Electrostatics PQB

PHY-II :75
W 1 dË d2
In all figures, q(Vg-VA) 1 +
VA = 20 V and Va = 40 V C1 Cz K1¬0A K,EoA
W = q (40- 20) = 20 q
48. The electrostatic djKy +Kyd,
potential on the surface of a
charged conducting sphere is 100 epAK{Kz
statement are made in this regard : V. Two
S: At any point inside the EoAK{K2
sphere, electric or
Ceq dkz + K,d,
intensity is zero.
S,: At any point inside the EoAK
sphere, the but Ceq
electrostatic potential is 100 V. dË +dz
Which of the following is a correct
a) S, is true but S, is false statement ? K = KK;(d, +d)
b) both S and S, are false d,K +Kdz
c) S, is true, S, is also true and S, is
d) S, is true, S, is also true but
the cause of S) INTEXT QUESTIONS
the statemnents
are
independent 1, What are conservative forces?
Ans: (c)
Ans: Gravitational forces, electrostatic forces are
S it true, S, is also true as
potential
inside the conservative forces.
charged conducting sphere is equal to the
potentialon its surface. 2. What is potential energy ?
49. Equipotentials at a great distance from a collection
of
Ans: The amount of work done to move charge from one
charges whose total sum is not zero are point to another point in electric field is called as
approximately potentiaBenergy.
a) spheres b) planes 3. What is Gauss' law and what is a Gaussian surface?
c) paraboloids d) ellipsoids
Ans: (a) Ans: Gauss's law: The electric flux over a closed surface

