K V NO 1 BHUBANESWAR , FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS –d and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

A K PANDA , PRINCIPAL K V NO 1 BBSR

Q.1# Why Zn ,Cd, Ans—They do not have unpaired d-electrons in the ground state as well as in their
and Hg are normally common oxidation states.
not considered as **The electronic configurations of Zn, Cd and Hg are represented by the general formula
Transition metals. (n-1)d10ns2. The orbitals in these elements are completely filled in the ground state as well as in
their common oxidation states. Therefore, they are not regarded as transition elements.
Q.2# Transition elements Ans--due to very little energy difference of energy between (n-1)d and ns orbitals.
show variable oxidation The tendency to take part ‘(n-1)d’ as well as outermost ‘ns’-electrons in bond
states. Write all the possible formation –**When ns electron participate in bonding—Low O.S and when (n-1)d and
O.S. of an element (Z=25) ns take part in bonding—Higher OS results
Q.3# Transition Ans-- Because of large number of unpaired d-electrons in their atoms they have stronger
metals have high inter-atomic interaction and hence stronger bonding between atoms resulting in higher
boiling points and enthalpies of atomisation.
have high enthalpies (both metallic and d-d- overlapping of covalent bond )
of atomization . **One unpaired electron per d orbital is particularly favourable for strong interatomic
interaction
Q.4# Transition metals and many of their Ans—Due to spin and orbital motion of negatively charged
compounds show paramagnetic behaviour . unpaired d-electron(s) in an atom ,ion or molecule
Q.5# Transition Ans--Due to d-d transition of unpaired d-electron .
metals generally from The unpaired electron excited from lower energy d-orbital to higher energy d-orbital(CFT), the
color compound . energy is absorbed from visible region of radiation and the complementary part of absorbed
light( i.e. reflected light) will decide the colour of the compound
Q.6# Transition Ans-- catalytic activity is ascribed to their
metals and many of 1) ability to adopt multiple oxidation states and
their compound act 2) to form complexes. (form different intermediate with any oxidation states which may lead
as a good catalyst . through lower activation energy path).
(AI-05) ** In some cases , the T.Metals provide s suitable large surface area with free valencies on
which reactants are adsorbed .
**(Due to their tendency to show variable oxidation states TM forms unstable intermediate
compounds and provide a new path for the reaction with lower activation energy path)
Q.7# Transtion Ans--This is due to the high (charge / radius) ratio and empty d-orbital .
metals form complex 1) comparatively smaller sizes of the metal ions,
compounds. 2) their high ionic charges and
3) the availability of empty d orbitals for bond formation.
Q.8 # Transition metal Ans— Because of similar radii and other characteristics of transition metals,
generally form alloys with alloys are readily formed by these metals. Alloys are formed by atoms with metallic
other transition metals. radii that are within about 15 percent of each other. Substitutional and interstitial alloy
Q.9 # Transition metals Ans-- It because transition metals have voids in their crystal lattice , in which small
form a number of atoms of H , C , N can fit forming interstitial compounds which do not have fixed
interstitial compounds composition . The trapped atoms get bonded to the atoms of TE . e.g. TiC , Fe 3H , Mn4N
Q. 10 # There is hardly any ANS- This is because with increase in atomic number in a series , the increases nuclear
increase in atomic size with charge is partly cancelled by the increased shielding effect of electrons in the d-orbitals
increasing at.no. in a series of penultimate shell .
of transition metals .
Q.11# What is Ans-- The overall decrease in atomic and ionic radii from lanthanum to lutetium
lanthanide Cause- due to the imperfect shielding of one f-electron by another in the same sub-shell.
contraction ? State and the dominance of nuclear charge .
the cause and two The extra orbital electrons incompletely shielded the extra nuclear charge.
consequences of Thus effective nuclear charge increases.Thus all the electrons are pulled in closer
lanthanide Consequences—(1) Thus pairs of elements such as Zr/Hf show similar properties like similar ionic size.
contraction . (2)The first IE of 5d elements lie higher than those of 3d and 4d elements
(3) The metallic radii of 5d and 4d are nearly same .
(4) it is difficult to separate lanthanoid elements
(5) La(OH)3 is more basic than Lu(OH)3
Q.12 # (a)Actinoid contraction is Ans—(a) The 5f electrons themselves provide poor shielding from element
greater from element to element to element in the series as compared to 4f –electrons .
than lanthanoid contraction. Why? As because 5f orbitals are comparatively larger and more diffused . Imperfect
(b)There is a greater range of screening is greater in case of 5f than in case of 4f .
oxidation states among the Actinoids Ans—(b) Due to the fact that 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable
than that in Lanthanoids energiesi.e the energy differences are very less , so electron can participate
from all three sub-shells .
Q.13 # WhyZr and Ans—It is due to similar ionic size which is due to lanthanoid contraction . (Due to the
Hf show similar imperfect shielding of one f-electron by another in the same sub-shell.)
properties?
Q.14# The 4d- and 5d-series of transition metals have more Ans – Due to lanthanoid contraction
frequent Metal-Metal bonding in their compounds than do Due to the imperfect shielding of one f-electron
the 3d-metals . by another in the same sub-shell. and the
[(OR ,There occurs much more frequent metal-metal bonding in dominance of nuclear charge .
compounds of heavy transition elements (3rd series).] The extra orbital electrons incompletely shielded the
OR , The metallic radii of 5d and 4d series are nearly the extra nuclear charge.
same . Thus effective nuclear charge increases.Thus all the
OR ,There is a close similarity in physical and chemical electrons are pulled in closer
properties of the 4 d and 5 d series of the
transition elements, much more than expected on the basis of
usual family relationship.
Q.15 # The E0(M2+/M) value for Ans— The reduction potential value depends on relative value of three enthalpies
copper is positive (+0.34V). viz ΔaH0 , ΔiH0 and - ΔhydH0 . The copper has high ΔaH0 and ΔiH0. Therefore high
What is possibly the reason for enthalpy required to transform Cu(s) to Cu 2+(aq) is not balanced by its low
this? Copper is the only metal in ΔhydH0 .
the first series of Transition
elements showing this behavior ?
Q.16 # Why is Cr2+ Ans:- Cr2+ is reducing as its configuration changes from d4 to d3 (t2g3 ),
strongly reducing and Cr3+ (t2g3 )-- As the having a half-filled t2g level .It has higher CFSE than Mn 2+ ( t2g3 eg2)
Mn strongly
3+ On the other hand, the change from Mn 3+( d4) to Mn2+ (d5) results in the half-filled (d5)
oxidising when both configuration which has extra stability.
have d4 ***In aqueous solution Cr3+(t2g3) has more stability than Mn2+ ( t2g3 eg2)
configuration.
Q.17 # Explain why Cu+ ion Ans--Cu+ in aqueous solution underoes disproportionation,
is not stable in aqueous i.e., 2Cu+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) . Cu ++ is more stable .
solutions? The E0 value for this is favourable. Cu++ has relatively higher hydration enthalpy
than Cu+

