOD ProbeCable 19
3.8 Technical Specifications 20
T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

IV
Chapter 4: Recording VOD and Hole/Deck Delay Times 21
4.1 Safety Considerations for Selecting an Explosive Testing Site 22

4.2 The Resistance Wire Technique for Measuring VOD 22
4.3 Using ProbeRods for Testing Samples of Explosives 23
4.4 Using ProbeCable for Testing Explosives in Blastholes 25
4.4.1 Preparation of ProbeCable for Single Blasthole Recording 25
4.4.2 Preparation of ProbeCable for Multiple Blasthole Recording 27
4.5 ProbeCable and Coaxial Cable Protection 28
4.6 MicroTrap™ Setup Procedure for VOD Measurements 30
4.7 Probe Resistance Out of Range Lights 32
4.8 Utilizing the External Trigger 33
4.9 Additional Information on Memory and Triggering 33
4.9.1 Memory 33
4.9.2 Triggering 34
Chapter 5: Recording Voltage Signals From Gauges 39
5.1 Introduction to Recording DC Voltage Signals 40

5.2 Connecting Gauges to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder 40
5.3 Signal Cable Protection 41
5.3.1 Detonation Cord 41
5.4 MicroTrap™ Setup Procedure for Recording Voltage Signals 42
5.5 Utilizing the External Trigger 44
5.6 Additional Information on Memory 45

Chapter 6: MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Software 47
6.1 Retrieving Data 48

6.2 Selecting Data Files for Analysis 48

Chapter 7: Contacting MREL for Technical Support 49
7.1 Contacting MREL 50

1
Chapter 1
Getting Started

2
Over view
All of the steps detailed in this Chapter should be completed before the Operator goes into
the field to conduct a VOD test:
1. Ensure that all MicroTrap™ components have been received and are available.
2. Ensure that the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite is installed and operational according to the
DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software manual.
3. Ensure that the Operator’s computer and MicroTrap™ are able to communicate with
each other.
4. Program the MicroTrap’s internal recording parameters using the MicroTrap™ Software.
1.1 MicroTrap™ Hardware Included

Photographs of these hardware components are contained in Section 3.1.
1. MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
2. MicroTrap™ Battery Charger that is labeled 120 VAC or 220 VAC depending on your country’s mains power.
3. Communications Cable - USB cable.
4. BNC Adapters x2.
5. Carrying Case.
6. DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Operations Software on USB.
7. MicroTrap™ Operations Manual.
8. DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Manual.
9. If Optional Scope Upgrade has been purchased, an additional 4x BNC Adapters will be included.
10. VOD resistance probes: VOD PROBERODs and/or VOD PROBECABLE and/or VOD PROBECABLE-LR. (Optional)
1.2 Installing The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software

Refer to the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Manual for installation procedure.

3
1.3 Definitions of VOD Settings
This section will discuss the meaning of each setting.
Trigger Level is the threshold that the signal will cross to indicate a valid trigger. For VOD, the typical setting for Trigger Level is 95%.
Pre-Trigger Time is the amount of time of the Total Time available for each test that will be captured prior to the trigger point. For VOD, the typical
setting for Pre-Trigger Time is 25%
Number of Tests is a number from 1 to 16 that the total memory of the unit is divided into. The lower the Number of Tests, the larger number of
points will be recorded per test. The user needs to ensure that the amount of time is sufficient to capture the test which includes the amount of Pre-
Trigger Time and the Total Time.
Recording Rate is the number of points captured per second. The faster the Recording Rate, the shorter the amount of time within each test. For
VOD, the typical setting for Recording Rate is 1 MHz or or 2 MHz.
External Trigger is the setting that will allow the user to use an external source to have a valid trigger. There are two ways for the MicroTrap™
VOD/Data Recorder to receive an External Trigger.
• Make Circuit uses a loop of wire that is normally open circuit and triggers the MicroTrap™ when the circuit closes.
• Break Circuit uses a loop of wire that is normally closed circuit and triggers the MicroTrap™ when the circuit opens.
For more details on the External Trigger feature, refer to Section 5.5.
To use External Trigger, ensure that the switch on the panel has been set to External prior to pressing the Start button.

4

5
Chapter 2
Introduction

6
Over view
This Chapter provides an introduction to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
2.1 Background
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is a portable, 1 channel, high resolution, explosives continuous Velocity of Detonation (VOD)
recorder. It can be upgraded easily to provide an additional 4 channels of DC voltage (VDC) recording (Scope) capability. The operator
can use DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software to check if the unit has the Scope Upgrade installed during programming of the unit.
Contact MREL for MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Scope Upgrade information. This provides the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder with
the ability to record high resolution VODs of explosives and simultaneously record transient events such as blast vibrations, explosion
pressures, air blast, etc. at high resolutions. It has proven its reliability under the extreme temperature, weather, dust and rugged
conditions that characterize blasting environments around the world.
The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite allows the User to analyze VOD traces and convert DC voltage signals recorded by the MicroTrap™
VOD/Data Recorder into the desired engineering units for analysis and presentation. The software is used to program the recording
parameters of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, and to retrieve, display, analyze, print, and export VOD or other sensor data
obtained through testing. The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software runs under 32 or 64 bit Microsoft Windows®. This facilitates
extremely fast data handling, and the ability to copy and paste graphs into any word processors or spreadsheets running in the
Windows® environment. Refer to the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software for more information.
The main features of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder for VOD recording are:
• One VOD channel capable of recording at up to 2 MHz (2 million data points/sec). This speed provides a time resolution of one
data point for every 0.5 microseconds.
• Capability to record VODs and delay times using up to 900 m (2,950 ft.) of MREL’s PROBECABLE-LR VOD resistance cable. This
ensures that the MicroTrap™ can record the VODs and delay times in many blastholes per test.
• A large, circular, digital memory (4 million data points) to store the recorded data. This allows the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder
to record for relatively long periods (2.0 seconds) when recording at a rate of 2 MHz. The memory can be upgraded easily to
provide a total memory of 8 million data points. Contact MREL for MicroTrap™ Memory Upgrade information.
• A high, 14 bit vertical (or distance) resolution (214 or 1 part in 16,384). Use of shorter lengths of PROBECABLE-LR provides even more
data points recorded along every meter.
• Large non-volatile memory for storing up to 16 events before the data needs to be downloaded to a computer.
• Data is downloaded to the PC via the supplied USB cable.
• The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder can be upgraded easily to provide an additional 4 channels of DC voltage recording
capabilities at a recording rate of 1 MHz. Contact MREL for MicroTrap™ Scope Upgrade information.
• The status of the MicroTrap™ Memory and Scope Upgrade for each MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder can be found when the unit is
connected to DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software. Please refer to the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Manual for the location of this
information for each unit.

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2.2 Safety Considerations
STOP
Persons not trained and/or authorized to handle explosives should not attempt to utilize the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder for monitoring explosive properties.
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is an easy and safe instrument to operate. However, one should be aware of the inherent risk
associated with explosives handling and familiar with working in blasting environments. For this reason, it is always recommended that
only knowledgeable personnel, experienced in handling explosives and familiar with blasting procedures, operate the MicroTrap™
VOD/Data Recorder when testing explosives. The standard rules of safety used with explosives should apply when monitoring VODs or
other explosive parameters.
When recording VODs, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder outputs a low voltage (less than 8 V DC) and an extremely low current (less
than 50 mA) to the probes within the explosives from the VOD connector on the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. This low excitation
signal ensures that the MicroTrap™ will not prematurely initiate explosives and/or detonators. With the optional MicroTrap™ Scope
Upgrade installed, the MicroTrap™’s Scope channels do not output any excitation voltage or signal.
Standard (and common sense) rules apply when it comes to the presence of electrical storms near the testing area. Due to the inherent
hazards associated with blasting during these storms, in addition to the possibility of electrical interference causing false trigger signals
to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, it is recommended to immediately suspend all blasting activities and evacuate the area. This is
standard policy at most blasting operations.
2.3 VOD Applications

When used as a VOD recorder, the main applications of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder include:
2.3.1 Testing of Explosive Samples
• Test the performance of explosives against the quality control standards stated by the manufacturer.
• Measure the continuous VOD in any charge diameter under confined or unconfined conditions.
• Determine the critical diameter and critical density of an explosive charge.
• Determine the gap sensitivity of explosives.
• Measure the timing accuracy of detonators.
• Measure the continuous VOD of primers/boosters.
• Determine the minimum booster size for any explosive by measuring run-up velocities.

8
2.3.2 Testing of Explosives in Blastholes
• Measure the continuous VOD in any hole diameter, wet or dry holes, and in any type of rock.
• Measure the continuous VOD in multiple holes per blast.
• Determine whether full detonation, low order detonation or failure occurred, and where in the explosive column it happened.
• Check VODs against manufacturers’ specifications in full scale blasting environments.
• Determine the minimum booster size for any explosive by measuring run-up velocities in full scale blasting environments.
• Measure the timing accuracy of detonators in full scale blasting environments.
• Measure the effects of water, drill cuttings, and rocks, etc. trapped within the explosive mass.
• Determine the length of explosive column to use in decking operations to evaluate the effect of stemming and drill cutting dilution,
water pick-up, etc. on the explosive run-up requirements.
• Determine the correct length and type of stemming material to be used between decks of explosives to prevent sympathetic
detonation or explosive desensitization from occurring.
2.4 Applications Of MicroTrap™ with Scope

Upgrade Installed
As previously mentioned, with the Scope Upgrade, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has the ability to function as a digital
oscilloscope recording device to record DC voltage signals from a wide variety of commercially available sensors. DC voltage and VOD
can be recorded simultaneously. Typical applications of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder when used as a data recorder include
(external power sources may be required):
• Measurement of detonation pressure using calibrated PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) gauges.

• Measurement of air blast over-pressures using commercially available air blast pressure transducers.
• Measurement of cross-blasthole pressures using carbon composition resistors and/or commercially available tourmaline gauges.
• Measurement of blasting vibrations using geophones or accelerometer transducers.
• Measurement of temperature using thermocouples.
• Measurement of any phenomena that can be instrumented with gauges producing DC voltage signals in the range from
-10 to +10 volts.