Collection of charges whose total sum is not zero of any size and any shape is equal to
1
times total
can be considered as a point charge from a Eo
great
distance. So, equipotentials should be spheres. charge enclosed by that surface.
50. parallel plate capacitor is made of two dielectric
A
blocks in series. One of the blocks has thickness Gaussian surface: The surface over which Gauss's
d, and dielectric constant K, and the other has theorem is applied is called as Gaussian surface.
thickness d, and dielectricconstant K, as shown 4. What is gravitational potential ?
in figure. This arrangement can be thought as Ans: The amount of work done in bringing unit mass from
a dielectric slab of thickness d (= d, + d,) and
effective dielectricconstant K. The K is infinity togiven point in gravitational field is called
as gravitational potential.
5. Why equipotential surface will not intersect with
each other ?
Ans: Equipotential surfaces do not intersect each other
as it gives two directions of electric fields at
a) Kyd, +Kzd, b) Kjd, +Kzd, intersecting point which is not possible.
dË +d2 KË + K 6. What is electrostatic shielding ?
c) K,k2(d, +d,) d 2K1K2 Ans: To protect a delicate instrument from the disturbing
Kzd, +Kjd, KË +K2 effects of other charged bodies near it, place the
Ans: (c) instrument inside a hollow conductor where E = 0.
The given capacitor is equivalent to two This is called electrostatic shielding.
capacitors joined in series, where 7. What is Faraday Cages ?
K¬0A Kz0A Ans: It is an enclosure which is used to block the
C= external
dË dz electric fields in conductive materials.
 PHY-II :76
PQB
Electrostatics
4 The safest way to protect yourself from lightning
8. What is electromagentic shielding ?
is to be inside a car. Justify. (Question from T.B.)
Ans: Electro-magnetic shielding: MRI scanning rooms are Ans: The body of car is
metallic. It provides
built in such a manner that they prevent the mixing the
electrostatic shielding to the person inzero.
of the external radio frequency signals with the MRI car, because electric field inside
the car is
passes to the
machine. The discharging due to lightning the car.
9. What is dielectric strength ? ground through the metallic body of Q is
charge
Ans: Ifwe apply a large enoughelectric field, we can ionize 5. A spherical shell of radius b with
the atoms and create a condition for electric charge expanded to a radius a. Find the work done by the
to flow like a conductor. The fields required for the electrical forces in the process. (Question from T.B.)
breakdown of dielectric is called dielectric strength. Ans: Spherical shell of radius b with charge Q is
expanded to a radius a. Electric potential at arny
ONE MARK QUESTIONS point inside spherical shell is same hence it is
equipotential surface. The work done by the
A
charge qis moved from a point Aabove a dipole
1
of dipole moment p to a point Bbelow the dipole charge in equipotential surface is zero.
6. State Gauss' theorem/law in electrostatics.
in equatorial plane without acceleration. Find the Ans: The totalelectric flux through any closed surface
work done in this process. (Question from T.B.)
A
in free space is equal to times the total electric
Eo
charge Q enclosed by the surface.
7. What is Gaussian surface ?
tq
Ans: Gaussian surface is an imaginary closed surface
enclosing charge such that the intensity of electric
field at all points on the surface is same and the
electric flux over the surface is always normal to
Ans: The electric potential at point A and at point Bis the surface.
same and is equal to zero because point A and B 8. What is the dimensional formula of electricflux?
are on equator of electric dipole.
The work required to move charge q from A to B Ans: [ML'TSA-].
is given by, 9. The electric flux through a closed surface is zero.
W q(VA-VB) = qx0= 0 What do you mean by it ?
2. If the difference between the radii of the two Ans: It means inward electric flux is equal to the
spheres of a spherical capacitor is increased, state outward electric flux. In other words, net charge
whether the capacitance will increase or decrease. inside the closed surface is zero, although the
(Question from T.B.) closed surface may have equal and opposite
Ans: Capacitance of spherical capacitor is given by, charges.
10. What is the intensity of electric field inside
C= 4 n Eg K a charged spherical shell?
Ans: Zero.
If difference (r, -r,) between radii of two spheres 11. Two charges of magnitude -2Q and +Q are
of a spherical capacitor is increased then its located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively.
capacity decreases. What is the electric flux due to these charges
3. Ametal plate is introduced between the plates of through a sphere of radius '3a' with itscentre at
a charged parallel plate capacitor. What is its the origin?
effect on the capacitance of the capacitor? Ans: Total charge enclosed by a sphere of radius
(Question from T.B.) 3a =
-2 Q
Ans: Ifmetal plate of thickness't is introduced between
the plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor
then its capacity is given by,
Alo -2Q
C=
d-t
o,0 (a.0)
3a
Thus, from above eq, it indicates that its capacity
increases.
 Electrostatics PHY-II :77 PQB
Electric flux through the sphere of radius 21. Illustrate a condition in which electricfield is zero
but potential is not zero.
3a is, =
20
Eo Ans: Electric field inside a hollow charged sphere is
12. What is meant by potential at a point? zero but potential is not zero.
OR 22. How the value of potential due to dipole varies
Define electric potential. with distance from the centre of the dipole ?
Ans: Electric potential ata point is defined as the work Ans: V «
done to bring a unit positive charge from infinity
to that point in the electric field. 23. In the given diagram what is the work done in
13. Define electric potential difference between two moving a point charge from Xto the points Yand
points in an electric field. Is ita scalar or vector ? Zrespectively ?
Ans: Work done in moving a unit positive charge from Z, .Q .X
one point to another point in the electric field.
It is a scalar quantity.
14. What is electric potential energy ?
Ans: Work done to bring charges from infinity to their
respective positions to form a system. Ans: Points Z and Y lie on the same equipotential
15. Deduce dimensional formula for surface. Work done to carry charge from X to Y
potential willbe equal to work done in carrying charge
difference. from X to Z.
Ans: V =
W ML'T-2 Wy = Wz.
AT 24. Draw an equipotential surface in a uniform
16. Write down the relation between potential and electric field.
potential energy. equipotential
surface
U
Ans: V Uniform
Ans: electric
17. Show that volt and JC-1 are the units of same field
physical quantity.
25. Sketch two equipotential surfaces for a point
Ans: Electric potential (V) = Work done () -JC-1 charge.
Charge (C)
But unit of electric potential is volt.
Volt and J C- are units of electric potential.
18. What is an equipotential surface? Ans:
OR
Define equipotential surface.
Ans: A surface whose every point has the same value
of electric potential. S, and S, are two required equipotential surfaces.
19. What is the nature of equipotential surfaces 26. What is electron volt ?
around a point charge ? Ans: Electron volt is the energy acquired by electron
OR while passing through apotential difference of
What is the shape of the equipotential surfaces 1volt.
for an isolated point charge? 27. What is the eletric field inside a conductor ?
Ans: Concentric spheres with point charge as a centre. Ans: Zero.
20. What is the relation between electric field 28. What is dielectric ?Give two examples of
intensity and potential gradient ? dielectric.
Ans: A non-conducting material in which equal and
Ans: E = where E is electric field and (V/r) is opposite charges are induced on their opposite
dr faces on the application of electric field is called
potential gradient. dielectrice.g. Mica, transformer oil etc.
Electrostatics PQB
PHY-II: 78
29.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Name three polar molecules.
Ans: HCI, H,0, NH, conductor. State and define
30. Name three non-polar molecules. 1. Define capacity of a condenser.
of
S.I. unit of capacity
Ans: N, O, methane. conductor : The ratio of the charge
31. What do you mean by Ans: Capacity of a conductorto its electric potential
dielectric polarisation ? deposited on a
Ans: Electric dipole moment per unit volume is called a conductor.
is called capacity of
as dielectric polarisation. In SI system unit of capacity of a conductor is farad (E)
conductor is
32. What is a capacitor ? Definition of 1F :The capacity of a coulomb
of one
Ans: An arrangement which increases charge storing said to be one farad, if a charge increase its
capacity at a relatively low potential is called as deposited on a conductor will
capacitor. potential by 1 volt.
capacitor.
33. Define capacitance of a capacitor. 2. Explain the concept of a conductor can be
Ans: It is defined as the charge required to raise the Ans: The capacity of a charged conductor
potential of a capacitor through one unit. increased by keeping another principle
34. Can we say that the SI unit of E, is farad per connected to earth, near to it. This is the
of a condenser. To explain the principle of
metre?
is deposited
condenser, suppose that a charge +q raised to V. on
Ans: Yes.
a metal plate A,so that its potential is
We know that, C= Eo A Therefore, capacity of a conductor A is given
d
by,
Cd Fm
En = -Fm-1, C= ....)
A m2
35. Name the different types of capacitors. When an A A B
Ans: Parallel plate capacitor, spherical capacitor and uncharged ++ ++
metal plate B
cylindrical capacitor. is placed near
36. What is the value of capacitance of the earth ? ++
to metal plate
Ans: 711 uF. Aas shown in ++
37. On what factors does the capacitance of a parallel figure (a), then
plate capacitor depend ? by induction
Ans: a) Area of plate, b) distanice between two plates, n eg a tive
c) Medium in between the plates. charges are
(a) (b
38. What do you mean by equivalent capacitor ? produced on Fig. :Concept of condenser
inner side of
Ans: A combination of capacitors in an electric circuit
can be replaced by a single capacitor that has the plate Band positive charges are produced on far
side of metal plate B.
same capacitance as the actual combination of the
capacitors. Such capacitor is called equivalent The negative charges of plate B decreases the
capacitor.
potential and positive charges of plate B increases
the potential of plate A. Therefore resultant effect
39. Name the capacitance which has infinite capacity. is null. If the metal plate B is connected to earth as
Ans: Aparallel plate capacitor filled with a conducting shown in figure (b), then the positive charges of
slab. plate Bescapes to earth. Thus the negative charges
40. Define capacitance.Give its SI unit. of plate Bwill produce a potential of -V1.
Ans: The quantity of charge required to raise capacitors V-V, be the potential difference between the
potential by one unit is called as capacitance. two plates.
SI unit of capacitance is farad. Thus, the capacity of a condenser is given by,
41. Why is Van de Graaff generator enclosed in C=
a steel tank filled with air ? ... i)
V-V,
Ans: To prevent the leakage due to ionisation of air From equation (i) and (ii), it can be concluded that,
surrounding the large shell because of very high
voltage of the generator. In this way, the capacity of the
42. What is the b asic form of energy of the arrangement 1s
increased. This arrangement is called
atmosphere which dissipates during lightning? Thuscondenser condenser.
Ans: Electrical energy. of a conductor atincreases
a
charge storing capacity
relatively low potential.
 Electrostatics
PHY-II:79 POB
3 Derive expression for energy stored in Let a dielectric material of dielectric constant K
condensers. Explain its different forms. charged
OR be introduced in the space between two parallel
Show that energy stored in a charged plates, such that the dielectriccompletely fills the
is directly proportional to condenser
square of its potential space between them. The capacity of same
Ans:
difference between the plates.
To deposit a
parallel plate condenser with dielectric material
charge on a
has to be done against thecondenser some work of dielectric constant K is given by,
This work is stored in the form electrostatic forces. CA =
Ake,
.... (11)
of energy in a
condenser.
Let q be the charge deposited on a = k
capacity Cagainst its potential Vwhichcondenser
is
of
given by, CairCA = k Cair
V= Thus, capacity of a parallel plate condenser with
Let dq be the additional charge dielectric of dielectric constant k is, dielectric
of capacity C against deposited
on a constant times capacity of aparallel plate
condenser its
Let dw be the small amount of potential V. condenser with air as dielectric.
work
required to deposit a charge dq which is givendone
by,
5. Draw a neat labelled diagram of Van de Graff
dw = Vdq .:. V= W/q generator.
Ans:
dw -
... (ii)
Let, Wbe the total work done
a total charge on required to deposit
condenser of
its potential which is givern by,capacity Cagainst
Ion
source
W = P,|
0 Spherical shell
P, and P2 Pulleys
B, and B, - Sharply pointed
combs