Q.18 # What is When a particular oxidation state of an element becomes less stable relative to other oxidation
meant by state, one lower and one higher, it is said to undergo disproportionation. For example, in
‘disproportionation aqueous solution:
’ of an oxidation For example, (i) manganese (VI) becomes unstable relative to manganese(VII) and manganese
state? Give an (IV) in acidic solution.
example (i) 3 MnO42- + 4H+ ——> 2MnO42- + MnO2 + 2H2O
(ii) Cu+ disproportionate into Cu2+and Cu : 2Cu2+ →Cu2+ +Cu
(iii) Mn3+→ Mn2+ + MnO2
How would you account for the following: Ans— Co(III) has greater tendency to form coordination complexes
Q.19# Cobalt(II) is stable in aqueous than Co(II) .
solution but in the presence of complexing Due to higher charge by radius ratio and also due to greater CFSE
reagents it is easily oxidised. ( Crystal Field Stabilisation Energy) .Co (III) has d 6 configuration In
OR ,Co (II) is easily oxidised in the presence case of of strong ligand , It is t 2g 6 eg0 (stable configuration)
of strong ligands. So , Co(II) changes to Co(III) i.e. easily oxidized .
Q.20# Thed 1 Ans-- The ions with d 1 configuration have the tendency to lose the only electron present in d-
configuration is very subshell to acquire stable d0 configuration (Argon configuration). Hence they are unstable and
unstable in ions. undergo oxidation and disproportionation .
Q.21 # Mn+2 compounds Ans-- Mn 3+ + e- ——>Mn 2+
are more stable than (d4 system , less stable ) (d5 system , more stable )
extra stable due to half-filled confN
Fe toward oxidation
+2
Fe3+ + e- → Fe 2+
to their + 3 state .(AI-06) (d5system , more stable )(d6 system , less stable )
OR , Why E0 for Mn+3 / Cr3+ + e- ——> Cr 2+
Mn+2 couple is more (t2g3 - half filled- more stable )(d4 system , less stable)
positive than for Fe+3 / Much larger third Ionisation enthalpy of Mn( where the required change is d 5 to d4) is mainly
Fe+2 or Cr+3 / Cr+2 . responsible for this . this also explains why the +3 state of Mn is of little importance
Cr 3+(d ), t g
3 2 3- half filled ) Higher Crystal Field stabilization energy . (CFSE)
Q.22 # (a) There is no regular trend Ans— The E0(M2+/M) values are not regular which can be explained from the
in E 0 values in the series Vanadium irregular variationof ionization energies (IE 1 + IE2) and also the sublimation
( At No –23) to Copper(At No 29) for energy which are relatively much less for Mn and Vanadium. (240kj/mol for
M2+/M system.. Mn and 470 KJ/mol for Vanadium)
(ii) EoM2+ /M values are not regular for
first row transition metals (3d series).
Q.23 # How would you account for Ans--This is due to the increasing stability of the lower species to which they are
the increasing oxidising power in reduced.
the series VO2+< Cr2O72–< MnO4– ?
Q.24 # How would you account for the Ans-- Irregular variation of ionisation enthalpies is mainly attributed to
irregular variation of ionization varying degree of stability of different 3d-configurations (e.g., d0, d5, d10 are
enthalpies (first and second) in the first exceptionally stable).
series of the transition elements?
Q.25 # Why is the highest oxidation Ans-- Because of small size and high electronegativity oxygen or fluorine
state of a metal exhibited in its oxide can oxidise the metal to its highest oxidationstate.
or fluoride only? **The ability of fluorine to stabilise the highest oxidation state is
OR , due to either higher lattice energy as in the case of CoF3, or higher bond
Although ‘F’ is more electronegative enthalpy terms for the higher covalent compounds, e.g., VF5 and CrF6.
than ‘O’, the highest Mn fluoride is The ability of oxygen to stabilise these high oxidation states exceeds that of
MnF4, whereas the highest oxide is fluorine. The ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds with transition
Mn2O7.—Explain metal explains its superiority.
OR Thus the highest Mn fluoride is MnF4 whereas the highest oxide is Mn2O7.
Why the highest oxidation state is In the covalent oxide Mn2O7, each Mn is tetrahedrally surrounded by O’s
exhibited in oxo-anions of a transition including a Mn–O–Mn bridge.
metal.?
Q.26# Which is a Ans-- Cr2+ is stronger reducing agent than Fe 2+
stronger reducing Reason:d4 → d3 occurs in case of Cr2+ to Cr3+ ((t2g3 - half filled- more stable )
agent Cr or Fe and But d6 → d5 occurs in case of Fe2+ to Fe3+ .
2+ 2+

