CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
CORPORATE FINANCE

The Faculty of Finance

University of Economics, The University of Danang

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 Reading
• Chapter 1, Fundamentals of Corporate
Finance; Stephen A. Ross, Randolph W.
Westerfield, Bradford D. Jordan; McGraw-Hill
(2010).
• Chương 1, Giáo trình Tài chính doanh nghiệp;
Nguyễn Hoà Nhân (2013)

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 Chapter Outline
• Corporate Finance and the Financial
Manager
• Forms of Business Organization
• The Goal of Financial Management
• The Agency Problem and Control of the
Corporation
• Financial Markets and the Corporation

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 Key Concepts and Skills
• Know the basic types of financial management
decisions and the role of the financial manager
• Know the financial implications of the different
forms of business organization
• Know the goal of financial management
• Understand the conflicts of interest that can
arise between owners and managers
• Understand the various types of financial
markets

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 Did you know?
• Finance?
• Accounting?
• Corporation?
• CEO?
• CFO?
• Investment?
• Capital and assets?

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 Corporate Finance
Some important questions that are answered
using finance:
What long-term investments should the firm
take on?
Where will we get the long-term financing to pay
for the investment?
How will we manage the everyday financial
activities of the firm?

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Balance Sheet Model of the Firm

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The Capital Budgeting Decision

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The Capital Structure Decision

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Short-term Asset Management

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 Financial Manager
Board of
Directors

Chairman and
chief executive
officer (CEO)

Vice president
Vice president Vice president Vice president
human
marketing finance (CFO) production
resource

Financial Accounting
Department Department

Figure 1.1: A sample simplified Organization Chart 11

 Financial Manager

The Financial Manager’s primary goal is to

increase the value of the firm by:
1. Selecting value creating projects
2. Making smart financing decisions
More details: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOQUQHZCKIs

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 Financial Manager
• The top financial manager within a firm is
usually the Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
– Treasurer – oversees cash management, credit
management, capital expenditures, and
financial planning
– Controller – oversees taxes, cost accounting,
financial accounting and data processing

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 Financial Management Decisions
Financial managers try to answer some or all of these
questions
• Capital budgeting
– What long-term investments or projects should the
business take on?
• Capital structure
– How should we pay for our assets?
– Should we use debt or equity?
• Working capital management
– How do we manage the day-to-day finances of the
firm?
More details: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4LXk5lbTpI
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 Goal of Financial Management

• What should be the goal of a corporation?

– Maximize profit?
– Minimize costs?
– Maximize market share?
– Maximize the current value of the company’s
stock?
• Does this mean we should do anything and
everything to maximize owner wealth?

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 Goal of Financial Management
and Sustainability
• Shareholder value approach: ultimate measure of a
corporate’s success is the extent to which it enriches
its shareholders.
• Stakeholder value approach: a corporate should
balance or optimize the interests of all its
stakeholders: customers, employers, suppliers,
shareholders and the community.
• Sustainable finance: looks at how finance (investing
and lending) interacts with economic, social and
environmental issues.
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Financial value creation in
traditional finance

Source: Schoenmaker and Schramade (2019)

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Long-term value creation in
sustainable finance

Source: Schoenmaker and Schramade (2019)

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 Forms of Business Organization

• Three major forms in the United States

–Sole Proprietorship
–Partnership
• General
• Limited
–Corporation

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 Sole Proprietorship
• Advantages • Disadvantages
Khi chủ doanh nghiệp qua đời hoặc rời bỏ công việc kinh doanh, doanh nghiệp thường ngừng hoạt

– Easiest to start – Limited to life of owner

động.

Khả năng huy động vốn bị hạn chế vì phụ thuộc hoàn toàn vào tài sản cá nhân của chủ sở hữu.

– Least regulated – Equity capital limited to

– Single owner keeps owner’s personal
all the profits wealth
họ có thể phải dùng tài sản cá nhân để trả các khoản nợ của doanh nghiệp.