W
Q? P P2 P1 and p Vertical pillars
2C ++++
But work done is equivalent to energy of a
condenser, charged
E =
Bi,
2C (iii) Fig. : Van de graff generator
We know that, Q = C.V HT
E = <lo ...iv) Target (T)
6. State the expression for capacity of a
We know that, C=
V plate condenser with meaning of each parallel
symbol
1 used. How capacity of parallel plate condenser
E = can be increased ?
.... v)
Thus, equation (iii), (iv) and (v) are different forms Ans: The capacity of a parallel plate
of energy of a charged condenser.
condenser is given
Eo kA
4. Explain the effect on dielectrics on capacity of by, C= d
a parallel plate condenser. Where, E,k -permitivity constant of a dielectric
Ans: Consider two parallel metal plates P, and P, each
having area A separated by a small distance d medium, A -area of plate, d distance between
with air between the plates. The capacity of the two plates.
parallel plate condenser with air as dielectric is Capacity of a parallel plate condenser can be
given by, increased by, i) increasing area of plate,
ii) decreasing distance
AEo
...(1)
between the plates,
ii) increasing dielectric constant
Cair d medium. of a dielectric
Electrostatics
7.
Explain the action of sharp points.
Define corona
PHY-II : 80
Thus, the potential difference between the point POB
discharge.
Ans: When a spherical Aand point Bis given by,
conductor of radius r carries a
charge q, the surface WA WB
charge density is given by, VA-VB =
1 [WA-Wal
For a pointed end, r is very 90
very large. The particles of airsmall, therefore o is WBA
with pointed ends gets chargedcoming and
in contact VA-VB = (iii)
this way, an electric wind is set up repelled. In 90