why ? In a medium (like water) d3is more stable (higher CFSE) as compared to d5 .

Q.27 # Why is the E0 value for Ans--Much larger third ionisation energy of Mn (where the required change is d5 to
the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple much d4) is mainly responsible for this. This also explains why the +3 state of Mn is of little
more positive than that for importance.
Cr3+/Cr2+ or Fe3+/Fe2+? Explain.
Q. 28 # Among lanthanoids , ANS- lanthanoid metals show +2 and +4 O.S to attain extra stability of f 0 f7
Ln(III) compounds are and f14 configuration .
predominant . However , Eu2+ ,Tb4+ -(4f7)-half filled . Ce4+ ( 4f0)
occasionally in solutions or in
solid compounds , +2 & +4 ions
are also obtained .
Q.29 # How is the variability in ANS- In transition elements the oxidation states vary by one
oxidation states of transition For example, for Mn it may vary as +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7.
metals different from that of the In the nontransition elements the variation is selective, always differing by 2, e.g.
non transition metals? Illustrate +2, +4, or +3, +5 or +4, +6 etc.
with examples.
Q. 30 # Why there is general ANS- The decrease in metallic radius coupled with increase in atomic mass results
increase in density from Ti to Cu in a general increase in density .
.
Q. 31 # The higher O.S are usually ANS- Due to presence of maximum number of unpaired electrons in a TM which
exhibited by the members in the is present in the middle of the series .
middle of the series of Transition
Elements.
Q. 32 # Mn2+ is much ANS-Mn2+(d5 , half-filled ) is stabler than Mn3+(d4) , so Mn2+ not easily get oxidized
more resistant Fe2+(d6) is less stable than Fe3+ (d5 , half-filled) . so Fe2+ is easily get oxidized to get stable
thanFe2+ towards configuration .
oxidation .
Q.38 #.Why is HCl not used to acidify a Ans-Since Clˉ of Hydrochloric acid is oxidized to chlorine by
permanganate solutions in volumetric estimation of MnO4ˉ . so , actual amount of KMnO4 required to oxidize
Fe+2 or C2O42‾ . C2O42‾couldnot be determined

Q.33 # Give reason for it?. Ni+2 compounds are Ans--The oxidation state of Pt in K2 Pt Cl6is +4 .The sum
thermodynamically more stable than Pt +2compounds of the first four ionization energies (IE 1+IE2 +IE 3+IE 4) of
whilstPt(IV) are relatively more stable than Ni(IV) pt is less than those of Ni.
compounds . OR, K2PtCl6 is well known cpds. but
corresponding Ni-compound is not known .
Q.34 # E0 for Mn+3 / Mn+2 couple is Ans-- Much larger third Ionisation enthalpy of Mn ( where the required change
more positive than for Fe+3 / Fe+2 or is d5 to d4) is mainly responsible for this . this also explains why the +3 state
Cr+3 / Cr+2 . of Mn is of little importance .