9
Chapter 3
Hardware

10
Over view
This Chapter describes all of the hardware components provided with the MicroTrap™
VOD/Data Recorder.
3.1 Hardware Components

The hardware components of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder System include the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, a Carrying Case,
a Battery Charger, a USB Communications Cable and two (2) BNC Adapters. If the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Scope Upgrade has
been installed, there are four (4) additional BNC Adapters provided. Also included with the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder System
is this Operations Manual and the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Manual. A brief description of each of the hardware components
is in the following sections.
3.1.1 MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder contains electronic circuitry and an internal rechargeable battery
within a protective plastic case measuring approximately 21 x 17 x 9 cm
(8.3 x 6.7 x 3.5 in) and weighing 2 kg (4.4 lbs). The protective case prevents damage from water,
sand, snow, dust and similar harsh weather conditions. As well, the case offers resistance to high
temperatures, shocks and vibrations. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders front panel is shown on
the following page.
Complete instructions for the field operation of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder
hardware are provided in Chapter 4. The main features of the control panel are
outlined below:
MAIN CONTROL PANEL

Power:
The ON/OFF switch is used to provide power to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
CAUTION
The Power switch must remain in its position for more than 5 seconds before it is changed back. Do not turn it on and
off quickly to check the battery status. It must fully start. If this is not followed, an unrecoverable error can occur and
the unit may be required to be sent in for service.
Status Light:
The STATUS indicator light has three working modes:
In Active mode, the light is illuminated, indicating that the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is ready for the User to press the START
button. When the START button is pressed it enters Monitoring mode, which starts recording in the circular memory. When the trigger
criteria has been met, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will record the final loop of data, including the pre-set pre-trigger amount
dictated by the User when programming the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
In Stand-by mode, the light flashes slowly, indicating that the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has finished collecting and storing data.
In Stand-by mode, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is waiting for the User to either switch power OFF; press the NEXT TEST button (to
go to Active mode); or download the data to a computer. If the data will be downloaded the same day, the best practice is to leave the
unit powered on.

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ON/OFF Switch STOP Button
STATUS Indictator OUT OF RANGE Lights
MICROTRAP USB COM TRIG EXT/INT Switch
TOTAL TESTS Button START Button and Indictator
NEXT TEST Button BATTERY STATUS Button
REMAINING TESTS Button LED Screen
LED Display:
The LED screen is a two-digit display designed to report the status of the internal battery, the total number of tests programmed by the
DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite , and the number of tests remaining to be filled. The LED screen also displays special characters when
advanced operations are being performed.
Battery Level:
The BATTERY STATUS button is pressed to display the battery level on the LED screen. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders battery level
is displayed in integers from 0 to 10. Full battery is displayed as 10. A battery level of 8 would represent 80% charge remaining.

12
Total Tests:
The TOTAL TESTS button is pressed to display the total number of tests that the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder memory has been divided
into. The total number of tests can be set using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software. Please refer to DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite
Software Manual for instructions on programming the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
Remaining Tests:
The REMAINING TESTS button is pressed to display the number of programmed memory spaces that have yet to be filled with test data.
This number represents the difference between the total number of tests, and the number of tests already conducted and stored in the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder’s memory.
Deleting Test Data:

The TOTAL TESTS and REMAINING TESTS buttons also have an advanced function. They can be used by the Operator to erase the data
recorded in the last test from the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory using hardware alone as opposed to using the DAS™ Data
Acquisition Suite, as detailed in DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software Manual.
• Do not turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder after the test, the STATUS light and TRIG’D lights should be flashing.
• To erase the data from the last test; simultaneously press the TOTAL TESTS and REMAINING TESTS buttons and hold them until this
procedure is complete. The LED display will show ct. After about 2 seconds, the ct will begin blinking. After another 2 seconds, the ct
will disappear. Release the buttons. The data from the last test has been deleted.
• Turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. Turn ON the MicroTrap™ and press the TOTAL TESTS button and then the REMAINING
TESTS button. This will confirm that the remaining tests have been increased by 1 and that the last test in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorders memory has been deleted.
CAUTION
MREL recommends the above procedure for times in which the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder triggers prematurely
when the Operator is setting up the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to record a VOD test. Premature triggering can
be caused by situations such as: loose connections in the signal wires; excessive moving of or driving over the signal
wires; or by the Operator inadvertently triggering the MicroTrap™ when using an external trigger wire.
Trigger Selection:
The TRIG EXT/INT switch selects internal (INT) or external (EXT) triggering of the MicroTrap™. Using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite
Software, the internal Trigger Level and Pre-Trigger memory allocation can be set. The External Trigger mode can be set using the
software by selecting either “BREAK circuit” or “MAKE circuit” external triggers. The position of this switch is captured in the settings
when the START button is pressed. After the START button is pressed, moving this switch will have no effect on the settings. Triggering is
described in detail in Chapter 4.8 and Chapter 4.9.
Next Test:
The NEXT TEST button is used to change the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders mode from Stand-by to Active. When in Active mode, the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder waits for the User to press the START button.
Start Button:
When START is pressed, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder enters Monitoring mode, which starts recording in the circular memory.
When the trigger criteria has been met, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will record the final loop of data, including the pre-set
pre-trigger amount dictated by the User when programming the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. When the START button is pressed,
the START light illuminates. If the TRIG EXT/INT switch is set to EXT and the external trigger mode is set to “BREAK circuit” and nothing is

13
connected to the EXT TRIG BNC, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will trigger immediately when START is pressed. This is a common
error for first time users. If the OUT OF RANGE Low or High lights are illuminated, the START button will not allow the test to start (and the
START light to illuminate).
Stop Button:
The STOP button is particularly useful when the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has been set at a very slow sampling rate using
DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software. An example of this would be using a thermocouple sensor in a long-duration experiment with a
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder that has had the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Scope Upgrade installed. Given the large memory
in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, if the lowest sampling rate (1 Hz) is selected, a total recording time of 4 million data points / 1
Hz = 4,000,000 seconds (46 days) will be available for recording. After the User is satisfied that the pertinent data has been recorded,
pressing the STOP button marks the remaining data as unused, and the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will then revert back to Stand-by
mode. This saves the User from having to wait for the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to finish the test automatically. If the MicroTrap™
VOD/Data Recorder did not trigger, the User can press the STOP button to allow the diagnostic of the saved file for the possible reason
that the unit did not trigger. When the file is opened, choose “Hide uninitialized memory” to not display the data that was not captured.
Erasing All Tests:

The STOP button also has an advanced function. It can be used as part of a sequence to manually erase all of the data in the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory in the absence of a PC. This can be performed in the following steps:
1. Turn ON the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.

2. Press the NEXT TEST button to put the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder in Active mode. The STATUS light should be on.
3. Simultaneously press the NEXT TEST and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will display a blinking dE. Release the buttons.
4. Simultaneously press the START and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will display dE without blinking. Release the
buttons. All of the data in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory will be deleted.
5. Turn OFF the MicroTrap™. Wait 5 seconds. Turn ON the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder then press the TOTAL TESTS button and then
the REMAINING TESTS button to confirm that these numbers are equal and that all of the test data in the MicroTrap™
VOD/Data Recorders memory has been deleted.
CAUTION
MREL recommends the above procedure for times in which the Operator is already in the
field and has forgotten to Clear All Tests using the MREL DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite.
MICROTRAP USB COM:

The MICROTRAP USB COM port is used to connect the Communications Cable to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. The other end
of the Communications Cable is connected to the USB Port of the computer, for programming the internal Recording Parameters of the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder and for retrieval of the recorded data (Section 5.1). See the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software
Manual for performing this task.
CAUTION
The unit must be powered on for at least 5 seconds prior to connecting the USB cable. If this is not followed, an
unrecoverable error can occur and the unit may be required to be sent in for service.
Out of Range Lights:

There are two OUT OF RANGE warning lights. They will flash when the probe resistance is out of range as discussed in Chapter 4.7.

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BACK PANEL
The back of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has a variety of input and output ports that are described below:
VOD Connector DC IN/OUT Connector
EXT TRIG Connector TRIG OUT Connector
1 2 3 4 Connectors
VOD:
BNC connector for the VOD resistance probe.
EXT TRIG:
BNC connector for the trigger wire, if external triggering is used.
TRIG OUT:
BNC connector that produces a voltage signal of 10 volts for 6 seconds when the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is triggered. This
signal is used to trigger other instrumentation.
DC IN/OUT:
Used to connect the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to the Battery Charger to recharge the internal battery, and to operate the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder from AC mains power. The DC IN/OUT port can also be used to power the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder from an external 12 VDC battery using the current limiting adapter that is supplied by MREL. It can also be used to supply 10
VDC as an excitation source for other types of gauges. All details and restrictions on use of the DC IN/OUT connector are contained in
Section 3.4 and Section 3.5.
1 2 3 4:
BNC connectors for Channels 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the optional MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Scope Upgrade. These connectors have no
function unless the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Scope Upgrade has been installed.

15
FRONT PANEL
Black Vent
TRIG’D Indicator
TRIG’D:
The TRIG’D indicator light on the front of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will illuminate when the trigger conditions are met. It will
remain illuminated during collection of the data, which depends on the recording rate selected for the test. The TRIG’D light flashes rapidly
while the data is being stored in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder’s non-volatile memory. The TRIG’D light flashes slowly after all data
from the test has been stored in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder’s memory. Otherwise, the light will remain off.
BLACK VENT:
The black knob on the front of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is an automatic pressure relief valve. When transporting the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder by air, this valve allows pressure equalization upon landing. At high altitudes the internal pressure of the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder may drop, causing a negative air pressure at ground elevation which makes the lid very difficult to open
without this pressure equalization valve.
3.1.2 Carrying Case
The Carrying Case holds the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, Battery Charger, Communications
Cable and BNC Adapters.