away the charge continuously from which takes where WA - W = WBA is the work required to
ends of conductor. This process of the pointed move charge qo from Bto A and VA- VB =dV is the
potential difference between point A and B
8.
charge is called corona discharge. spraying the WBA = 90(VA -VB) ... iv)
State the principle of working of Van
generator. State its uses. de graff 10. A dipole with its charges, -q and +q located at the
Ans: Van de graff generator : A Van points (0,-b, 0) and (0+b, 0) is present in aunifor
is a device used to de graffgenerator electric field E. The equipotential surfaces of thie
generate
difference of the order of a fewhigh potential field are planes parallel to the YZ planes.
It was designed by Van de million volts. a) Whatis the direction of the electric field E?
graff in 1931. b) How much torque would the dipole experience
Principle: This generator
of (i) the action of sharp is based on the principle in this field? (Problem from T.B.)
of corona discharge. (ii) points i.e. the phenomenon Ans: a) The dipole is located along Y-axis. Hence
The
hollow conductor is transferredcharge given to a direction of electric field is along positive
to outer surface
and-it distributed
is direction of x-axis.
Uses: The main use ofuniformly over it.
the Van de Graff generator b) T = PE sin
is to produe very high energy In this case, 9 = 90°
having energies of the order charged particles PE (maximum)
of 10 MeV. Such
energy particles are used i) to carry outhigh the
11. A capacitor has some dielectric between its plates
disintegration of the nuclei of different
iil) to produce radioactive elements,
and the capacitor is connected to a DC source.
The battery is now disconnected and then the
the nuclear structure, isotopes, (iii) to study
iv) to study different types dielectric is removed. State whether the capacitance,
nuclear reactions etc. of the energy stored in it, the electric field, charge stored
9. What is meant by the term electric and voltage wiIl increase, decrease or remain
difference ? potential constant.
(Problem from T.B.)
Ans: Potential difference: The difference of Ans: Acapacitor has some dielectric between its plates
potential and capacitor is connected to a dc source. If dc
between any two points in an electric field is source is disconnected then
called as potential difference.
a) capacity increases, Cl = Ck
A b) energy stored decreases U' = U/k,
electric field decreases, E!= E/k
WA Wa d) charge remains same, Q'=Q
Fig. : Potential difference e) voltage decreases, V=V/k
Consider a charge qplaced at point O in air However if dielectric is removed then its capacity,
medium. Consider point A and point B in an energy, electric field, charge and voltage remains
Same,
electric field. Let WE be the work required to move 12.
Two charges of magnitudes -4 Q
charge qo from infinity to point B. Therefore located at points (2 a, 0) and (5 a, 0)and +2 Q are
electric potential at point B is given by respectively.
What is the electric flux due to these charges
WB a sphere of radius 4 a with its through
Vp = ...(i) centre at the origin?
90 (Problem from T.B.)
Let WA be the work required to move charge qo Sol": Net charge enclosed by a sphere of radius,
from infinity to point A. Therefore electric 4 a = -4Q
potential at point A is given by, Electric flux through the sphere of radius 4 a is
given by,
WA
VA= ....ii) 4Q
90
Electrostatics
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
PHY-II: 84
POB
1.
Obtain an expression for electric field ..(iv)
at a point outside a charged intensity Case-II: Let o be the surface density of
OR conducting
Show that electric intensity at a point sphere.a of sphere A. charge
charged sphere is inversely proportionaloutside
to Charge deposited on sphereA
square of its distance from the centre of the Area of sphere A
sphere. OR
Show thatelectric intensity ata point outside a
charged sphere is given by, E=oK = 0.4n R2
By substituting value of in
Ans: Consider a sphere A of radius R placed in a (iii), we get, equation
dielectric medium of permittivity constant Egk. 1 G4TR?
Let +q be the
E = 4T E, k r2
charge deposited B
on sphere A.
Obtain an expression for electric field
infinitely long intensity
Consider a point P A Area ds 2,
at a point outside
at a distance r
from the centre of conducting cylinder. charged
OR
the sphere A. Let E Show that electric intensity at a point outside a
be the electric Fig. : Electric
intensity at a point charged cylinder is inversely proportional to its
intensity at point outside a charged sphere distance from the axis of thecylinder. OR
P which is to be determined. To Show that electric intensity at a point outside
determine electric
intensity at point P draw imaginary sphere B of oR
radius rwith point O as its centre. Consider a a chrged cylinder isgiven by, E= E, kr
small area ds surrounding point P. Since sphere
is symmetrical body charge deposited on it will Ans: Consider a cylinder A of radius R placed in
be distributed uniformly. Therefore, tubes of a dielectric medium of permitivity constant Eak.
Let +q be the 4q A
induction will be directed normally outwards.
Hence electric intensity is normal to each and charge deposited B R
per unit length of Area ds
every point of sphere B. a cylinder A.
We can write,
Consider a point
TN.EJ. (Over area ds) = Enk.E.ds P at a distance r +
T.N.E.I. (Over entire area of sphere B) from the axis of
Egk Efds cylinder A. Let E Fig. : Electric intensity ata point
But Jds = area of sphere B = 47r2 be the electric outside a charged cylinder
T.N.E.I. (Over entire area of sphere B) intensity at point P, which is to be determined.
To determine electric intensity at point P draw
Egk E47r² ...(i)
By Gauss's theorem, imaginary coaxial cylinder of length Iand radius
r. Consider a small area ds surrounding point
T.N.E.I. (Over entire area of sphere B) P. Since cylinder is symmetrical body, the
= tq .. (ii) charge deposited on it will be distributed
From equation (i) and (ii), we have, uniformly. Hence tubes of induction will be
Egk E4rr - q directed normally outwards. Hence, electric
1
intensity is normal to each and every point of
E = ..iii) cylinder B.
47E, k r?
T.N.E.I. (Over area ds) Egk.E ds
Thus, equation (iii) gives electric intensity at a T.N.E.I. (Over entire area of cylinder B)
point outside a charged sphere. = Egk Efds
From equation (ii)we can discuss the following T.N.E.I. (Over entire area of cylinder B)
cases, = Enk E 27rl ...)
Case-1: If point P is on the surface of the sphere By Gauss's theorem,
A, then, r=R T.N.E.I. (Over entire area of cylinder bB)
 Electrostatics
PHY-II :85 POB
From equation (i) and (ii), we .(i) In polar dielectric, the different tiny electric
have, dipoles are randomly oriented (in absence of
Eok E2rl = ql electric field) because of thermal agitation. Hence
1 total dipole moment of polar dielectric is zero.
27t E, k r ...(iii) When a substance with polar molecules is
Thus, equation (iii) gives electric subjected to an external electric field, the tiny
intensity at a
point outside a charged cylinder. From electric dipoles get aligned in the direction of field.
(iii),we can discuss the equation Thus there is net dipole moment in the direction
Case-I: If the point Pfollowing cases,
is on the surface of the of field. (fig. (ii))
cylinder Athen, r=R B=0 E0