Q.35 # Why do Ans-- the high enthalpy of hydration of transition elements is due to
transition elements (i) small size of the cation and
have high enthalpy (ii) large positive charge e.g. Cu ++ has higher enthalpy of hydration than Cu +
of hydration?

Q.36 # For the first row transition metals the Eo values are: Ans--The E0 (M2+/M) values are not regular which
Eo V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu can be explained from the irregular variation of
M2+/M) -1.18 – 0.91 –1.18 – 0.44 – 0.28 – 0.25 +0.34 ionisation enthalpies ( Δi H1+Δ iH2) and also the
-------- Explain the irregularity in the above values. sublimation enthalpies which are relatively much
less for Mn and V..
Q. 37 # What are Ans- Alloys may be homogeneous solid solutions in which the atoms of one metal are
alloys? Name an distributed randomly among the atoms of the other
important alloy which
contains some of the A well known alloy is mischmetallwhich consists of a lanthanoid metal (~ 95%) and iron (~ 5%)
lanthanoid metals. and traces of S, C, Ca and Al.
Mention its uses. A good deal of mischmetall is used in Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shell and lighter flint.
OR , Write two uses
of mischmetall
Q.38 # What is the Ans- It will change to yellow colour by forming Potassium chromate
effect of increasing ( in alkaline medium)
pH on a solution of K2Cr2O7 ( orange) ------ ( OH-)→K2CrO4 ( Yellow)
K2Cr2O7 ** K2CrO4 ( Yellow) ------ ( H+)-→K2Cr2O7 ( orange)
Q.39# W h a t chemical changes takes places w h e n – Ans (i) Potassium manganate (K2MnO4 –green ,
(i) Pyrolusite is fused with KOH in the presence of air paramagnetic)
(ii) Chromite ore is fused with molten NaOH in presence of air (ii) Pottasium Chromate (K2CrO4 – Yellow ,
(iii)When a solution of chromate is acidified diamagnetic)
(iv)NH3 is added to a suspension of AgCl (iii) K2Cr2O7 – Orange )
(v) Alkaline KMnO4 reacts with KI (iv) (iv) Soluble complex , [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
(v) (v) Iodate (IO3¯ ) and Mn2+
Q.40# Which is the last element in the series of the actinoids? Ans :-Lawrencium(103)
Write the electronic configuration of this element. Comment 5f 146d17s2
on the possible oxidation state of this element. +3