16
3.1.3 Battery Charger
The Battery Charger has a specification printed on it, either 120 VAC or 220 VAC. It is used to charge
the internal rechargeable battery, and it can be used to operate the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder
from AC mains.
STOP
Contact MREL if the Battery Charger that has been supplied
is incorrect for the mains voltage in your country.
3.1.4 USB Communications Cable
The Communications Cable is provided to connect the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to a computer for
programming the recording parameters of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder and for downloading of the
recorded data. The Communications Cable is connected between the MICROTRAP USB COM port on the front
panel and a USB port of the computer. This is a specific cable that is required for the communication of the unit.
Generic USB to parallel adapters will not work with the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
3.1.5 BNC Adapters
Two BNC Adapters are provided to facilitate easy connection between the VOD and EXT TRIG
connectors on the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to the coaxial cable (preferably RG-58
leading to the VOD probe, and the external trigger wire, respectively. If the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder Scope Upgrade has been installed, four additional BNC Adapters are provided,
one for each Scope input channel.
3.2 Internal Rechargeable Battery

The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has an internal Ni-Cad rechargeable battery. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is supplied
with an approved 120 VAC or approved 220 VAC Battery Charger, depending on the country of use. When the internal battery is
fully charged, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder can operate for 12 hours (at maximum MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder power
consumption) before battery recharging is required. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is shipped from MREL fully charged. Since
some time may elapse before the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is actually put to use, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder may not be
charged fully the first time it is used. Full operating time will be obtained when the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is recharged.
3.3 Checking the Power Status

The procedure to check the power status of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is as follows:
1. Turn the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder switch to the ON position. Wait for 5 seconds until the STATUS light enters Stand-by
mode and then, press the BATTERY STATUS button on the front panel. This button can be pressed at any time during operation of the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
2.

17
3. The LED will display the charge remaining in the battery as a percentage of the full charge. For example, if the display shows the
number 8, it means that 80% of the maximum charge remains in the battery. A display of 10 is shown when the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder is fully charged. A display of 0 is shown when the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder requires recharging.
3.4 Recharging
The procedure to recharge the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is as follows:
1. With the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder switched OFF, connect the Battery
Charger between the DC IN/OUT port on the back of the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder and the wall outlet. The LED will display Ch indicating that
charging is progressing.
2. Full recharging will take up to 10 hours. When charging has been completed,
the Ch message on the LED will flash. Disconnect the Battery Charger at this
point. Do not leave the unit to continuously charge as damage will occur as
the battery will generate heat and will decrease the total capacity over time.
3. Unplug the Battery Charger from the wall outlet and then from the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder
battery status can be tested as detailed in Chapter 3.3.
CAUTION
Do not connect the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder directly to a 12 VDC source without any current-limiting circuit.
Damage will occur to the unit and it will need to be returned for repair to an authorized facility.
CAUTION
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will operate appropriately at low power levels as indicated by 0 on the LED. The
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will emit a beeping sound continuously for up to 30 minutes before it shuts itself OFF.
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder shuts itself off to help prevent complete discharging of the internal battery. It is
important to note that the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has a non-volatile memory, allowing the data to be stored
safely regardless of the power status of the internal battery.
3.5 Operating The MicroTrap™ from External Power Sources

The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder can be operated from AC voltage mains power using the Battery Charger. When operating from
AC mains through the Battery Charger, the LED will display P.
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder can be operated from a 12 VDC battery connected to the DC IN/OUT port on the back of the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. Contact MREL to obtain the 12 VDC Battery Adapter required for connecting the battery to the DC IN/
OUT port. When operating the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder from a 12 VDC battery, the LED will display P.

18
CAUTION
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder internal battery should not be overcharged. According to the battery
Manufacturer’s specifications, full battery pack recharging will take up to 10 hours. The Manufacturer also
recommends recharging the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder at temperatures from 10 to 30 °C (50 to 86 °F).
3.6 Long Term Storage Considerations

No special procedures, other than those pertaining to the internal battery, should be taken for long term storage of the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder. In the eventuality that the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder remains idle for long periods, it is recommended to recharge
the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder once per month per the procedure in Chapter 3.4. This will maintain the conditioning of the internal
battery.
3.7 VOD Resistance Probes

The following types of VOD resistance probes are available from MREL and are suitable for use with the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder:
3.7.1 VOD PROBEROD
The VOD PROBEROD, shown above, is a rigid probe consisting of a high resistance insulated wire placed within a small diameter metal
tube, which acts as the return lead of the circuit. PROBERODs are specifically designed to measure VODs of explosive cartridges and/or
of short sample tubes of explosives, under confined or unconfined conditions. They are available from MREL in a standard length of
0.9 m (3 ft.) and are supplied with two leads, ready to be connected to the inner and outer leads of the RG-58 coaxial cable. The other
end of the RG-58 Coaxial cable is fitted with a BNC connector for attachment to the VOD connector on the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder. Contact MREL for additional PROBEROD information and different lengths to suit your needs.

19
3.7.2 VOD PROBECABLE
Two types of flexible resistance wire are available from MREL:
VOD PROBECABLE “GREEN” and VOD PROBECABLE-LR “BLUE”. These cables

have been specially developed and refined by MREL with extensive feedback and
assistance from MREL’s Blasting Instrumentation Customers since 1987. They are ideally
suited to all explosive types loaded into all blasthole conditions, including wet holes.
They have the classical configuration of a standard RG-type coaxial cable, where the
high resistance wire is the central conductor and the braided shield acts as the return
lead. A dielectric material placed between the resistance wire and the return lead
provides both electrical insulation and a physical barrier between them. This reduces
the possibility of short circuits during handling of the PROBECABLE. A PVC outer layer
protects the PROBECABLE from tearing and damage during loading of the blasthole.
PROBECABLE and PROBECABLE-LR are used for measuring VODs of explosives in blastholes as well as the delay times between holes and
decks. The selection of either PROBECABLE or PROBECABLE-LR is based on the total resistance of the circuit, which in turn depends on the
number of holes being monitored. The only difference between these two cables relates to their nominal resistance, or resistance per unit
length. PROBECABLE (GREEN) has a unit resistance of 10.8 ohm/m (3.29 ohm/ft) while PROBECABLE-LR (BLUE) (LR stands for
Low-Resistance) has a unit resistance of 3.38 ohm/m (1.03 ohm/ft). The latter allows VOD recording for lengths up to approximately
900 m (2,950 ft.) per test with the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. Each box has a specific Quality Control Sticker that will display the
correct value to select in the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software during downloading.
Both types of PROBECABLE are available directly from MREL in a unique “reel-in-a-box” packaging with 1,000 m per box. The
reel-in-a-box allows free spooling of the PROBECABLE into the blasthole by one operator without the need for a cable reel stand or
another person to hold the reel of cable. The reel-in-a-box assembly is also conveniently wrapped in waterproof plastic to prevent
degradation of the box in wet conditions. Please contact MREL for additional PROBECABLE information.

20
3.8 Technical Specifications

Number of Channels 1 channel for VOD. Upgradeable to provide an additional 4 channels for DC voltage recording of
other types of gauges.
Vertical Resolution 14 bits, 1 part in 16,384.
Recording Rate User selectable by Software from 1 Hz to 2 MHz (VOD Only), 1 Hz to 1 MHz (Scope Channel
active).
Total Recording Time @ 2.0 seconds (4 million data points). Reducing the Recording Rate increases the Total Recording
2 MHz Recording Rate Time. Upgradeable to provide twice the amount of memory (8 million data points).
Pre-Trigger Time User selectable by Software from 0-100% of the Total Recording Time.
Trigger Modes User selectable by switch: Internal or External. External Mode: user selectable by Software “wire
make” or “wire break”. Internal Trigger Level: user selectable by Software from 2.4 to 98% of
signal level.
Power Internal rechargeable Ni-Cad battery pack providing up to 12 hours of active operation when fully
charged. The non-volatile memory allows the data to be stored securely regardless of the status
of the internal battery pack. The Battery Charger is provided in 120 or 220 VAC configurations.
Recharging takes up to 10 hours. Operational from AC mains power through Battery Charger and
from external DC power.
Multiple Event Storage User selectable by Software: up to 16 tests stored in permanent memory.
Components Provided MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, Battery Charger, Communications Cables, BNC Adapters,
Padded Carrying Case, Operations Manual and DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software (32 or
64 bit) for Windows®.
Size and Weight MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder: 21 x 17 x 9 cm (8.3 x 6.7 x 3.5 in.); 2 kg
(4.4 lbs.). System in Carrying Case: 23 x 16.5 x 21.5 cm (9 x 6.5 x 8.5 in); 3 kg (6.6 lbs.).
Environmental Fully operational at -40 to +60 °C (-40 to +140 °F). Snow, rain, dust and sand proof.
Drop proof from a height of at least 1 m (3 ft.).
PC Connection After conducting the test(s), the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is connected to a computer’s
USB port using the Communications Cable to allow fast downloading of the data to the computer.
The connection between the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder and the computer also allows the
operator to confirm and/or change the recording parameters.
Software The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software operates under Windows®. It provides an easy-to-use
and familiar graphical-user-interface that allows the operator to easily set the recording parameters
of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, download the data to the computer and analyze the data.
VOD data are automatically displayed as graphs of distance versus time. All Software operations
are “point and click”. The Software allows unlimited graphical zoom on graphs, creation of
annotated sub-graphs and VOD and hole/deck delay time analyses of any parts of the VOD
graph. Annotating, printing, saving and export of graphs and data to other Windows® software
are all easily accomplished. The operator can select Metric (m/s) or Imperial (ft/sec.) units.
VOD Excitation/Safety The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder automatically adjusts its excitation voltage for the maximum
14-bit resolution across the VOD probe. All VOD operating parameters are recorded by the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder with no requirements for additional instrumentation. For safety
considerations, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is physically unable to output as much as 50
mA of current to a VOD probe.
VOD Resistance Probes A complete line of VOD probes is available from MREL to record the VOD of explosive samples
and multiple holes in large surface mine blasts. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder can record
VODs across PROBECABLE-LR (resistance cable) lengths of up to 900 m (2,950 ft.) per test.

