Solution of ODE by using Laplace Transformation

Problem-1: By using Laplace transformation to solve the following ordinary differential equation

𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑡 ,
subject to the conditions 𝑦(0) = 2 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1. Find also verify your answer.

Solution: The given ordinary differential equation is

𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑡
(1)
Taking Laplace transformation of both sides of Eq. (1), we have

𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } − 3𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦} = 2𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 }

2
𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑌(0) − 𝑌 ′ (0) − 3{𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑌(0)} + 2𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠+1
2
𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 2𝑠 + 1 − 3𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 6 + 2𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠+1

2
𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 3𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 2𝑌(𝑠) = 2𝑠 − 7 +
𝑠+1
2
(𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝑌(𝑠) = 2𝑠 − 7 +
𝑠+1
2
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)𝑌(𝑠) = 2𝑠 − 7 +
𝑠+1
2𝑠 7 2
𝑌(𝑠) = − +
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)
2𝑠(𝑠 + 1) − 7(𝑠 + 1) + 2
=
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)
2𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 7𝑠 − 7 + 2
=
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)
2𝑠 2 − 5𝑠 − 5
=
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)
Now,
2𝑠 2 − 5𝑠 − 5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) 𝑠 + 1 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 − 2
2𝑠 2 − 5𝑠 − 5 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)
(2)
Putting 𝑠 = 1, in Eq. (2), we get
2 − 5 − 5 = 𝐵 ∙ 2 ∙ (−1) = −2𝐵
𝐵=4
Putting 𝑠 = −1, in Eq. (2), we get
2 + 5 − 5 = 𝐴 ∙ (−2) ∙ (−3) = 6𝐴
1
𝐴=
3
Again, putting 𝑠 = 2, in Eq. (2), we get
8 − 10 − 5 = 𝐶 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 = 3𝐶
7
𝐶=−
3
1 7
4 −
𝑌(𝑠) = 3 + + 3
𝑠+1 𝑠−1 𝑠−2
(3)
Taking inverse Laplace transformation of both sides of Eq. (3), we obtain
1 −1 1 1 7 1
𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝐿 { } + 4𝐿−1 { } − 𝐿−1 { }
3 𝑠+1 𝑠−1 3 𝑠−2
1 7
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 + 4𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡
3 3
(4)
which is the required solutions of Eq. (1).

Verification:
Differentiation twice of Eq. (4) with respect to 𝑡, we have
1 14
𝑦 ′ = − 𝑒 −𝑡 + 4𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡
3 3
(5)
1 −𝑡 28
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 + 4𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡
3 3
(6)
Substituting Eq. (4)-(6) into Eq. (1), we get
1 −𝑡 7 1 14 2𝑡 1 28
𝑒 + 4𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡 − 3 (− 𝑒 −𝑡 + 4𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 ) + 2 ( 𝑒 −𝑡 + 4𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡 )
3 3 3 3 3 3
= 2𝑒 −𝑡
Problem-2: By using Laplace transformation to solve the following ordinary differential equation

𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 ,
subject to the conditions 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0 and 𝑦 ′′ (0) = −2.

Solution: The given ordinary differential equation is

𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡
(1)
Taking Laplace transformation of both sides of Eq. (1), we have

𝐿{𝑦 ′′′ } − 3𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 3𝐿{𝑦 ′ } − 𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 }