Q.41 # On what ground can you Ans--On the basis of incompletely filled 3d orbitals in case of scandium atom in
say that scandium (Z = 21) is a its ground state (3d1), it is regarded as a transition element. On the other hand,
transition element but zinc (Z = zinc atom has completely filled d orbitals (3d10) in its ground state as well as in its
30) is not? oxidisedstate, hence it is not regarded as a transition element.
Q.42# Silver atom has completely filled d Ans--Silver (Z = 47) can exhibit +2 oxidation state wherein it will have
orbitals (4d10) in its ground state. How can incompletely filled d-orbitals (4d), hence a transition element.
you say that it is a transition element?
Q.43 # In the series Sc (Z = 21) to Ans- In the formation of metallic bonds, no eletrons from 3d-orbitals are
Zn (Z = 30), the enthalpy of involved in case of zinc, while in all other metals of the 3d series, electrons
atomization of zinc is the lowest, from the d-orbitals are always involved in the formation of metallic bonds.
i.e., 126 kJ mol–1. Why?
Q.44 # Name a transition Ans--Scandium (Z = 21) does not exhibit variable oxidation states.
element which does not exhibit Only oxidation states i.e Sc3+
variable oxidation states.
45# Name the element showing maximum number Ans :Manganese (Z = 25), as its atom has the maximum number
of oxidation states among the first series of of unpaired electrons. i.e five ( +2 , +3 , +4 , +5 , +6 , +7)
transition metals from Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30).
OR , Which of the 3-d series of the transition
metals exhibits the largest number oxidation
states and why?
Q.46 # Calculate the magnetic moment Ans-- With atomic number 25, the divalent ion in aqueous solution will
of a divalent ion in aqueous solution if have d5 configuration (five unpaired electrons). The magnetic moment, μ is
its atomic number is 25. μ = √5(5+2) = 5.92BM
Q.47 # Calculate the ‘spin only’ Ans—three unpaired electron .μ = √3(3+2) = 3.87 BM
magnetic moment of M2+(aq) ion (Z
= 27).
Q.48 # Name a member of the lanthanoid Ans—(a) Cerium (Z = 58) Ce4+ : Xe] 4f0 accounts for its formation .
series which is well known to (b) Eu . Eu2+ is formed by losing the two s- electrons and its Xe] 4f 7
(a) exhibit +4 oxidation state. (AI14) accounts for its formation .
(b) exhibit +2 oxidation state. (D-14)
Q.49 # Among the species Ans--In all the above ion the most stable oxidising state is +3 .therefore Sc3+
Sc3+,.Ce4+, and Eu2+ which one is will remain unchanged. Ce4+has the tendency to accept one electron to get the
good oxidising agent ? +3 oxidation state. Hence Ce4+ is a good oxidising agent.Eu2+ has the tendency
Sc3+ ——>[A r] 3d0 4s0 to lose one electron to get the +3 oxidation state. Hence Eu2+ is a good
reducing agent.
Ce4+ ——> [Xe] 4f0 5d0 6s0
Eu2+ ——>[Xe] 4f75d0 6s0
Q.50 # Mn (III) undergoes Ans : Mn (III) unstable oxidation states , it undergoes disproportionation to Mn 2+
disproportionation reaction easily. and MnO2 ( +4 oxidation states )
51 # Out of Mn3+ and Cr3+ , Ans :- Mn3+ (3d4 4s0 , four unpaired d- electrons ) -- more paramagnetic - higher
which is more paramagnetic and no. of unpaired d- electrons Cr3+( 3d3 4s0 , three unpaired electron)
why ?
52# Which transition Ans :- Cu . The sum of high enthalpy of atomization and ionization enthalpy to
metal of 3d series has transform Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) is not balanced by hydration enthalpy .
positive E0(M2+/M)
value and why
53 # Sc3+ is colourless Ans :-Sc3+ have no unpaired d- electron . No d—d transition of unpaired d-electron . BUT Ti3+
in aqueous solution have one unpaired d- electron .d—d transition of unpaired d-electron in visible region . The
whereas Ti3+ is complementary colour is seen .
coloured (2014-F)
54# La3+ (Z = 57) and Ans: La3+ : (Xe] 4f0 and Lu3+ (Xe] 4f14 - absence of unpaired f- electrons for f—f transition .
Lu3+ (Z = 71) do not so no f—f transition in the visible region .
show any colour in
solutions.
55# Compare actinoids and lanthanoids with special (i) In Lanthanoids electrons are filled in antepenultimate
reference to their : shell i.e 4f subshell BUT in Actinoids 5f subshell
(i) electronic configurations of atoms (ii) +3 , +2 and +4 ( do not show greater range of O .S )
(ii) oxidation states of elements BUT in Actinoids +3 , +4 , +5, +6 &7
(iii) general chemical reactivity of elements. (iiI) Lanthanoids are less reactive whereas Actinoids( low
(iv) atomic and ionic sizes I.E) are more reactive chemically
(iv) Lanthanoids are smaller than the actinoids .
Q.56 # Calculate the number of unpaired Mn2+ = 5 , Cr3+ = 3 , V3+ = 2 , Fe2+ = 4
electrons in the following gaseous state ions: Cr3+ , due to half-filled configuration
Mn2+, Cr3+, V3+ and Fe2+ ( t2g3 eg0 ----- Higher crystal field stabilization energy .
Which one of these is the most stable in
aqueous solutions? (At. nos. V = 23, Cr = 24,
Mn = 25, Fe = 26)
Q.57 # Which of the following cations are Cations are coloured in aqueous solutions:- V3+ (d1- )1-unpaired
coloured in aqueous solutions and why? electron, Mn2+(d5) - 5 unpaired electron ,Ti3+(d1) - 1 unpaired electron,
Sc3+, V3+, Ti4+, Mn2+ ,Ti3+, Cu+, Fe3+ and Fe3+(d5- 5 unpaired electron) and Co2+(d7) - 3 unpaired electron. Due to
Co .2+ d-d transition of unpaired d- electrons
Q.58# Which metal in the first transition Cu as Cu+
series (3d series) exhibits +1 oxidation state
most frequently and why?
Q.59# Generally there is an Atomic size decreases from Ti to Cu .
increase in density of elements REASON:-Along a period ( 3d – series) Relative increase in nuclear charge is more
from titanium (Z = 22) to copper dominant than relative increase in screening effect in d- subshell( imperfect
(Z = 29) in the first series of screening)
transition elements. Atomic mass increases but volume decreases that’s why density increases from Ti to
Cu .
Q.60# The higher oxidation states Due to the presence of higher number of unpaired electrons.
are usually exhibited by the (Mn shows O.S from +2 to +7)—present in the middle of the series .
members in the middle of a series
of transition elements.
Q.61# There is a greater horizontal similarity in Atomic sizes are very close by along the d- series
the properties of the transition elements than of
the main group elements.
Q.62# The third ionization enthalpy of Due to half –filled configuration.( extra stable- ) Removing third electron
manganese (Z = 25) is exceptionally from Mn2+ needs high I.E ( tightly held)
high.
Q.63# Discuss the relative stability Mn-- 3d5 4s 2
in aqueous solutions of +2 oxidation Due to half –filled configuration.( extra stable- )-- Mn2+ - -- 3d54s0
state among the elements : Cr,Mn, Fe Cr--3d 5 4s 1 ; Cr2+--3d 4 4s 0 (unstable)
and Co. How would you justify this Cr3+ , Stable-due to half-filled configuration – Stable O.S. In aq. Solution
situation? (At. Nos. Cr = 24, Mn = ( t2g3 eg0 ----- Higher crystal field stabilization energy ) CFT
25, Fe = 26, Co = 27) Co--3d 7 4s 2 ; Co2+--3d 7 4s 0 (unstable)
Fe --3d 6 4s 2; Fe++- 3d 6 4s0(unstable)
Q.64 # What may be the possible oxidation states 3d 3 4s 2--- (+2 ,+3 ,+5- stable)
of the transition metals with the following d 3d5 4s 2---( +2 , +3 , +4 , +5 , +6 , +7)
electronic configurations in the ground state of their
atoms: 3d 6 4s 2 –(+2, +3)
3d 3 4s 2 , 3d5 4s 2 and 3d 6 4s 2 . Indicate relative
stability of oxidation states in each case.
Q.65 # Among the divalent cations in the first series Ans : Due to highest number of unpaired d- electron ( i.e 5 )
of transition elements, manganese exhibits the [ 3d5 4s0 ]
maximum paramagnetism.
Q.66 # Mn3+ is a good Mn (II) stable – d5 configuration . (-half filled configuration- stable) . So Mn (III) being
oxidising agent unstable get itself reduced to stable Mn(II) and act as oxidizing agent .
Q.67 # Give reason (i) 57La—[Xe]54 4f15d06s2 ; 57La3+—[Xe]54 4f05d06s0 -- fulfilled configurtaion
(i) The +3 oxidation state of 57La , 64Gd--- —[Xe]54 4f75d16s2 ; 64Gd3+--- —[Xe]54 4f75d06s0 -half –filled
64Gd , 71Lu are especially stable . 71 Lu----—[Xe] 54 4f 14 5d 1 6s 2 ; 71Lu 3+----—[Xe] 54 4f 145d06s0- fulfilled configuration