21
Chapter 4
Recording VOD And
Hole/Deck Delay Times

22
Over view
This Chapter provides detailed instructions on selecting a suitable site for testing
explosive samples, loading VOD PROBEROD and VOD PROBECABLE and connecting the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to record VODs and deck delay times.
4.1 Safety Considerations for Selecting an Explosive Testing Site
STOP
Contact MREL for site specific recommendations for testing samples of explosives.
Care must be taken to select a good site for detonation and recording VOD of explosive samples. If possible, a permanent test site may
be constructed. A pit surrounded by an earth wall is typically sufficient for smaller detonations. Additionally, a protected shelter for the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder and personnel can be constructed at an appropriate distance from the explosive. The distance will
depend on the amount of explosive being detonated at one time, and how the explosives are confined (be aware of steel shrapnel from
confined shots). Ensure that the area is well demarcated with the appropriate signage and that access is restricted.
If samples of explosives are to be detonated at an unprepared site, then the Operator must be careful when deciding upon what type of
ground the charges are to be placed. Avoid placement on ground with stones, rubble or anything that is likely to turn into a projectile.
The best surfaces are fines, sand or tailings.
It is always good practice to have maximum control over the time of firing of the test, therefore safety fuse initiation is not recommended.
Electronic, electric or shock tube initiation is best with the detonator either initiating the sample of explosives or the primer/booster in the
explosive sample.
4.2 The Resistance Wire Technique for Measuring VOD

The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is capable of monitoring the continuous VOD profile of an explosive column. It can measure the
VOD of relatively short explosive samples such as cast boosters or explosive cartridges. It can also measure the VOD of explosives
loaded in multiple surface or underground blastholes. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder provides a regulated constant excitation
signal to the probe and monitors the drop in voltage across it.
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder uses the proven continuous resistance wire technique for monitoring VODs. An MREL-qualified probe
of known linear resistance (i.e. ohm/m or ohm/ft) is placed axially in the explosive sample or explosive column. As the detonation front
of the explosive consumes the probe, the resistance of the circuit will decrease in proportion to the reduction in length of the probe. The
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder records the resulting decrease in voltage across the probe versus time.
The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software automatically converts the recorded data into a graph of distance versus time. The slope of
this graph at any position is the VOD of the explosive at that particular position. The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software includes
functions that will automatically calculate and display the VOD of an explosive at any selected location in the graph. Other functions
allow the Operator to calculate and display the delay time between selected blastholes or between selected explosive decks within a
blasthole. Refer to the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software Manual for more information.

23
4.3 Using ProbeRods for Testing Samples Of Explosives
The equipment and supplies that are required to conduct VOD tests on samples of explosives or on explosive cartridges are:
• The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder System.

• VOD PROBEROD (available from MREL) - one (1) per explosive sample.
• Coaxial cable (type RG-58 is recommended) - sufficient length to run between the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder location and the
explosives.
• Wire cutters and electrical tape.
• Explosives, detonators and shot exploder.
The procedure for preparing a VOD test is as follows:
1. Demarcate the charge detonation area.

2. Place the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder in a protective shelter and/or a safe distance away from the detonation area. This distance
may be closer than what is considered safe for the User. Once the setup is completed, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder does not
require the User to collect the data; it does so automatically without assistance.
3. Run a length of coaxial cable from the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to the detonation area with enough excess length to
compensate for cable movement produced by the products of detonation. A male BNC connector should be attached to the end of
the coaxial cable that is to be attached to the VOD input at the back of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. If your reel of RG-58
coaxial cable is not equipped with a BNC male connector. A BNC Adapter has been supplied with the MicroTrap™ for the purpose
of connecting to the VOD input. The BNC Adaptor can be connected to the coaxial cable using wire cutters and electrical tape. The
connection should be “shielding to shielding” and “center to center”. Ensure that the center conductor and the shielding conductor do
not touch each other across the connection.
4. Note the Unit Resistance of the probe by reading the value in ohm/m or ohm/ft from the MREL factory label on the PROBEROD. Note
the ohm/m value if the VOD is to be reported in m/s. Note the ohm/ft value if the VOD is to be reported in ft/sec. The Unit Resistance
information will be requested later by the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software.
5. Insert a PROBEROD axially in the sample of explosives. Start at the opposite end from where the detonator will be placed as shown. If
bulk explosives are being tested in a tube that has been sealed at both ends, make a small hole in the centre of each end to allow the
PROBEROD to pass through. The PROBEROD should be inserted
all the way to the orange junction where the PROBEROD meets
the two lead wires. This will ensure that the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder triggers most dependably.
If a measurement of run-up to detonation is required, ensure
that the PROBEROD is pushed well into the explosives so
that it reaches the position of the detonator or booster. If the
PROBEROD reaches the booster or protrudes past it, the effect
of the booster will be recorded by the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder. The same holds true for cartridges of explosives.
To test the VOD of detonation cord, tape the detonation cord
along the entire length of the PROBEROD.
6. Connect the PROBEROD to the coaxial cable using the wire
cutters and electrical tape. The polarity of the connection is not important. For the cleanest possible data, there are some items that
can help. Connect the shielding wire of the coax to the copper tube wire. This can be found easily by using a galvanometer to
measure the resistance between the lead wire and the copper tube. The lead wire with the resistance that is near zero will connected
to the shielding of the coax. Also, align the explosive sample with the coax to allow a straight line back to the recorder.
(continued on page 25.)

24
See Figure 1
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder

MREL Product # 1-03-01
BNC Connector (Male)
RG-58 Coaxial Cable 100 m (328 ft.)

Sample of Packaged Explosive
VOD PROBEROD or VOD PROBEROD-HS

MREL Product # 1-05-01 or 1-05-11
Detonator
Blasting Machine
Figure 1
Place the RG-58 Coaxial Cable Place the RG-58 Coaxial Cable
beside the leads from the beside the leads from the
PROBEROD. PROBECABLE.
Upon completion, the taped connection should look as shown above.

25
7. Connect the coaxial cable to the VOD connector located on the back of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, as shown to the right.
8. The PROBEROD installation aspects of the test are complete. The User can now place the detonator and connect it to the shot
exploder as per standard procedures. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is now ready to be prepared to record the test as
detailed in Chapter 4.6.
4.4 Using ProbeCable for Testing Explosives In Blastholes

The equipment and supplies that are required to conduct VOD tests on samples of explosives in blastholes are:
• The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder System.

• VOD PROBECABLE “GREEN” or VOD PROBECABLE-LR “BLUE” (available from MREL).
• Coaxial cable (type RG-58 is recommended) - sufficient length to run between the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder location and the
last blasthole in the blast to be recorded.
• Wire cutters and electrical tape.
• Explosives, detonators and shot exploder.
4.4.1 Preparation of ProbeCable for Single Blasthole Recording
1. Prepare the end of the PROBECABLE by using the wire cutters to remove the insulation from the end. Then short the PROBECABLE by
connecting the shielding wire to the center conductor wire and twist them together. Protect the connection well with electrical tape.
2. Using tape or wire, attach the short circuit end of the PROBECABLE to the primer/booster or to a rock and lower the PROBECABLE
into the hole as shown in the diagram on the following page. Detonation cord downlines may damage the PROBECABLE or cause
side initiation of the bulk explosive. When initiating with detonation cord, attach the PROBECABLE to a rock and lower it on the side
of the hole opposite to the detonation cord downline.
3. The PROBECABLE can then be cut at the top of the hole.
4. Note the Unit Resistance of the probe by reading the value in ohm/m or ohm/ft from the MREL factory label on the spool of
PROBECABLE. Note the ohm/m value if the VOD is to be reported in m/s. Note the ohm/ft value if the VOD is to be reported in ft/
sec. The Unit Resistance information will be requested later by the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software. When measured with
a blaster’s galvanometer, the Probe Resistance should compare closely with the calculated resistance of the PROBECABLE (Unit
Resistance multiplied by length). If this is not the case then remove the length of PROBECABLE and reload another length into the
hole.
5. The hole can now be loaded with explosives and stemming per usual procedure. Hold the PROBECABLE taut during the loading of
the explosive to avoid slack in the hole. If you will not be present during loading, tie the PROBECABLE taut around a hole marker
stake, or around a rock at the top of the borehole. After loading, you may wish to check the total resistance of the PROBECABLE to
ensure that no damage has occurred. Damage is unlikely, as the PROBECABLE is well protected with PVC coating.
6. Connect the PROBECABLE to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical tape. The connection should be “shielding to
shielding” and “center to center”. Ensure that the center conductor and the shielding connections do not touch each other.
7. Place the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder in a protective shelter (a short piece of steel pipe is a good shelter) and/or a safe
distance away from the blast area as dictated by flyrock. This distance may be closer than what is considered safe for the User.
When set, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder does not require a User to collect the data; it will record the data automatically.
8. Run the coaxial cable from the PROBECABLE to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. Shorter lengths of coaxial cable may be
connected together using the wire cutters and electrical tape. Somewhere along the length of the coaxial cable, loop the coaxial
cable around a large rock. When the blast is fired, and the ground moves, looping the coaxial cable around a large rock will stop
the blast from pulling the coaxial cable, and the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, with the blast. Alternatively, leave sufficient slack
in the coaxial cable to allow for ground movement.
9. A male BNC connector should be attached to the end of the coaxial cable that is to be attached to the VOD input on the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. If your reel of RG-58 coaxial cable is not equipped with a BNC male connector, a convenient

26
See Figure 2 RG-58 Coaxial
Cable 100 m (328 ft.)
BNC Connector(Male)
Blasting Machine
Stemming
Bulk Explosive
MicroTrap™
Detonator & Booster VOD/Data Recorder
Blasthole
VOD PROBECABLE
MREL Product # 1-05- 05
Rock Weight (See Figure 3)

Figure 2
Place the RG-58 Coaxial Cable Twist the shielding of the coax Twist the center Pull the shielding wires back
beside the leads from the and the PROBECABLE together. conductors together. along the cables and start taping
PROBECABLE. from the cable to the end.
Making sure that there is no Upon completion, the taped For strain relief, tie a loose knot down the cables from the
loose wires from the shielding connection should look as connection as shown above.
touching the center conductors, shown above.
continue to tape past the end.