E =
2rr E, k R .... (iv)
Case-II : Let o be the surface density of charge
of cylinder A which is given
by,
Charge deposited per unit
length of cylinder A a) Polar molecules b) Polar molecules
Area per unit length of dielectric (E =0) of dielectric (E 0)
of cylinder A Fig. (ii)
In a nutshell a dielectric with polar or nonpolar
2T R
molecules develops a net dipole moment in the
9 = o2R direction of field, in the presence of the field.
By substituting value of q in equation (iii), we
have, Define pplatistion:
1 ¡2rR oR
E =
. (v) The electric dipole moment per unit volume
27T E k r
E, kr of electricdipole is called polarisation.
3 Explain the behaviour of dielectric slab 4. What do you mean by polar molecules and
subjected to an external electric field. which
is
OR nonpolar molecules ?
With the help of neat diagrams,
the non-polar dielectricmaterial isexplain how Ans: There are two types of molecules of a polyatomic
external electric field of increasingpolarised in
intensity.
substance called- as a) polar molecules,
b) non-polar molecules.
Define polarisation in dielectrics. a) Polar molecules : A.polar molecules is one in
Ans: If non-polar molecule is subjected to an
external
electricfield, the positive and negative charges which "centre of gravity" of positive nucleii and
non-polar molecules are displaced in oppositein revolving electrons do not coincide (or are
separated). Polar molecules have a permanent
direction. This displacement is continued till electric dipole moment. (fig.) e.g. HC1, H,0
external force on constituent charges and
restoring force due to internal molecular field are molecules, N,O molecules Polar substances
balanced. behave as a tiny electric dipole.
E=0 E0 Non-polar : H H
CO,
(+)
Polar :
a) Non-polar b) Non-polar HCI
molecules molecules Fig. Somne examples of polar and non polar
H,0
of dielectric (E = 0) of dielectric(E 0) molecules
b)
Fig. (i) Non-polar molecules : A non-polar molecule is
The non-polar molecules thus acquire induced one in which "centre of gravity" of positive
and revolving electrons coincide. nucleii
dipole moment. The dielectric is said to be Non-polar
polarised in external field (fig. (i). The induced molecules do not have permanent electric dipole
dipole moments of different molecules add up and moment because of their symmetry. e.g. Oxygen
give rise to net dipole moment. (0z), Hydrogen (H;) Carbondioxide (CO,),
Polyethylene, polystyrene.
Electrostatics PHY-II : 86
5.
Derive an expression for Thus, the reciprocal offthe equivalent
POB
three parallel plate effective capacitance of
series. condensers connected in of the series
to the sum
combination of
condensers
of the reciprocals of their is capacitanequae
Ans: When the number of
condensers are connected
one after another between
electric circuit then this type two
capacitances.
Derive an expression for effectivee individua \