(ii) Ce3+ can be easily oxidized to (ii)Due to fulfilled configuration of Ce4+ - (Noble gas configuration- Configuration
Ce4+ of Xe) –stable . Ce3+ can be easily oxidized to Ce4+
Q.68# What are the 1. High enthalpy of atomization. 2. Show paramagnetism 3. Show colour
characteristics of the transition compounds 4. Complex formation ability 5 . Show variable oxidation states
elements and why are they .etc …( unique properties of Transitional metals)
called transition elements? 2. They show transitional characteristics between s- block and p- block
elements .
Q.69 # What are the different oxidation +3 ( commonOxidatyion States) +2 and +4 are also seen due to
states exhibited by the lanthanoids? half –filled and fulfilled configuration of various ions.
Q. 70 # Which of the d-block Zn , Cd and Hg - Due to absence of Unpaired d- electrons either in the
elements may not be regarded as ground state or in their commonly found Oxidation states .
the transition elements?
Q.71 # Name the oxometal anions of the first series of the Permanganate ( MnO4 ¯ ) , +7-- Oxidation state , Mn
transition metals in which the metal exhibits the oxidation belongs to 7th group .
state equal to its group number.
Q.72 # How is the variability in oxidation Oxidation states in Transition metals differs by one
states of transition metals different from BUT , in Non- transition metals O.S differs by 2
that of the non transition metals? Illustrate Phosphorous - +3 and +5 ( as in P2O3 and P2O5 )
with examples. Iron – Fe2+ and Fe3+
Q.73 # What are Ans-- It because transition metals have voids in their crystal lattice , in which small
interstitial atoms of H , C , N can fit forming interstitial compounds which do not have fixed
compounds? Why are composition . The trapped atoms get bonded to the atoms of TE .e.g. TiC , Fe 3H , Mn4N ,VH0.56
such compounds well TiH1.7 .
known for transition ** Due to variable O.s of Transition metals , Metal deficient defects are seen in solid state
metals? compound like FeO and NiO
Q.74 # To what extent do the electronic due to half –filled and fulfilled configuration of various ions.
configurations decide the stability of oxidation states in Mn-- 3d5 4s 2Mn2+ - -- 3d54s0(half –filled )
the first series of the transition elements? Illustrate Zn --3d10 4s 2, Zn++ --3d10 4s 0 (fulfilled configuration)
your answer with examples.
Q.75 # Write down the number Hydrated ions (octahedral)–water is the ligand ( weak field – high spin complex ) Δ0< P
of 3d electrons in each of the Ti2+ ----(2 unpaired d- elctrons)3d24s0--- t2g2eg0
following ions: Ti2+, V2+, Cr3+, V2+--(3 unpaired d- elctrons)--3d34s0---- t2g3eg0
Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Cr3+--(3 unpaired d- elctrons)-3d34s0------ t2g3eg0
Cu2+. Indicate how would you Mn2+-(5 unpaired d- elctrons)3d54s0-- t2g3eg2
expect the five 3d orbitals to be Fe2+--(4 unpaired d- elctrons)-3d64s0- t2g4eg2
occupied for these hydrated ions Fe3+--(5 unpaired d- elctrons)-3d54s0-- t2g3eg2
(octahedral). Co2+---(3 unpaired d- elctrons)-3d74s0-- t2g5eg2
Ni2+---(2 unpaired d- elctrons)-3d84s0-- t2g8eg2
Cu2+---(1 unpaired d- elctrons)3d94s0-- t2g6eg3
Q.76 # What can be inferred Magnetic moment depends on spin and orbital motion of negatively charged unpaired
from the magnetic moment electron .by knowing magnetic value we can predict the number of unpaired d-
values of the following electron(s).
complex species ? Spin –only formula , µ = [n(n+2)]1/2 = [1(1+2)]1/2 = 1.73 BM (example)
Example Magnetic Example Magnetic No.of configuration
Moment (BM) Moment(B unpaired
K4[Mn(CN)6] 2.2 M) electron
[Fe(H2O)6] 2+ 5.3 K 4 [Mn(CN) 6 ] 2.2 1 t2g5eg0 (Strong field) Oh--CFT
K2[MnCl4] 5.9 [Fe(H2O)6]2+ 5.3 4 t2g4eg2 (weak field)
K2[MnCl4] 5.9 5 eg2t2g3(weak field)
Q.77 # Write the electronic configurations of Atomic numbers 61--[Xe]544f 5d 6s 2
5 0