27
BNC Adapter has been supplied with the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder for the purpose of connecting to the
MicroTrap™ VOD input. The BNC Adapter is a short length
of coaxial cable with a male BNC connector attached to one
end, and two bare leads on the other. The BNC Adaptor
can be connected to the coaxial cable using wire cutters
and electrical tape. The connection should be “shielding
to shielding” and “center to center”. Ensure that the center
conductor and the shielding conductor do not touch each
other across the connection. It is a good practice to check
the total resistance of the PROBECABLE and coaxial cable.
Ensure that the total resistance is between 50 and 3000
ohms.
Figure 3
10. Connect the coaxial cable to the VOD input located on the back of the This tape marks
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. 1m (39 in.) from
NOTE: If the out-of-range Low light is on, there is probably a
the end of the
short or less than 4 m of PROBECABLE. If the out-of-range
PROBECABLE.
High light is on, there is probably an open circuit somewhere.
11. The PROBECABLE installation is complete. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data

Recorder is now ready to be prepared to record the test as detailed in
Chapter 4.6.
4.4.2 Preparation of ProbeCable for Multiple

Blasthole Recording
1. Prepare the end of the PROBECABLE by using the wire cutters to remove
the insulation from the end. Then short the PROBECABLE by connecting the shielding wire to the center conductor wire and twist them
together. Protect the connection well with electrical tape.
2. Start at the first blasthole in the sequence, attach the short circuit end of the PROBECABLE to the booster or to a rock using tape or
wire, and lower the PROBECABLE into the hole. Detonation cord downlines may damage the PROBECABLE or cause side initiation of
the bulk explosive, therefore when using detonation cord you should attach the PROBECABLE to a rock and lower it on the opposite
side of the blasthole from the detonation cord downline.
3. Run the PROBECABLE between the first hole and the second hole leaving sufficient slack between the holes to allow for ground
movement between the delayed holes. Coil the slack cable near the collar of the second hole.
4. Each blasthole following the first hole will require a doubled length of PROBECABLE in order to form a continuous circuit throughout
the blast. There are two common methods of lowering a doubled length of PROBECABLE in these holes. The first and simplest method
is to run the PROBECABLE through a wire loop that has been tied or taped around a rock or booster. This allows the rock to slide
along the PROBECABLE as the PROBECABLE is lowered into the hole, until the rock reaches the bottom of the hole. The second method
is to measure out the midpoint of the length of PROBECABLE that is to be lowered into the hole, and attach the rock or booster so that
it reaches the exactly the bottom of the hole when inserted.
5. After the last hole to be recorded has been loaded with PROBECABLE, the PROBECABLE can then be cut a short distance from top of
that hole.
6. Note the Unit Resistance of the probe by reading the value in ohm/m or ohm/ft from the MREL factory label on the box of
PROBECABLE. Note the ohm/m value if the VOD is to be reported in m/s. Note the ohm/ft value if the VOD is to be reported in
ft/sec. The Unit Resistance information will be requested later by the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software. When measured with
a Blaster’s galvanometer, the Probe Resistance should compare closely with the calculated resistance of the PROBECABLE (Unit
Resistance multiplied by its length). If this is not the case then remove the length of PROBECABLE and reload another length into the
hole.

28
7. The hole can now be loaded with explosives and stemming per usual procedure. Hold the PROBECABLE taut during the loading of
the explosive to avoid slack in the hole. If you will not be present during loading, tie the PROBECABLE taut around a hole marker
stake, or around a rock at the top of the borehole. After loading, you may wish to check the Probe Resistance with a digital Blaster’s
Galvanometer to ensure that no damage has occurred to the PROBECABLE. Damage is unlikely, as the PROBECABLE is well protected
with PVC coating.
8. At the top of the last hole, connect the PROBECABLE to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical tape. The connection
should be “shielding to shielding” and “center to center”. Ensure that the center conductor and the shielding conductor do not touch
each other across the connection.
9. Place the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder in a protective shelter and/or a safe distance away from the blast area as dictated by
flyrock. This distance may be closer than what is considered safe for the User. When set, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder does
not require a User to collect the data; it records the data automatically.
10. Run the coaxial cable from the PROBECABLE to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. If necessary, shorter lengths of coaxial cable
may be connected together using the wire cutters and electrical tape to make a longer length of coaxial cable. Somewhere along
the length of the coaxial cable, loop the coaxial cable around a large rock. When the blast is fired, and the ground moves,
looping the coaxial cable around a large rock will stop the blast from pulling the coaxial cable and the MicroTrap™ with the blast.
Alternatively, leave sufficient slack in the coaxial cable to allow for ground movement.
11. A male BNC connector should be attached to the end of the coaxial cable that connects to the VOD input on the back of the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. If your reel of RG-58 coaxial cable is not equipped with a BNC male connector, a convenient
BNC Adapter has been supplied with the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder for the purpose of connecting to the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder VOD input. A BNC Adapter is a short length of coaxial cable with a male BNC connector attached to one end, and
two bare leads on the other. The BNC Adaptor can be connected to the coaxial cable using wire cutters and electrical tape. The
connection should be “shielding to shielding” and “center to center”. Ensure that the center conductor and the shielding conductor do
not touch each other across the connection.
12. Connect the coaxial cable to the VOD input on the back of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
13. The PROBECABLE installation aspects of the test are now complete. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is now ready to be
prepared to record the test as detailed in Chapter 4.6.
4.5 ProbeCable And Coaxial Cable Protection

It is important to protect the PROBECABLE and the coaxial cable from damage caused by personnel and machinery operating on the
blast. It is also important to protect the PROBECABLE from damage caused by detonation of other holes and/or surface accessories such
as detonating cord, detonating relays, and shock tube bunch blocks.
The cables may be protected in many ways. Experience has shown that it is best to lead the PROBECABLE and coaxial cable under the
detonating cord and leave a barrier of sand or drill cuttings between the cables and the detonating cord. A danger point is the collar
area of the holes as the detonating cord or shock tube bunch blocks that initiate the downlines may cross directly over the PROBECABLE
or coaxial cable. A good procedure is to protect the area where there is a cross over for about 1.5 m (5 ft) along the length of cable.
Experience has shown that a sand or stemming barrier thickness of 15-30 cm (0.5-1 ft) is sufficient to protect the cables.
I M P O R TA N T
When shipped from MREL, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders recording parameters have been pre-set to settings
appropriate for most blasthole VOD recording situations. Recording Rate = 2 MHz. Total Recording Time = 2 seconds,
with standard memory and 4 seconds with the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders Memory Upgrade installed. Memory
Allocation = 1 test fills the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders internal memory. Pre-trigger Time = 25% of Total
Recording Time = 0.5 seconds. Trigger Level = 95%. These settings recommendations are based on MREL’s extensive
worldwide experience in VOD recording.

29
Delay between RG-58 Coaxial
each hole Cable 100 m (328 ft.)
BNC Connector(Male)
Borehole 1 Borehole 2 Borehole 3
Blasting Machine MicroTrap™

VOD/Data Recorder
Stemming MREL Product # 1-03-01
Bulk Explosive VOD PROBECABLE

MREL Product # 1-05- 05
Detonator & Booster
Rock Weight
(See Figure 3)

30
I M P O R TA N T
MREL recommends a Trigger Level of about 95% and a Pre-Trigger Time of about 25% for VOD recording of
explosives samples and explosives in blastholes.
MREL recommends setting the Number of Tests = 1 for VOD recording of blastholes using PROBECABLE. The
Operator will normally be able to download the data from the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to a computer before
conducting the next VOD test.
MREL recommends setting the Number of Tests = 16 for VOD recording of samples of explosives using a PROBEROD.
This reduces the quantity of data collected per test and conserves the computer’s disk space. At a 2 MHz recording
rate, a MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder with standard memory will record for a total of 131 ms per test if the Number
of Tests = 16. This is more than sufficient recording time for a sample of explosives
4.6 MicroTrap™ Setup Procedure For VOD Measurements

Once the VOD probe has been placed in the explosive and connected to the RG-58 coaxial cable running to the VOD input on back of
the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, the User may now prepare it for recording. The procedure to record a new VOD test consists of the
following steps:
1. Ensure that the coaxial cable coming from the PROBEROD or PROBECABLE is connected to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder
signal input connector labeled VOD.
2. Turn the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder ON. The STATUS light will illuminate and begin to flash quickly for approximately 2
seconds while the recorder conducts some internal verification testing. If the recorder passes the internal verification tests, the STATUS
light will begin to flash slowly (Stand-by mode). The User can go on to Step 3. CAUTION: Do not turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder until after the internal verification testing has been complete or an unrecoverable error can occur and the unit may be
required to be sent in for service. If the MicroTrap™ fails to pass the internal verification tests, the STATUS light will flash three times
in succession and EE will appear on the LED. If this happens, switch the MicroTrap™ OFF, wait 10 seconds, and switch it on again.
If the MicroTrap™ continues to fail the internal verification tests, then contact MREL as the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder requires
service.
I M P O R TA N T
If the you do not wish to keep the existing data in memory, then you can either clear the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorders internal memory using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software or by following this procedure:
a. Turn ON the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.

b. Press the NEXT TEST button to put the MicroTrap™ in Active mode. The STATUS light should be on.
c. Simultaneously press the NEXT TEST and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will display a blinking
dE. Release the buttons.
d. Simultaneously press the START and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will display dE without
blinking. Release the buttons. All of the data in the MicroTrap™’s memory will be deleted.
e. Turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders. Turn ON the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder and pressing
the TOTAL TESTS button and then the REMAINING TESTS button will confirm that these numbers are equal
and that all of the test data in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory has been deleted.