condensers is called
When number of condensersare
points of an
of combination of
in series.
6.
three condensers connected in parallel
Ans: When number of
condensers are cconnected
apacitance of
condensers
series, charge on each connected in across another between two common one
condenser
potential difference across each is same butis an electric circuit, then this type of points of
different. condenser of condensers is called condensers incoparallel.
mbination
When the number of condensers are
parallel, then charge on each
different but, potential
connnect
differencecondenser
across
ed in
is
condenser is same. each

Fig. : Condensers in series

Lets considet three
condensers of
C, C, and C& are
connected in aeriescapacitances
as shown in
figure. Let, V be the potential
across series combination of difference applied
V, and V, be the condensers. Let Vi, Fig. : Condensers in parallel
potential difference
C4 and C, respectively. Let Q be across C Let's consider three condensers of
the total charge capacities
supplied by cell. From figure. C, C, and C3 are connected in parallel, as shown
in figure. Let, V be the potential applied
the parallel combination of condensers. across
But, V= V+ V+ V3
V2 C Let, o be
the total charge supplied by cell. Let, Q,, Q, and
Qa be the charge across
condenser C1, C, and Ca
V= respectively.
C From figure, Q=CjV, Q=C,V, Q3=C,V
But, Q= Q1+Q2+Q3
V =
.i)
Let, C, be the
Q =
C,V+CzV +CzV
equivalent capacity of the series Q= V(C +C,+ C) ..)
combination of the condensers. Therefore, Let, C, bethe equivalent capacity of the
potential difference across C, is given by,
combination of the condensers. Therefore,parallel
charge
V =
... (i1)
across the C, is given by,
From equation (i) and (ii), we have, Q = VCp ..0)
From equation (i) and (ii), we have,
C = V(C+ C7+C3)
1 1
Cp =CtC+Cg ...i)
If 'n' condensers connected in
are
C Cz ..(i) the equivalent capacity of parallel parallel then
If n condensers are connected in series then of the combination
equivalent capacity of the series combination of condenser is given by,
the condensers is given by, Cp = C+C,+C+ .... t Cn
Thus, the equivalent of the parallel
1 1
+
1
+ ...., +
1
capacity
combination of condensers is equal to sum oftheir
C, C C Cn
individual capacitances.
Electrostatics PHY-II : 87
PQB
7. What is condenser? Explain the different types of This work is stored as the potential energy of
condensers. potential
Ans: Adevice which increases charge the system. We can then associate
dipole.
storing
of a conductor at a relatively low capacity energy U (0) with an inclination of the
condenser. potential is called U
(0) = pE (cos O-cos e)
the field
+|+
Ifintially the dipole is perpendicular to
E
++
then above equation becomes
2
++

U(0) = pE (cos -cos )

+|+ Fig. : Types of condensers
Types of condensers : Depending on geometrical U(Ø) = -pE cos
size of conductors, condensers are classified as,
i) Parallel plate condenser, U(0) = -pE
ii) Spherical condenser, If initially the dipole is parallel to the field E,
iii) Cylindrical condenser. On = , then,
Parallel plate condenser : It consist of two U(0) = pE (cos 0- cos )
conductors in the form of two parallel plates U(O) = pE (1-cos )
separated by a dielectric medium.Out of two 9. Three charges -q, +Q and -q are placed at equal
plates one plate is charged and other plate is distance on straight line. If the potential energy of
connected to earth. the system of the three charges is zero, then what is
Spherical condenser: It consist of two conductors the ratio of Q:q? (Problem from T.B.)
in the form of twO concentric spheres separated Soln: q1 =-q, 92=2 43-4
by adielectric medium. Out of two spheres inner Electrostatic potential energy of a system of three
sphere is charged and outer sphere is always charges is given by,
connected to earth.
1 91929293 9193
Cylindrical condensers : It consist of two U=
conductors in the form of two c0-axial cylinders 4n E0. .12 T23 I13
separated by a dielectric. Out of two cylinders
inner cylinder is charged and outer cylinder is
1 -q-9X-9,-4xQ
connected to earth. r 2r