the elements with the atomic numbers 61, 91, Atomic numbers 91--[Rn]86 5f 26d17s 2
101, and 109. Atomic numbers 101-[Rn]86 5f 136d07s 2
Atomic numbers 109 ---[Rn]86 5f 146d77s 2
Q.78# What are inner transition elements? Lanthanoids ( 4f – series from 6th period and 3rd group) and actinoids( 5f
Decide which of the following At.nos are of the – series from 7th period and 3rd group) are known as Inner transition
inner transition elements :29, 59, 74, 95, 102, elements :
104. Lanthanoids-- 59 Actinoids-- 95, 102
Q.79 # Sm2+ , Eu2+ and Yb+2 ** Sm+2(f 7) ,Eu+2(f 7),Yb+2(f 14)→ Sm+3,Eu+3, Yb+3 ( Stable , common O.S)
ions in solutions are good (Sm2+ , Eu2+ and Yb+2 ions tendency to change into +3 O.S.)-- [ Acts as reducing agent)
reducing agents but an aq. ** Tb+4(f 7) , Ce+4(f0)→ Tb+3 , Ce+3 ( Stable , common oxidation states)
Solution of Ce4+ is a good (tendency to change into +3 O.S.)-- [ Acts as oxidizing agent]
oxidizing agent
Q.80 # The outer electronic Xe is the noble gas core whose atomic number is 54
configurations of two members of [Xe]544f1 5d 1 6s 2-- Atomic number is 58 ; stable O.S . +4 (empty conf.)
the lanthnoid series are as follows : [Xe]544f7 5d 0 6s 2-- Atomic number is 63 ; stable O.S +2 (half-filled conf.)
4f 1 5d 1 6s 2 and 4f 7 5d 0 6s 2 .
What are their atomic
numbers?Predict the Oxidation
States exhibited by these elements
in their compounds . (AI-05)
Q.81 # Use Hund’s rule to derive 58Ce—[Xe]54 4f15d06s0 Only one unpaired electron is present
the electronic configuration of Ce 3+ Spin –only formula , µ = [n(n+2)]1/2 = [1(1+2)]1/2 = 1.73 BM
ion, and calculate its magnetic
 moment on the basis of ‘spin-only’
formula.