– Taxed once as – Unlimited liability

personal income – Difficult to sell
ownership interest

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 Partnership

• Advantages • Disadvantages
– Two or more – Unlimited liability
owners • General partnership
– More capital • Limited partnership
available end

– Partnership dissolves
– Relatively easy to when one partner dies
start or wishes to sell
– Income taxed once – Difficult to transfer
as personal income ownership
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 Corporation
• Advantages • Disadvantages
– Limited liability – Separation of
– Unlimited life ownership and
– Separation of management
ownership and – Double taxation
management (income taxed at the
– Transfer of ownership corporate rate and
is easy then dividends taxed
at the personal rate)
– Easier to raise capital

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 The Agency Problem
Agency problem (vấn đề đại diện) là tình huống xảy ra khi người đại diện (agent) có lợi ích cá nhân khác biệt với lợi ích của người được
đại diện (principal), dẫn đến xung đột và mâu thuẫn giữa hai bên.
• Agency relationship
– Principal hires an agent to represent his/her interests
– Stockholders (principals) hire managers (agents) to run
the company
• Agency problem
– Conflict of interest between principal and agent
• Management goals and agency costs
• Managerial goals may be different from shareholder
goals
- Expensive perquisites Expensive perquisites (đãi ngộ đắt đỏ): Các nhà quản lý có thể muốn hưởng
các phúc lợi cao như xe hơi công ty, văn phòng xa hoa, hoặc các khoản chi phí
cá nhân khác. Điều này không trực tiếp mang lại giá trị cho cổ đông.
- Survival duy trì hoạt động
- Independence
muốn giảm sự phụ thuộc vào cổ đông để duy tri quyền kiểm soát và đưa ra quyết định độc lập
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 The Agency Problem

Agency costs: costs of the conflict of interest

between stockholders and management.
Indirect agency costs
Direct agency costs

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 Managing Managers
• Managerial compensation
– Incentives can be used to align management
and stockholder interests
– The incentives need to be structured carefully
to make sure that they achieve their goal
• Corporate control
– The threat of a takeover may result in better
management Đoạn văn trên muốn nhấn mạnh rằng mối đe dọa bị thâu tóm có thể là một động lực mạnh mẽ để cải thiện hiệu quả quản lý của
một công ty. Khi các nhà quản lý cảm thấy vị trí của mình bị đe dọa, họ sẽ có động lực để làm việc chăm chỉ hơn và đưa ra
những quyết định tốt hơn cho công ty.

• Other stakeholders

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 Work the Web Example
• The Internet provides a wealth of information
about individual companies
• One excellent site is finance.yahoo.com
• Click on the web surfer to go to the site, choose a
company and see what information you can find!

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 Financial Markets
• Cash flows to the firm
• Primary vs. secondary markets
– Dealer vs. auction markets
– Listed vs. over-the-counter securities
• NYSE
• NASDAQ

More details: https://www.forex.com/en/market-analysis/latest-

research/what-is-the-role-of-financial-markets/

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Figure 1.2: Cash Flows between the Firm and the Financial Markets

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 Financial Markets

Primary vs. secondary markets

 Primary market: original sale of securities by
governments and corporations. The corporation is
the seller, and the transaction raises money for the
corporation
 Secondary markets: securities are bought and
sold after the original sale. Secondary markets
provide the means for transferring ownership of
corporate securities

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 Financial Markets

Dealer vs. auction markets

 Dealers buy and sell for themselves, at their own
risk. In a dealer market, most of the buying and
selling is done by the dealer. Dealer markets in
stocks and long-term debt are called over-the-
counter (OTC) markets.
 Auction market or exchange has a physical
location. Purpose of an auction market: match
those who wish to sell with those who wish to buy.

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 Ethics Issues
• Is it ethical for tobacco companies to sell a product
that is known to be addictive and a danger to the
health of the user? Is it relevant that the product is
legal?
• Should boards of directors consider only price when
faced with a buyout offer?
• Is it ethical to concentrate only on shareholder
wealth, or should stakeholders as a whole be
considered?
• Should firms be penalized for attempting to improve
returns by stifling competition (e.g., Microsoft)?
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 Quick Quiz
• What are the three types of financial
management decisions and what questions are
they designed to answer?
• What are the three major forms of business
organization?
• What is the goal of financial management?
• What are agency problems and why do they
exist within a corporation?
• What is the difference between a primary market
and a secondary market?
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