8. Derive an expression for the potential energy of

= 0
an electricdipole in uniform electric field. 2r
Ans: Potential energy of a dipole in an external field:
2qQ 2Q
When an electric dipole is placed in an electric or
2r 2 1
field E, a torquet =px E acts on which tends
Q
or
to rotate it (unless p is parallel or antiparallel to 4
E). Suppose an external torque Text iS applied in10. Find the ratio of the potential differences that must
such a manner that it just neutralises this torque be applied across the parallel and series combination
and rotate the dipole in the plane of paper from of two capacitors C, and C, with their capacitances
in the ratio 1:2,so that the energy stored in these
angle , to angle at all infinitesimal angular two cases becomes the same. (Problem from T.B.)
speed (without angular acceleration). The amount
of work done by the external torque will be given Soln: C =21 i. Cq=2 C, Ep =E,
=?, C2
by,
Ep = E
W [Text (0) d@ -pEsin d0

W = pE-cos =pE (cos ,- cos e) (C +C) V; -

C+C2
 ii) Eon the PHY-II: 89
surface of the sphere, PQB
R-10, cm =0.10m | 17. Aparallel plate capacitor has an area of4 cm² anda
q/4ne R2 plate separation of 2 mm, i) Calculate its
9x10 x1x10-6 capacitance, ii) What is its capacitance if the space
(0.10) =9x 105 NIC between the plates is filled completely with a
ii) Eat a point 5 cm dielectric having dielectric constant of constant 6.7.
the sphere E=0. away from thecentre i.e. inside (Problem from T.B.)
15. A short Sol": A =4 cm² =4 x 104 m
1× 10Cm. electric dipole has dipole moment of d= 2 mm =2 x 10- m
the dipole atDetermine the electric potential due to
a point distance E0 =8.85 x 10-12 C2/Nm?
of the dipole situated a) on 0.3 m from the centre
the axial line b) on the C=
equatorial line c) on a line making an angle of 60°
i) Capacitance,
with the dipole
axis. (Problem from TB.)
Sol: p=1 x 10 Cm, r = 0.3m 8.85x10x4x1o4
a) Potential at a point on 2x10-3
the axial line
1
= 1.77 x 10-12 F
V = ii) Capacitance,
C' Aêgk
9x10 x1x10-9 d
= 100 volt
(0.3)2 8.85x102x4x10x6.7
b Potential at a point on the equatorial line =0 2×10-3
Potential at a point on a line making an angle of = 11.859 x 10-12 F
60° with the dipole axis is 18. In a capacitor of capacitance 20 E, the distance
1 pcose
betweern the plates is 2 mm. If a dielectric slab of
V= 9x10 x1x10-9 cos 60° width 1 mm and dielectric constant 2 is inserted
4TE0 2 (0.3)? between the plates, what is the new capacitance?
50 volt (Problem from T.B.)
16. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the Sol: C= 20 uF =20x 10 F,d=2 mm =2 x 10-3 m
system of charges shown in the figure. t=1x 10-3 m, k=2
C=
AEo and C'= AEo
d d-t+
k