Preparation , properties and uses of

Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 and Potassium permanganate KMnO4
Describe the preparation of potassium dichromate from iron Describe the preparation of Potassium permanganate KMnO4
chromite ore.
Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 – Preparation , and uses Potassium permanganate KMnO4- Preparation , and uses
STEP-1: Fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with sodium
potassium carbonate in free access of air ( Alkaline Oxidation) Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion of MnO2 with an
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2 alkali metal hydroxide and an oxidising agent like KNO3. This
STEP-2:The yellow solution of sodium chromate is filtered and produces the dark green K2MnO4 which disproportionates in a
acidified with sulphuric acid to give a solution from which neutral or acidicsolution to give permanganate.
orange sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7. 2H2O can be crystallised. STEP-1 : 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 → 2K2MnO4 (dark green)+
2Na2CrO4 + 2 H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O 2H2O
***Sodium dichromate is more soluble than potassium STEP-2 :3MnO42– + 4H+ → 2MnO4– (dark purple or almost
dichromate. black crystals)+ MnO2 + 2H2O
STEP-3:Potassium dichromate is therefore, prepared by Commercially it is prepared by the alkaline oxidative fusion of
treating the solution of sodium dichromate with potassium MnO2 followed by the electrolytic oxidation of manganate (Vl).
chloride. STEP-1 : MnO2 ( fused with KOH, oxidized with air or KNO3)
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl → K2 Cr2O7 (Orange crystals crystallise → MnO42– (manganate ion)
out.) + 2 NaCl STEP-2 :MnO42– (manganate ion) on Electrolytic oxidation in
**The chromates and dichromates are interconvertible in alkaline solution → MnO4– ( permanganate ion)
aqueous solution depending upon pH of the solution. The KMnO4 is used as (1) a strong oxidant use in labs and industry
oxidation state of chromium in chromate and dichromate is the as volumetric reagent in alkaline and acidic media
same. (2) Disinfectant for well water
2 CrO42– + 2H+ → Cr2O72– + H2O (3) as bleaching agent for wood ,cotton ,silk and other textiles.
Cr2O72– + 2 OH- → 2 CrO42-
USES: K2Cr2O7 is used as (1) primary standard in volumetric
analysis (2) good preparative Oxidant in organic chemistry (3)
In leather industry for tanning purpose(4) preparation of many
azo compounds
Question for you *****
Q.1# Describe the oxidising action of potassium dichromate and write the ionic equations for its reaction with:
(i) iodide (ii) iron(II) solution and (iii) H2S
Q.2# Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate. How does the acidified permanganate solution react with
(i) iron(II) ions (ii) SO2 and (iii) oxalic acid? Write the ionic equations for the reactions.
Redox Reaction :-
1# In Acid Solution--Reduction half cell :MnO4ˉ (permanganate) +8H+ + 5e- → Mn+2(manganous) + 4 H2O
Cr2O72ˉ (dichromate) + 14H+ + 6e-→ 2Cr+3 +7H2O
Oxidation half cell : Iˉ(Iodide)→ I2 (Iodine) , S 2ˉ (Sulphide)→ S(Sulphur) ,
Sulphite(SO3 ˉ) →sulphate(SO4 ˉ) ,
2 2
Nitrite (NO2ˉ )→ Nitrate (NO3ˉ )
Fe+2(Ferrous) → Fe+3 (Ferric) , C2O42 ˉ(oxalate) → CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
Sn (stannous) →Stannic(Sn )
+2 +4

2# In neutral or faintly alkaline solution : Reduction half cell : MnO4ˉ + 3e-→ MnO2
Oxidation half cell : Iˉ(Iodide)→ IO3ˉ (Iodate) , Sulphite(SO32ˉ) →sulphate(SO42ˉ)

TOP-20 --PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS OF d-BLOCK REACTIONS( MUST DO …)

Sl Complete and write the balanced Yea Sl Complete and write the balanced Ye
no chemical equation r no chemical equation ar
1 MnO4¯ +C2O42 ¯+ H+→ 11 MnO2 +KOH+ O2→
2 KMnO4 +Heat → 12 FeCr2O4 + Na2CO3 +O2 →
3 Cr2O7 2 ¯+H2S + H+→ 13 MnO4¯ +SO32 ¯+ H+→
4 MnO42¯ + H+→ 14 Cr2O7 2 ¯+I¯ + H+→
5 Na2CrO4 + H+ → 15 Cr2O7 2 ¯+14 H++ 6e-→

6 Cr2O7 2 ¯+ OH¯→ 16 MnO4¯ +NO2¯ + H+→

7 MnO4¯ + H+ +3e¯ → 17 MnO4¯ +S2 ¯+ H+→
8 Cu2+ + I¯ → 18 MnO4¯ +MnO2 +H2O→
9 Cr2O7 2 ¯+Fe2+ + H+→ 19 MnO4¯ +S2O32- +H2O→
10 Mn2+ 5S2O82- + 8H2O → 20 MnO4¯ + I¯ + H2O→