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3. Press the NEXT TEST button; the STATUS light will stop flashing and will remain illuminated (Active mode).
4. Press the TOTAL TESTS button to see the number of tests that the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory has been divided into,
using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software.
5. Press the REMAINING TESTS button to see the number of memory slots that remain to be filled in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorders non-volatile memory. If this number does not equal the number of TOTAL TESTS, then there are one or more tests already
stored in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders internal memory. If the value shown on the display is 0, the memory is full and will
need to be cleared prior to conducting further tests.
6. Look for the OUT OF RANGE warning light indicators ( and ). If there is a warning light, there is a problem with the resistance
probe, the coaxial cable, or the BNC Adapter. If this is the case, the User is referred to Chapter 4.7 for possible solutions.The START
button will be blocked and the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will be unable to record VODs when an OUT OF RANGE condition
exists. If neither of the OUT OF RANGE lights are illuminated, the User may proceed with the next step.
7. If you intend to use the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders internal trigger, ensure the EXT/INT TRIG switch is set to the INTernal
position. The use of EXTernal triggering is discussed in Chapter 4.8.
8. Press the START button. The START light will illuminate steadily. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder then starts monitoring the
blast, waiting for the trigger signal to start collecting voltage data. Personnel may now vacate the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder
location if necessary.
9. When the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders internal triggering criteria is met (i.e. a sufficient length of PROBEROD or PROBECABLE
has been consumed by the detonation), the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will begin recording VOD information. Upon triggering,
the TRIG’D light will illuminate and remain on during the collection of data (this time depends on the recording rate and number
of tests programmed into the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder). During this time, both the START and STATUS lights will also be
illuminated.
NOTE: When the internal triggering criteria are met, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will send a 10 VDC signal to the TRIG OUT
port on the back of the unit. This pulse is 6 seconds in duration, and has a rise time of 2 microseconds. Some Users may wish to
trigger other instrumentation from the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders TRIG OUT port.
10. Once data collection ends, the TRIG’D and START lights flash rapidly and the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder begins storing data
into its non-volatile memory. During this short time, the STATUS light is illuminated to indicate that writing is taking place. Do not
switch the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder OFF during this time. This can take up to 45 seconds to download into memory.
11. When the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder finishes storing the data, the START light will go dark and the STATUS and TRIG’D lights
will begin to flash slowly. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has now returned to Stand-by mode.
I M P O R TA N T
If the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has triggered prematurely, or the data that you have collected is not of use to
you, then you may erase only the last test by performing the following sequence:
a. Do not turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder after the test, the STATUS light and TRIG’D lights should
be flashing.
b. To erase the data from the last test; simultaneously press the TOTAL TESTS and REMAINING TESTS buttons
and hold them until this procedure is complete. The LED display will show ct.
c. After about 2 seconds, the ct will begin blinking. After another 2 seconds, the ct will disappear. Release the
buttons. The data from the last test has been deleted.
d. Turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, wait several seconds and then turn the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder ON again. Pressing the TOTAL TESTS button and then the REMAINING TESTS button will confirm
that the remaining tests have been increased by 1 and that the last test in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder’s memory has been deleted.

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If no more experiments are to be conducted and the data storing process has been finished (Step 11 above), then the data are ready
to be transferred to a computer using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software. If data transfer is to be conducted later, then the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder can be switched OFF and the data will remain in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders non-volatile
memory.
4.7 Probe Resistance Out Of Range Lights

There are two OUT OF RANGE warning lights on the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. One is labeled , which illuminates when the total
resistance (resistance VOD sensor plus coaxial cable) is greater than 3,000 ohms. The other is labeled , which illuminates when the
total resistance is less than 50 ohms. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is designed to only perform VOD tests using this range of initial
resistance values (50 – 3,000 ohms).
There are three reasons for the initial total resistance to be LOW:
1. A short circuit somewhere in the coaxial cable and probe assembly, including any BNC connector(s) or BNC Adapter;
2. A damaged PROBEROD;
3. An insufficient length of PROBECABLE.
Item 1 can be tested using a Blaster’s Galvanometer to test the resistance/continuity of the coaxial cable and probe assembly. It can be
and solved by remaking the connections or replacing faulty BNC Connectors. Item 2 is addressed by replacing the damaged PROBEROD.
If Item 3 can be addressed by attaching some additional length of PROBECABLE to the probe circuit. This will not affect the VOD results. If
PROBECABLE-LR is being used in the test, then consider using PROBECABLE for such tests in the future. The unit resistance of PROBECABLE
is approximately 3 times that of PROBECABLE-LR.
CAUTION
The continuity mode of commercial multimeters may apply a higher current than is allowed at a blasting site. Any
tests with continuity mode of a multimeter should be done with cables which are in a non-blasting field location. If
the VOD sensor is in the vicinity of energetics, it is recommended to use a Blaster’s Galvanometer to measure the
resistance values.
There are three reasons for the total resistance to be HIGH:
1. An open circuit somewhere in the coaxial cable and probe assembly, including any BNC connector(s) or BNC Adapter;
2. A damaged PROBEROD;
3. Too long a length of PROBECABLE.
Item 1 can be tested using a blaster’s galvanometer to test the resistance/continuity of the coaxial cable and probe assembly. It can be
and solved by remaking the connections or replacing faulty BNC Connectors. Item 2 is addressed by replacing the damaged PROBEROD.
If Item 3 is the cause, then reduce the length of the PROBECABLE used in the test by cutting out excess PROBECABLE between holes
and remaking the connections using the wire cutters and electrical tape. Alternatively, this can be achieved by reducing the number
of holes being recorded by cutting the PROBECABLE and remaking the appropriate connection with the wire cutters and electrical
tape. If PROBECABLE is being used in the test, then considering using PROBECABLE-LR for such tests in the future. The unit resistance of
PROBECABLE-LR is approximately 1/3 that of PROBECABLE.

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4.8 Utilizing the External Trigger
In some VOD and data recording applications, it may be desirable to have the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder begin to record exactly
when a specific external event occurs. For the specific event to trigger the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, and subsequently correspond
to time zero on the VOD graph, the EXT TRIG port is used.
The EXT TRIG function operates on the simple concept of MAKE or BREAK circuits. Both types of trigger capitalize on the fact that the
EXT TRIG port outputs a constant voltage after the START button is pressed. The traditional MAKE circuit is triggered when the open circuit
is closed by the event of interest, even if only momentarily. The traditional BREAK circuit is triggered when the complete circuit is broken,
even if only momentarily.
To create a MAKE or BREAK trigger using the EXT TRIG port, connect a BNC Adaptor to the port and subsequently connect a “duplex”
(two wired) cable to the adaptor. A good example of a duplex wire that is fit for duty as a trigger line is the lead line used for initiating
electric detonators in the field.
An example of a MAKE trigger would be to twist the duplex wire with itself, leaving the insulation on each wire, and then run it over the
tip of a detonator or around a section of detonating cord, so that upon detonation of the explosive, the insulation is stripped and the two
wires are forced into contact with each other under pressure from the explosive. This momentary contact will complete the MAKE circuit
and thus trigger the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. The MAKE trigger is especially dependable because the explosive itself generates
an electrically conductive plasma in the vicinity of the detonation front, that will assist in arcing the current from one wire to the other.
An example of a BREAK trigger would be to wrap a duplex wire around an object that is expected to deform or expand during the event
of interest, and then twist the bare ends of the wires together so as to complete the circuit. When this object deforms or expands, the
wires will disconnect and cause the circuit to open - triggering the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. Beware that even a momentary break
in the trigger circuit will cause the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to trigger. Avoid disturbing a BREAK trigger once the START button
has been pressed.
The procedure for using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software to program the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder for MAKE or BREAK
external triggering is detailed in the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software Manual.
4.9 Additional Information on Memory and Triggering

4.9.1 Memory
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has a large circular memory containing 4,194,000 data points (doubled with optional memory
upgrade) that are allocated across each of the tests into which the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory has been divided. The total
number of tests and selected recording rate dictate the total record time available for each test. Selection of the number of tests to be
recorded and the Recording Rate is done using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software.
The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software automatically calculates and displays the Total Recording Time per Test and the Pre-Trigger Time.
For those Operators with additional interest in recording times:
A general equation to calculate the Total Recording Time (Pre-Trigger Time + Post-Trigger Time) is:
Total Recording Time (seconds) = 4,194,000 points / ((# of tests) x (recording rate))

34
If the number of tests selected is one, the available recording time will be maximized for a given Recording Rate.
For example, at the maximum Recording Rate 2 MHz, the Total Recording Time will be:
4,194,000 points / ((1 test) x (2,000,000 points/sec)) = 2.097 seconds
At a slower Recording Rate of 1 MHz (for example), the Total Recording Time will become 4.194 seconds. If the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorders internal memory is divided into 4 tests, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will partition the memory allocating 4,194,000
points/4 tests = 1,048,500 points per test.
Following the previous example, the Total Recording Time per test can be calculated as follows:
4,194,000 points / ((4 tests)x(2,000,000 points/sec)) = 0.524 seconds per Test
If the Recording Rate is reduced to 1 MHz, the Total Recording Time will become 1.048 seconds per test. If these recording times are
insufficient for your testing applications, then contact MREL and ask about the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Memory Upgrade, which
doubles the MicroTrap™’s internal memory and thus doubles the Total Recording Time.
4.9.2 Triggering
When the EXT/INT switch is set to the EXT position, the trigger signal that the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder receives is from the Trigger
Wire as detailed in Section 4.8. This corresponds to time = 0 on the resulting VOD graph.
When the EXT/INT switch is set to the INT position, then the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is triggered by the signal received from the
probe placed in the explosives. This trigger signal occurs according to the following principle: when the explosive detonates, the probe is
consumed and the probe length is reduced. This in turn reduces the resistance and thus the voltage across the probe decreases from the
initial 5.0 VDC (approximately) set automatically by the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. When the voltage across the probe reaches
the value corresponding to the Trigger Level selected by DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is
triggered. This represents time = 0 on the resulting VOD graph. For example, with a Trigger Level setting of 95%, the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder will be triggered when the voltage signal coming from the probe crosses the 95% level (4.75 VDC of the full-scale voltage,
which is approximately 5.0 VDC).
Once the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder receives the trigger signal, it stores the VOD information received immediately prior to the
trigger signal into the pre-trigger memory; the VOD information received after the trigger signal is stored into the post-trigger memory.
The recording time for each memory allocation (pre and post-trigger) will depend on the setting selected, using the DAS™ Data
Acquisition Suite Software, for Pre-Trigger %. The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software automatically calculates and displays the Total
Recording Time per Test and the Pre-Trigger Time. For those Operators with additional interest in recording times:
Pre-Trigger Time = (Total Recording Time) x Pre-Trigger %

Post-Trigger Time = (Total Recording Time) - (Pre-Trigger Time)
For the PROBECABLE or PROBECABLE-LR length loaded in the blastholes, and the recommended TRIG% setting of 95.3%, the graphs
on the following pages show the lengths of PROBECABLE and PROBECABLE-LR that must be consumed for the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder to receive the INTernal trigger signal. PROBECABLE-LR should be used for tests involving several holes where if PROBECABLE was
used it would result in the Total Resistance exceeding the maximum resistance accepted by the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder (3,000
ohms).