[𝑠 3 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 2 𝑌(0) − 𝑠𝑌 ′ (0) − 𝑌′′(0)] − 3[𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑌(0) − 𝑌 ′ (0)] + 3[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑌(0)] − 𝑌(𝑠)
2
=
(𝑠 − 1)2
Now using the initial conditions 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0 and 𝑦 ′′ (0) = −2, we obtain
2
[𝑠 3 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 2 + 2] − 3[𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠] + 3[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 1] − 𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 1)2
2
(𝑠 3 − 3𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 − 1)𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 − 1 =
(𝑠 − 1)2
𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 1 2
𝑌(𝑠) = 3
+
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 1)6
𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1 − 𝑠 2
= +
(𝑠 − 1)3 (𝑠 − 1)6
(𝑠 − 1)2 − (𝑠 − 1) − 1 2
= 3
+
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 1)6
1 1 1 2
= − 2
− 3
+
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 1)6
Taking inverse Laplace transformation of both sides of Eq. (3), we obtain
1 1 1 1
𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { } − 𝐿−1 { } − 𝐿−1
{ } + 2𝐿−1
{ }
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 1)2 (𝑠 − 1)3 (𝑠 − 1)6
𝑡2𝑒𝑡 𝑡5 𝑒𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − +
2 60
which is the required solutions of Eq. (1).
Problem-2: Solve the differential equation by using Laplace transformation
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡,
subject to the conditions 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1.

Solution: The given ordinary differential equation is

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
(1)
Taking Laplace transformation of both sides of Eq. (1), we have

𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 5𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡}

1
[𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑌(0) − 𝑌 ′ (0)] + 2[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑌(0)] + 5𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 1)2 + 12
Now using the initial conditions 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1, we obtain
1
[𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 01] + 2[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 0] + 5𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 1)2 + 12
1
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5)𝑌(𝑠) = +1
(𝑠 + 1)2 + 12

𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 3
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5)(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2)

(2)

By partial fractions,

𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 3 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷
2 2
= 2 + 2
(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5)(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2) (𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5) (𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2)

𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 3 = (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2) + (𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷)(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5)

𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 3 = 𝑠 3 (𝐴 + 𝐶) + 𝑠 2 (2𝐴 + 2𝐶 + 𝐵 + 𝐷) + 𝑠(2A + 5C + 2B + 2D) + 2𝐵 + 5𝐷

Equating coefficients of like power of 𝑠 on either side,

𝐴+𝐶 =0

2𝐴 + 2𝐶 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 1

2A + 5C + 2B + 2D = 2
 2𝐵 + 5𝐷 = 3

A= 0

2
𝐵=
3

𝐶=0

1
𝐷=
3

Now from Eq. (2), we obtain

𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷
𝑌(𝑠) = +
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5) (𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2)

2 1 1 1
= +
3 {(𝑠 + 1) + 2 } 3 {(𝑠 + 1)2 + 12 }
2 2

Applying Inverse Laplace transform

2 1 1 1
𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { 2 2
} + 𝐿−1 { }
3 {(𝑠 + 1) + 2 } 3 {(𝑠 + 1)2 + 12 }

2 1
= 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
3 3

𝑒 −𝑡
= [2 sin 2𝑡 + sin 𝑡]
3

which is the required solution.

Problem-3: Solve the following ordinary differential equation by using Laplace transformation

𝑡𝑦 ′′ + (1 − 2𝑡)𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0,
subject to the conditions 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 2.

Solution: The given ordinary differential equation is

𝑡𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑡𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
(1)
Taking Laplace transformation of both sides of Eq. (1), we have
 𝐿{𝑡𝑦 ′′ } + 𝐿{𝑦 ′ } − 2𝐿{𝑡𝑦 ′ } − 2𝐿{𝑦} = 0
𝑑 2 𝑑
− [𝑠 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑌(0) − 𝑌 ′ (0)] + [𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑌(0)] + 2 [𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑌(0)] − 2𝑌(𝑠) = 0
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
′ (0)
Now using the initial conditions 𝑦(0) = 1 and 𝑦 = 2, we obtain
𝑑 2 𝑑
− [𝑠 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 − 2] + 𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 1 + 2 [𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 1] − 2𝑌(𝑠) = 0
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑌(𝑠) 𝑑𝑌(𝑠)
−𝑠 2 − 2𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 1 + 𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 1 + 2𝑠 + 2𝑌(𝑠) − 2𝑌(𝑠) = 0
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑌(𝑠) 𝑑𝑌(𝑠)
−𝑠 2 − 𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 2𝑠 =0
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑌(𝑠)
(𝑠 − 2) + 𝑌(𝑠) = 0
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑌(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠
+ =0
𝑌(𝑠) (𝑠 − 2)
Integrating it, we have
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑌(𝑠) + log(𝑠 − 2) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
𝐶
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 − log(𝑠 − 2) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑠−2
𝐶
𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠−2
(2)
Taking inverse Laplace transformation of both sides of Eq. (3), we obtain
𝐶
𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { }
𝑠−2
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 2𝑡
Here,
𝑦(0) = 𝐶 = 1
Therefore,
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡

