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CHAPTER 16
INTERNET AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

Open Source software (OSS): OSS refers to software whose source code is
available to customers and it can be modified and redistributed without any
limitation.
Open Source Software can be freely used but it does not have to be free of
charge. Modified code need not be OSS.
Eg: Mozilla Fire fox, Unix.

The distribution terms of OSS must comply with the following criteria:
1. Free Redistribution
2. Source Code
3. Derived works
4. No Discrimination Against persons or groups
5. No Discrimination against Fields or Groups
6. Distribution of License
7. License Must Not be Specific to a Product
8. The license must Not Restrict other Software

Free software: Free software is freely accessible and can be freely used,
changed, improved, copied and distributed by anyone. Free software need not be
free of charge.
There are 4 kinds of freedom given by free software are
1. Freedom to run the program
2. Freedom to study how program works and change it.
3. Freedom to redistribute copies.
4. Freedom to distribute copies of modified versions.
The code derived from free s/w should also be released as free s/w Eg: GNU

Proprietary software: Proprietary software or closed source software is the

software that is neither open nor freely available. Software has to be
purchased and use.
• Its source code is not available. So modification is not possible.
• The user is given the right to use the software and restricted from
modifying, sharing, studying and redistribution of the software.
Eg: Windows OS.

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Freeware:
• Software is available free of cost.
• Source code is not available. So modification is not possible.
• It allows copying and redistribution.
• It is closed software.
Eg: Google chrome, Adobe acrobat.

Shareware: Shareware is software, offered as trial version (for limited period of

time) with certain features and all the features are only available after the license
is purchased. Source code is not available.
Eg: Antivirus software, Win RAR.

FLOSS (Free Libre Open Source Software): The term FLOSS is used to refer
to software which is both free software as well as open source software.

FSF (Free Software Foundation): FSF is a non-profit organization created for

the purpose of supporting free software movement. It has founded many
developers to write free software.

OSI (Open Source Initiative): It is an organization dedicated to promote OSS. It

specifies criteria for OSS and defines terms and specifications for OSS.

W3C: W3C is acronym for World Wide Web Consortium. W3C is responsible for
producing the software standards for World Wide Web.

Concepts of Internet:

Internetwork: It is a collection of individual networks connected by n/w devices.

There are 3 types of Internetworks.

Internet: It is a global public network. It is a network of networks.

Intranet: It is a private network owned by an organization.
Extranet: Hybrid of Internetworks connected through internet.

WWW: The World Wide Web (WWW) is a set of protocols that allows accessing
any document on the Net with the help of URL. It is the information space where
documents and web services are identified by URL.

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Web Browser: A Web Browser is software application that enables the user to
view web pages, navigate web sites and move from one website to another.

Web Server: Web Server is an internet host computer that may store thousands
of websites.

Web Page: It is a resource of information residing on a website which can be

viewed in a web browser.

Website: It is a collection of web pages.

Home page: It is the main page of a website which serves as an index or table of
contents to other documents of that site.

Web Portal: It is a website which hosts other websites.

E-Commerce: E-Commerce is the trade of goods and services with the help of
telecommunications and computers.

Types of e-commerce:

B2B (Business to Business): It is the exchange of services, information and

products from one business to another business parties.
Eg: Exchange of goods and services between distributors and whole salers.

B2C (Business to Consumer): The exchange of services, information and

products from a business to a consumer. Eg: Flipkart

C2B (Consumer to Business): Customer directly contact with business

vendors by posting their project work with set budget online so that needy
companies review it and contact the customer directly with bid.
Eg: guru.com, freelancer.com

C2C (Consumer to Consumer): There are many sites offering free classifieds,
auctions and forums where an individual can buy and sell. Online systems like
credit cards make it easier. Eg: OLX

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Advantages of E-commerce:

1. Optimization of resources.
2. Global participation
3. Exclusive discounts for online shopping.
4. Easy and time saving.
5. Broader range of products to choose.

Disadvantages:
1. We can’t try before purchasing
2. No guarantee of product quality
3. Should pay for shipping and Handling charges

Services and Technologies used in E- Commerce:

1. E-mail
2. E-banking
3. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
4. Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)
5. Digital cash
6. Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT)

Working of E-Commerce:
 Customer places order through online.
 Web server sends orders to order manager.
 Order manager checks and confirms from stock DB.
 If it is present in stock, it gives estimated delivery date and requests
payment.
 Confirmation and authorization for payment will be done.
 After the exchange of digital cash, request will be sent to data warehouse
manager for dispatch of goods.
 Finally, goods are delivered to customers digitally or physically.

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Domain name: It identifies and locates the computers connected to the internet.
Domain name is also called as host name.
Each domain name corresponds to numeric IP address. IP address takes the
form of 4 numbers separated by period.
Domain Name System (DNS): It is a naming system containing information
about domain names and their corresponding IP addresses.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): It is a formatted text string used by web
browser, e-mail clients to identify files on the internet. Every webpage has unique
URL.
URL consists of 3 parts:
1. N/W protocol: (http://, ftp://, mailto://)
2. Host name or Domain name
3. File or resource location
Syntax: N/W protocol:// host name:// file
Eg: http:// www.google.com/images/book.html
Absolute URL: Absolute URL contains all 3 substrings.
Relative URL: It contains only substring element in some cases such as within a
web page.
Internet Server Service
FTP File Transfer Protocol
TCP Transfer Control Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
POP Post Office Protocol
NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol
SMTP Mail Transfer Protocol

Domain Id Affiliation
com Commercial
edu Education
gov Government
mil Military
biz Business
co Company
tv Television
org organization

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Country Abbreviation

• au – Australia
• dk — Denmark
• in — India
• nz — Newzealand
• ca — Canada
• fr — France
• uk — United Kingdom

Gopher: It is an internet service that organizes resources into multi-level menus

that helps to find the information easily.
Telnet: It is an internet service that allows a user to log on to remote computer
systems. A telnet program gives a character based terminal window on another
system.
Assignment - 4
Define the Following (1 Mark):
1. Webpage
2. Website
3. Web browser
4. Web Portal
5. Home Page
6. Telnet
7. Gopher
8. URL
9. Domain name
Expand the following (1 Mark):
10. OSS, FLOSS, URL, DNS, EFT, EDI
Explain the following (3 Marks):
1. OSS
2. Free software
3. Proprietary Software
4. Free ware
5. Share ware
6. E commerce and its types
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of E commerce

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