35
For example, at a 95.3% Trigger Level and with 250 metres of PROBECABLE loaded into blastholes, then 28 metres of PROBECABLE must
be consumed to trigger the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. If the first hole does not consume a sufficient length of PROBECABLE to
trigger the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, then all of the VOD data for the first hole will be before time = 0.
The Operator should ensure that there is sufficient Pre-Trigger time to record the time it takes for the trigger length of PROBECABLE to be
consumed in the blast. This is particularly important if several delayed holes must be detonated in order for sufficient PROBECABLE to
be consumed. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has a very large memory and a very long Total Recording Time. At a Pre-Trigger %
setting of 25%, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has a long Pre-Trigger Time. It is likely that there will always be sufficient Pre-Trigger
Time to record the time it takes for the trigger length of PROBECABLE to be consumed in the blast.
If there is insufficient Pre-Trigger time, the best procedure is for the Operator to re-program the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder using
the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software and increase the Pre-Trigger % to increase the amount of Pre-Trigger Time to suit the test.
Alternatively, the Operator can reduce the Recording Rate to increase the amount of both Pre and Post-Trigger Time. It should be noted
that the minimum sample rate recommended for VOD measurements is 1 MHz.

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37

38

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Chapter 5
Recording Voltage Signals
From Gauges

40
Over view
This Chapter provides the Operator with detailed instructions on connecting the gauges to the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder and setting the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder hardware to
record the voltage signals produced by the gauges.
5.1 Introduction to Recording DC Voltage Signals

The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder with optional Scope Upgrade is capable of recording DC voltage signals on up to 4 channels.
Additionally, the VOD channel can be used to record VOD data simultaneously with the recording of voltage signals. When
simultaneously recording voltage and VOD data the triggering of the MicroTrap, when set on INTernal triggering, is controlled by
the VOD channel.
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is specifically designed to be used with gauges, power supplies and signal conditioning equipment
producing DC voltage signals in the range of -10 to +10 VDC. Each of the Scope channels can be individually programmed to accept
a variety of uni-polar or bi-polar voltage ranges. The 0-2.5, 0-5 and 0-10 volt ranges refer to the uni-polar setting commonly used to
measure slowly changing events such as temperature recordings. The -2.5 to 2.5, -5 to 5 and -10 to 10 volt input ranges refer to the
bipolar mode which is frequently used to record faster events such as explosion & detonation pressures, blast vibrations, over-pressures,
air blast, strains, etc.
The MREL MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is commonly used to record voltage signal inputs from commercially available sensors such as
include (external power sources may be required):
• Tri-axial Geophones and Uni-axial Velocimeters for recording vibration data.

• Tourmaline gauges for recording high pressures associated with shock, such as underwater blasts.
• Carbon Resistors for recording very high pressure signals in harsh environments, such as cross-borehole propagation.
• PVDF transducers to measure detonation pressures.
• Thermocouples to measure temperatures.
• Various PCB sensors to measure blast overpressures or accelerations.
Some types of sensors require an excitation signal to operate. In this case, the appropriate amplifier or signal conditioner must be used in
conjunction with the sensor.
The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software automatically displays the recorded data in graphs of voltage versus time. The DAS™ Data
Acquisition Suite Software includes menu functions that allow the User to apply equations to the voltage data in order to convert it into
a graph of proper engineering units (versus time). The User has the freedom to choose any engineering unit that corresponds to the
sensor data. Also, if desired, the data can be exported to be used in other software programs that the User has access to. The user can
purchase an upgrade to the Advanced Edition of the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software to enable the application of filters for the
data. Refer to the Advanced Edition section in the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software Manual for more information.
5.2 Connecting Gauges to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder

The equipment and supplies that are required to record voltage signals from gauges are:
1. The MREL MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.

2. Up to 4 Sensors and 1 VOD Probe (optional).
3. Coaxial Cable (type RG-58 is recommended) of sufficient length to run between the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder and the sensors.
4. Wire Cutters and Electrical Tape.

41
The procedure for connecting sensors to the MicroTrap™
VOD/Data Recorder is as follows:
1. Place the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder in a protective

shelter and/or a safe distance away from the detonation
area. This distance may be closer than what is considered
safe for the User. Once the setup is completed, the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder does not require the
User to collect the data; it does so automatically without
assistance.
2. For each sensor you intend to use, run a length of coaxial 1 2 3 4 Connectors
cable from the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to that
sensor with enough excess length to compensate for cable shortening or cable damage from each test (if applicable). Shorter lengths
of coaxial cable may be connected together using the wire cutters and electrical tape. A male BNC connector should be attached
to the end of the coaxial cable that is to be attached to the Scope inputs (labeled 1 2 3 4) on the back of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder. Convenient BNC Adapters have been supplied with the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder for this purpose. The Adapters
can be connected to the coaxial cable using the wire cutters and electrical tape. The connection should be “shielding to shielding”
and “center to center” conductor. Ensure that the center conductor and the shielding do not touch each other.
3. Make note of the conversion formulas of the sensors being used. If using multiple sensors of the same type are to be used, make note
of the serial number and conversion formula of each sensor. These conversion formulas are generally used in equations that relate
voltage to engineering units. You will need to enter these conversion formulas into the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software to
convert the graphs of voltage versus time, to graphs of the appropriate engineering units versus time.
4. Install your sensors in their final positions.
5. Connect the coaxial cable to your sensors using the appropriate connectors, or your wire cutters and electrical tape. Note that the
polarity of the connection is typically important to indicate positive or negative readings from the sensors. The centre conductor of
the coaxial cable is termed “active” and the shielding is “common”. Remember to connect and adjust the settings on your amplifier or
signal conditioner(s) as required.
6. Connect the coaxial cables to the Scope inputs (labeled 1 2 3 4) on the back of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
7. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder is now ready to begin the recording sequence, as detailed in Section 5.4 below.
5.3 Signal Cable Protection

It is important to protect the gauge signal cable from damage caused by personnel and machinery operating at the test area. If testing
explosives, it is also important to protect the cable from damage caused by detonation of other holes and/or surface accessories such as
detonating cord, detonating relays, and shock tube bunch blocks.
5.3.1 Detonation Cord
Experience has shown that it is best to lead the PROBECABLE and coaxial cable under the detonating cord and leave a barrier of sand or
drill cuttings between the cables and the detonating cord. A danger point is the collar area of the holes as the detonating cord or shock
tube bunch blocks that initiate the downlines may cross directly over the PROBECABLE or coaxial cable. A good procedure is to protect
the area where there is a cross over for about 1.5 m (5 ft) along the length of cable. Experience has shown that a sand or stemming
barrier thickness of 15-30 cm (0.5-1 ft) is sufficient to protect the cables.

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5.4 MicroTrap™ Setup Procedure for Recording Voltage Signals
Now that your sensor(s) are placed and connected to the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, it is time to being the recording sequence.
Remember that the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder should already be programmed with the appropriate number of tests, number of
channels per test, record rates, trigger level, and pre-trigger memory allocation. Refer to the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software
Manual if required.
I M P O R TA N T
MREL recommends setting the Number of Tests = 16 for when recording short duration events. This reduces the quantity of data
collected per test and conserves the computer’s disk space. At a 1 MHz recording rate, a MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder
with standard memory will record for a total of 65 ms per test if the Number of Tests = 16 and the Number of Channels = 4.
This is sufficient recording time for many short duration events. See Section 4.6 for more information on memory.
The procedure to record a new test consists of the following steps:
1. Ensure that the coaxial cable coming from the gauge(s) is connected to the Scope input connectors (labeled 1 2 3 4) on the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.
2. Turn the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder ON. The STATUS light will illuminate and begin to flash quickly for approximately 2
seconds while the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder conducts some internal verification testing. If the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder
passes the internal verification tests, the STATUS light will begin to flash slowly (Stand-by mode). The User can go on to Step 3.
CAUTION: Do not turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder until after the internal verification testing has been complete or an
unrecoverable error can occur and the unit may be required to be sent in for service. If the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder fails to
pass the internal verification tests, the STATUS light will flash three times in succession and EE will appear on the LED. If this happens,
switch the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder OFF , wait several seconds, and turn the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder ON again. If
the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder continues to fail the internal verification tests, then contact MREL as the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder requires service.
3. Press the NEXT TEST button; the STATUS light will stop flashing and will remain illuminated (Active mode).
4. Press the TOTAL TESTS button to see the number of tests that the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory has been divided into,
using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software.
I M P O R TA N T
If you do not wish to keep the existing data in memory, then you can either clear the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders
internal memory using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software or by following this procedure:
a. Turn ON the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.

b. Press the NEXT TEST button to put the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder in Active mode. The STATUS light
should be on.
c. Simultaneously press the NEXT TEST and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will display a blinking
dE. Release the buttons.
d. Simultaneously press the START and STOP buttons and hold them down. The LED will display dE without
blinking. Release the buttons. All of the data in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory will be deleted.
e. Turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. Turn ON the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder and pressing the
TOTAL TESTS button and then the REMAINING TESTS button will confirm that these numbers are equal and that
all of the test data in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory has been deleted.

43
5. Press the REMAINING TESTS button to see the number of memory slots that remain to be filled in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorders non-volatile memory. If this number does not equal the number of TOTAL TESTS, then there are one or more tests already
stored in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders internal memory. If the value shown on the display is 0, the memory is full and will
need to be cleared prior to conducting further tests.
6. If you intend to use the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders internal trigger, ensure the EXT/INT TRIG switch is set to the INTernal
position. The use of external EXTernal triggering is discussed in Chapter 4.8.
NOTE: When simultaneously recording voltage and VOD data the triggering of the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, when set on
INTernal triggering, is controlled by the VOD channel. Details on the procedure for recording VOD data are provided in the Chapter 4.
7. Look for the OUT OF RANGE warning light indicators ( and ). If there is a warning light, then the voltage being produced by one
of the sensors is out of the voltage range set by the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software. If this is the case, then disconnect the
signal wires from the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder one at a time, until the warning light goes off. When the warning light goes
off, the unplugged sensor is identified as the fault. The User should test the cable connections to the sensor, as well as the power
supply and/or signal conditioner. A voltmeter should be used to verify the baseline voltage output of the sensor. If the OUT OF
RANGE lights are not illuminated the User can proceed to Step 8.
NOTE: If a scope channel is in UniPolar mode, a negative voltage will cause an out-of-range error. This may be due to incorrect polarity.
Also, some sensors produce a slightly negative voltage when zero is expected, so they require a bipolar range.
8. Press the START button. The START light will illuminate steadily. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder then starts monitoring the blast,
waiting for the trigger signal to record the voltage data. Personnel may now vacate the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder location if
necessary.
9. When the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders internal triggering criteria is met (i.e. the voltage signal on one of the channels has
crossed the trigger level set in the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software), the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will begin recording
voltage iinformation. Note that Scope trigger is “absolute value above”. For example, if in bipolar mode and 60% trigger level is
selected with the range set to +/- 10 volts, it triggers above 6 volts or below -6 volts. Upon triggering, the TRIG’D light will illuminate
and remain on during the collection of data (this time depends on the recording rate and number of tests programmed into the
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder). During this time, both the START and STATUS lights will also be illuminated.
I M P O R TA N T
If the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has triggered prematurely, or the data that you have collected is not of use to
you, then you may erase only the last test by performing the following sequence:
a. Do not turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder after the test, the STATUS light and TRIG’D lights should
be flashing.
b. To erase the data from the last test; simultaneously press the TOTAL TESTS and REMAINING TESTS buttons
and hold them until this procedure is complete. The LED display will show ct.
c. After about 2 seconds, the ct will begin blinking. After another 2 seconds, the ct will disappear. Release the
buttons. The data from the last test has been deleted.
d. Turn OFF the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, wait several seconds and then turn the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder ON again. Pressing the TOTAL TESTS button and then the REMAINING TESTS button will confirm
that the remaining tests have been increased by 1 and that the last test in the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorders memory has been deleted.