which is the required solutions of Eq. (1).

Problem-4: A beam which is hinged at its ends 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 (see Fig. 1) carries a uniform load
𝑊0 per unit length. The governing differential equation and the boundary conditions are given below:
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑊0
= , 𝑜<𝑥<𝑙
𝑑𝑥 4 𝐸𝐼
subject to the conditions 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′′ (0) = 0, 𝑦(𝑙) = 0, 𝑦 ′′ (𝑙) = 0. Find the deflection at any point.

Fig. 1

Solution: The given ordinary differential equation is

𝑑 4 𝑦 𝑊0
=
𝑑𝑥 4 𝐸𝐼
(1)
Taking Laplace transformation of both sides of Eq. (1), we have

𝑑4𝑦 𝑊0
𝐿 { 4} = 𝐿 { }
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼
𝑊0
𝑠 4 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 3 𝑌(0) − 𝑠 2 𝑌 ′ (0) − 𝑠𝑌 ′′ (0) − 𝑌 ′′′ (0) =
𝐸𝐼𝑠
Now using the first two initial conditions 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′′ (0) = 0 and the unknow conditions 𝑦′(0) =
𝑐1 and 𝑦 ′′′ (0) = 𝑐2 , we find
𝑊0
𝑠 4 𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑐1 𝑠 2 + 𝑐2 +
𝐸𝐼𝑠
𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑊0
𝑌(𝑠) = 2 + 4 +
𝑠 𝑠 𝐸𝐼𝑠 5
(2)
Taking inverse Laplace transformation of both sides of Eq. (2), we obtain
1 1 𝑊0 −1 1
𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 𝑐1 𝐿−1 { 2 } + 𝑐2 𝐿−1 { 4 } + 𝐿 { 5}
𝑠 𝑠 𝐸𝐼 𝑠

𝑐2 𝑥 3 𝑊0 𝑥 4 𝑐2 𝑥 3 𝑊0 𝑥 4
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑥 + + ∙ = 𝑐1 𝑥 + +
3! 𝐸𝐼 4! 6 24𝐸𝐼
(3)
Now using the last two initial conditions 𝑦(𝑙) = 0, 𝑦 ′′ (𝑙) = 0, we find
𝑐2 𝑙 3 𝑊0 𝑙 4
𝑦(𝑙) = 0 = 𝑐1 𝑙 + +
6 24𝐸𝐼
(4)
and
𝑊0 𝑙 2
𝑦′′(𝑙) = 0 = 𝑐2 𝑙 +
2𝐸𝐼
Therefore,
𝑊0 𝑙
𝑐2 = −
2𝐸𝐼
From the Eq. (4), we obtain
𝑊0 𝑙 𝑙 3 𝑊0 𝑙 4
𝑐1 𝑙 − ∙ + =0
2𝐸𝐼 6 24𝐸𝐼
𝑊0 𝑙 3 𝑊0 𝑙 3 𝑊0 𝑙 3
𝑐1 = − =
12𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
Hence the required solutions of Eq. (1) is
𝑊0 𝑙 3 𝑥 𝑊0 𝑙𝑥 3 𝑊0 𝑥 4
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) = − +
24𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼

Book-Laplace transformation by Spiegel

Page:-94, Problem:-19 and Page:-95, Problem:-20, 21