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    Driving Point Impedance

    Uploaded by

    chirantan mukherjee

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Driving Point Impedance

    Uploaded by

    chirantan mukherjee
    9 views3 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    9 views3 pages

    Driving Point Impedance

    Uploaded by

    chirantan mukherjee

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Driving Point Impedance: Detailed Explanation

    The Driving Point Impedance is an essential concept in network theory and circuit analysis. It describes the opposition
    offered by a network to a current when a voltage source is applied across specific terminals. It plays a critical role in
    understanding how circuits interact with sources and loads.

    Definition
    The driving point impedance is the impedance measured at a pair of terminals in a circuit when all other independent
    sources in the circuit are deactivated.

    Mathematical Expression:

    V (s)
    Z(s) =
    I(s)
    ​

    Where:
    V (s): Voltage across the terminals (in Laplace domain).
    I(s): Current entering the terminals (in Laplace domain).

    If analyzed in the time domain:

    v(t)
    Z=
    i(t)
    ​

    Types of Driving Point Impedance


    1. Input Impedance (Zin ):​

    Measured at the input terminals of a network or device, it determines how the circuit responds to the source.
    Example: In an amplifier, Zin influences how much of the source signal is fed into the circuit.
    ​

    2. Output Impedance (Zout ): ​

    Measured at the output terminals of a network, it determines how the circuit delivers power to the load.
    Example: In audio systems, matching the speaker's impedance with the amplifier's output impedance ensures
    optimal performance.
    3. Driving Point Impedance in Complex Networks:
    In multi-terminal networks, the driving point impedance at a specific terminal depends on the impedance seen
    between those terminals while considering the effects of the rest of the network.

    Calculation of Driving Point Impedance


    1. For Simple Resistor Circuits:
    Combine resistors in series or parallel to find the equivalent resistance as seen from the driving terminals.
    2. For RLC Circuits (Frequency-Dependent):
    Use the Laplace transform or phasor analysis to calculate Z(s). The impedance becomes frequency-dependent, as
    shown below:
    For a Resistor (R): ZR ​ = R (constant).
    For an Inductor (L): ZL ​ = sL.
    1
    For a Capacitor (C ): ZC ​
    = sC .
    ​

    3. For General Networks:


    Impedance can be calculated using network theorems such as:
    Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems for equivalent circuits.
    Mesh and Nodal Analysis for systematic calculations.

    Applications of Driving Point Impedance


    1. Impedance Matching:
    Ensures maximum power transfer in communication systems, audio systems, and power transmission lines.
    Example: Matching an antenna's impedance to a transmitter's output impedance for efficient energy transfer.
    2. Resonance Analysis in RLC Circuits:
    At resonance, the driving point impedance becomes purely resistive, providing insight into circuit behavior.
    3. Frequency Response Studies:
    The driving point impedance helps analyze how circuits respond to different frequencies, critical in filter design
    and control systems.
    4. Stability Analysis:
    A network's driving point impedance can reveal poles and zeros, indicating potential instabilities or resonance
    points.

    Significance in Engineering Design


    Source-Load Interaction:
    Helps optimize how a source (e.g., generator, amplifier) interacts with a connected load (e.g., speaker, antenna).
    Predicting Circuit Behavior:
    Provides insights into voltage-current relationships, enabling efficient circuit design.
    Design of Filters and Amplifiers:
    Used in determining critical parameters like cutoff frequency and gain stability.

    Example Problem
    Problem:
    Find the driving point impedance of a series RLC circuit with R = 10 Ω, L = 1 H, and C = 0.1 F at an angular frequency
    ω = 5 rad/s.
    Solution:
    1. Impedance of components:
    ZR = 10 Ω.
    ​

    ZL = jωL = j(5)(1) = j5 Ω.
    ​

    1 1
    ZC = ​

    jωC
    ​
    = j(5)(0.1)
    ​
    = −j20 Ω.
    2. Total impedance (Z ):

    Z = ZR + ZL + ZC = 10 + j5 − j20 = 10 − j15 Ω.
    ​ ​ ​

    3. Magnitude of impedance:

    ∣Z∣ = 102 + (−15)2 =​ 100 + 225 =​ 325 ≈ 18.03 Ω.


    ​

    4. Phase angle:

    −15
    θ = tan−1 ( ) ≈ −56.31∘ .
    10
    ​

    Result: The driving point impedance is 10 − j15 Ω, with a magnitude of approximately 18.03 Ω and a phase of −56.31∘ .

    Conclusion
    The Driving Point Impedance is a vital concept for understanding how networks interact with external sources or loads. Its
    frequency-dependent nature makes it especially important in the design and analysis of AC circuits, filters, amplifiers, and
    communication systems

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