44
NOTE: When the internal triggering criteria are met, the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder will send a 10 VDC signal to the TRIG OUT
port on the back of the unit. This pulse is 6 seconds in duration, and has a rise time of 2 microseconds. Some Users may wish to
trigger other instrumentation from the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders TRIG OUT port.
10. Once data collection ends, the TRIG’D and START lights flash rapidly and the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder begins storing data
into its non-volatile memory. During this short time, the STATUS light is illuminated to indicate that writing is taking place. Do not
switch the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder OFF during this time.
11. When the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder finishes storing the data, the START light will go dark and the STATUS and TRIG’D lights
will begin to flash slowly. The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has now returned to Stand-by mode.
12. If no more experiments are to be conducted and the data storing process has been finished (Step 11 above), then the data are ready
to be transferred to a computer using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software as detailed in Section 6.1. If data transfer is to be
conducted later, then the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder can be switched OFF and the data will remain in the MicroTrap™ VOD/
Data Recorder non-volatile memory.
5.5 Utilizing the External Trigger

In some data recording applications, it may be desirable to
have the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder begin to record exactly
when a specific external event occurs. For the specific event to
trigger the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, and subsequently
correspond to time zero on the graph, the EXT TRIG port is used.
The EXT TRIG function operates on the simple concept of MAKE or

BREAK circuits. Both types of trigger capitalize on the fact that the
EXT TRIG port outputs a constant voltage after the START button is pressed. The traditional MAKE circuit is triggered when the open circuit
is closed by the event of interest, even if only momentary. The traditional BREAK circuit is triggered when the complete circuit is broken,
even if only momentarily.
To create a MAKE or BREAK trigger using the EXT TRIG port, connect a BNC Adaptor to the port and subsequently connect a “duplex”
(two wired) cable to the adaptor. A good example of a duplex wire that is fit for duty as a trigger line is the lead line used for initiating
electric detonators in the field.
An example of a MAKE trigger would be to twist the duplex wire with itself, leaving the insulation on each wire, and then run it over the
tip of a detonator or around a section of detonating cord, so that upon detonation of the explosive, the insulation is stripped and the two
wires are forced into contact with each other under pressure from the explosive. This momentary contact will complete the MAKE circuit
and thus trigger the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. The MAKE trigger is especially dependable because the explosive itself generates
an electrically conductive plasma in the vicinity of the detonation front, that will assist in arcing the current from one wire to the other.
Ensure that the resistance of the external trigger wires have a total resistance below 100 ohms in order to detect the change in status to
trigger the unit. It is always best to test the external trigger if possible.
An example of a BREAK trigger would be to wrap a duplex wire around an object that is expected to deform or expand during the event
of interest, and then twist the bare ends of the wires together so as to complete the circuit. When this object deforms or expands, the
wires will disconnect and cause the circuit to open - triggering the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder. Beware that even a momentary break
in the trigger circuit will cause the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to trigger. Avoid disturbing a BREAK trigger once the START button
has been pressed. Ensure that the resistance of the external trigger wires have a total resistance below 100 ohms in order to detect the
change in status to trigger the unit. It is always best to test the external trigger if possible.

45
5.6 Additional Information on Memory
The MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder has a large circular memory containing 4,194,000 data points (doubled with optional memory
upgrade) that are allocated across each of the tests into which the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders memory has been divided. The total
number of tests and selected recording rate dictate the total record time available for each test. Selection of the number of tests to be
recorded and the Recording Rate is done using the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software.
The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software automatically calculates and displays the Total Recording Time per Test and the Pre-Trigger
Time. Notice that the graphic shown is for a MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder with the optional MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Memory
Upgrade installed.
For those Operators with additional interest in recording times:
A general equation to calculate the Total Recording Time (Pre-Trigger Time + Post-Trigger Time) is:
Total Recording Time (seconds) = 4,194,000 points / ((# of tests) x (# of channels) x (recording rate))
If the number of tests selected is one, and only one channel is being recorded, the available recording time will be maximized for a given
Recording Rate. For example, at the maximum Recording Rate 1 MHz, the Total Recording Time will be:
4,194,000 points / ((1 test) x (1 channel) x (1,000,000 points/sec)) = 4.194 seconds
At a slower Recording Rate of 500 kHz (for example), the Total Recording Time will become 8.390 seconds. If the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorders internal memory is divided into 4 tests and there are 4 Scope channels on and VOD is also being recorded, the MicroTrap™
VOD/Data Recorder will partition the memory allocating 4,194,000 points/((4 tests)x(5 channels)) = 209,700 points per test per channel.
Following the previous example, the Total Recording Time per test can be calculated as follows:
4,194,000 points / ((4 tests) x (5 channels) x (1,000,000 points/sec)) = 0.210 seconds per test
If the Recording Rate is reduced to 500 kHz, the Total Recording Time will become 0.42 seconds per test per channel. If these recording
times are insufficient for your testing applications, then contact MREL and ask about the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Memory
Upgrade, which doubles the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorders internal memory and thus doubles the Total Recording Time. For slower
phenomena such as temperature, much lower recording rates can be used to allow the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to record for
hours.

46

47
Chapter 6
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data
Recorder Software

48
Over view
This Chapter provides an over view on how to retrieve data from the MicroTrap™
VOD/Data Recorder and how to analyze the data obtained.
6.1 Retreiving Data From The MicroTrap™

VOD/Data Recorder
The procedure to retrieve data from the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder to a computer is as
follows:
1. Turn off the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.

2. Connect the Communication Cable to the computer. Wait for the Green light to show the
cable is operating properly.
3. Connect the Communications Cable between the USB Port on the computer and the
MICROTRAP USB COM port on the front panel.
4. Turn the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder power ON.
NOTE: If the USB cable has not been connected prior to turning ON the unit, the User MUST wait approximately
5 seconds before connecting the USB cable or an unrecoverable error can occur and the unit may be required
to be sent in for service.
5. Start the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Software by clicking on Start-Programs-MREL-Data-Acquisition-Suite.
To continue the download, refer to the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software Manual.
6.2 Selecting Data Files for Analysis

Refer to the DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software Manual for the procedure for selecting a data file for analysis.

49
Chapter 7
Contacting MREL for
Technical Support

50
7.1 Contacting MREL
MREL Group of Companies Limited
Blasting Instrumentation Team
5-779 Sir John A MacDonald Blvd.

Kingston, Ontario K7L 1H3
Canada
Toll Free +1-877-544-MREL (Canada/USA)

Tel: +1-613-545-0466
Email: support@mrel.com
Support: www.mrel.com/contact.html
MREL looks forward to providing you with assistance.

51

MREL is committed to product innovation; accordingly product may undergo specification improvements without notice.
Copyright © 2022 MREL Group of Companies Limited.
MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder, MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder Logo, and MREL Logo
are trademarks or registered trademarks of MREL Group of Companies Limited.
Windows® is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
MREL GROUP OF COMPANIES LIMITED

5-779 Sir John A MacDonald Blvd. Kingston, Ontario K7L 1H3 Canada
T: +1-613-545-0466 E: contact@mrel.com www.mrel.com

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Operations Manual

MREL GROUP OF COMPANIES LIMITED

Edition 4.0, March 2014

Edition 3.0, Februar y 2013

Edition 2.2, March 2009

Edition 2.1, Januar y 2009

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

1.1 MicroTrap™ Hardware Included 2

3.1 Hardware Components 10

T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

Chapter 4: Recording VOD and Hole/Deck Delay Times 21

4.1 Safety Considerations for Selecting an Explosive Testing Site 22

Chapter 5: Recording Voltage Signals From Gauges 39

5.1 Introduction to Recording DC Voltage Signals 40

6.1 Retrieving Data 48

7.1 Contacting MREL 50

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

1.1 MicroTrap™ Hardware Included

1.2 Installing The DAS™ Data Acquisition Suite Software

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

2.3 VOD Applications

2.3.1 Testing of Explosive Samples

T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

2.4 Applications Of MicroTrap™ with Scope

• Measurement of detonation pressure using calibrated PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) gauges.

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

3.1 Hardware Components

3.1.1 MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder

MAIN CONTROL PANEL

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

ON/OFF Switch STOP Button

STATUS Indictator OUT OF RANGE Lights

MICROTRAP USB COM TRIG EXT/INT Switch

TOTAL TESTS Button START Button and Indictator

NEXT TEST Button BATTERY STATUS Button

REMAINING TESTS Button LED Screen

T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

Deleting Test Data:

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

Erasing All Tests:

1. Turn ON the MicroTrap™ VOD/Data Recorder.

MICROTRAP USB COM:

Out of Range Lights:

T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

VOD Connector DC IN/OUT Connector

EXT TRIG Connector TRIG OUT Connector

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4

3.1.2 Carrying Case

T: +1-613-545-0466 www.mrel.com contact@mrel.com

3.1.4 USB Communications Cable

3.1.5 BNC Adapters

3.2 Internal Rechargeable Battery

3.3 Checking the Power Status

MicroTrap™ Operations Manual - Edition 4.4