d-t+
k
(Problem from T.B.) d

Sol": Taking E ofpotential energy at , we get potential 2x10-3lx10-3.lx103

energy (PE) of the system of charges 20x10-6 2
1
PE 2x10-3
4JEO Tik C' = 26.6 uF.
1 99,9(-9),-9-9, FOUR MARK QUESTIONS
4TE0 r r
1. Derive an expression for capacity of a parallel
(-)+(+9).9(),99 plate condenser filled with dielectric.
rf2 r2 Ans: Consider .a parallel plate condenser which
consists of two parallel metal plates py and p2:
1 Let A be the area of. either plate and 'd' be the
distance between the two plates or thickness of a
4E0 r r
dielectric medium. Let +Qbe the charge deposited
1 -2q on plate p1 and pz is connected to earth. The
electric tubes of induction will be emitted
4TEO 4ne0r normally from plate p1 and they will end
Electrostatics PHY-II :90 POB
metres above the ground) over
normally on plate P2: P height(of several narrow belt ot
Therefore electric P2
the insulating pillars P1 P2 A long
insulating material like silk, rubber is wound
intensity E at any +o + ’ - aroundtwo pulleys Py and P2. The P, is at ground
point between two level and P, is at the centre of S. The belt is kept
plates is uniform and
th
it is given by, moving continuously over the pulleys with
+ ’ help of a motor. Band B, are two sharply pointe
E = combs fixed as shown in figure. The B, is called
+ the spray comb and B, is called the collecting
Where Eok is
-d. comb.
permitivity constant Fig. : Capacity of a parallel
of a dielectricmedium plate condenser + S +
and o is surface density of charge of plate P1
which is given by,
Ion
SOurce
A P
Q t+++t+++++++++++++t+
E=
¬o kA ...(1)
Let, V be the potential difference between the two
plates which is given by,
V = E.d = Qd P P
Eo kA
Thus, the capacity of a condenser is given by,
C= 0/V
B
C=
Qd/e, kA
Eod kA .... (i1)
H.T
Thus equation (ii) gives capacity of parallel plate Target (T)
condenser Fig. : Van de graff generator
Capacity of a parallel plate condenser can be The positive ions to be accelerated are produced
increased by, i) increasing area of plate, in a discharge tube D. The ion source lies at the
ii) decreasing distance between the plates,
ii) increasing dielectric constant of a dielectric head of the tube inside the spherical shell.
medium.
The other end of the tube carrying the target
nucleus is earthed.
2.. With the help of neat diagram, describe the The generator is enclosed in a steel chamber C
construction, working and uses of Van de Graff filled with nitrogen or methane at high pressure.
generator. OR
With the help of a neat diagram, describe the
Working:The spray comb is given a positive
potential ( 10 volt) with respect to the earth by
construction and working of van de Graff high tension (HT) source. Due to discharging action
generator. of sharp points, a positively charged electric wind
Ans: A Van de graff generator is a device used to generate is set up, which sprays positive charge on the belt
high potential difference of the order of a few (corona discharge). As the belt moves, and reaches
million volts. It was designed by Van de graff in 1931. the sphere, a negative charge is induced on the
Principle:This generator is basedon the principle sharp ends of collecting comb B, and an equal
of (i) the action of sharp points i.e. the phenomenon positive charge is induced on the farther end of
of corona discharge. (ii) The charge given to a B,. This positive charge shifts immediately to the
hollow conductor is transferred to outer surface outer surface of S. Due to discharging action of
and it distributed uniformly over it. sharp points of B, a negatively charged electric
Construction : The main parts of Van de Graff wind is set up. This neutralises the positive charge
on the belt. The uncharged belt
generator is as shown in figure. In figure, S is a returns down,
collects the positive charge from B1, which
large spherical conducting shell of radius equal
to a few meters. This is turns is collected by B,. This is repeated. Thus,in
supported at a suitable the positive charge on S goes on
accumulating.
Electrostatics
PHY-II :91 PQB
The
wherecapacity
of
R is radiusspherical shell is
of shell. Thus, theC = 4 1ER,
the spherical shell is potential of
given by,
V= W =
4 nE, R the electric
Hence, the potential V of the But by definition, work is equal to
on increasing with
increase inspherical
O.
shell goes potentialV at that point
3. Define electric potential. Derive an 1_4 (i)

point dueexpression
for electric potential at a 4 TEo r
charge. to point at a
Thus, equation (ii), gives electric potential
Ans: Electric potential : The amount of point due to a point charge. In equation (ii),
work done in
bringing a unit positive charge from
the given point against the direction infinity to
of electric is constant.
intensity is called electric potential. 4 TE0
P 1
B A V
1C
edx i.e. electric potential at a point due to a point
X charge is inversely proportional to its distance.
Fig. : Electric potential at a point due to a point 4. Derive an expression for electric potential due to
charge an electric dipole.
Consider a charge q placed at point O in air Ans: Consider an electric dipole AB having charge -q
medium. Consider a point P at a distance r from the
charge q. Let Vbe the electric potential at point P at a point A and charge +q at point B.Let O be
centre of dipole and P be any point at a distance r
which is to be determined, To determine the
electric potential at point P, considera point Aat from the centre of dipole, where electric potential
a distance x from charge q. Let 1 C be the charge due to an electric dipole is to be determined.
placed at point A. The magnitude of electric
intensity at point A is given by.
E = ... (1)
4TEo x*
Let dw be the smallamount of work required to
move 1 C charge from point A to point Bthrough
distance dx which is given by, B
dw = -Fdx
where negative sign indicates that work is done against A'

-
the direction of electric intensity. The electric
intensity at a point is the force on a unit positive
charge at that point i.e. E = F
Fig. :Electric potential due to a dipole
Let ZPOB = andr>l
dw = -Edx Let AA be the perpendicular from A to PO and
BB' be the perpendicular from B to PO. As l is
dx very smallcompared to r
4nEo X
AP A'P = OP+OA' = 0P + AOcos
9- dx .... (11) = r+l cos
4TEo Similarly BP B'P OP- OB'
Let W be the total amount of work required to OP-OBcos
move 1 Ccharge from infinity to the given point =r-l cos 0
P, which is given by The potential at point P due to charge -q is
W- (dw -9 dx
4 nE0
1 9
4 E0 AP
1
VË X

(r+lcos0)
Electrostatics
-- PHY-II:92 done, so wor.
POB
against which work needs to be
The potential at point P due to charge +q is,
bringing q1 from infinity to point A is
done in
V2 BP
zero.
from infinity to point
B
move charge q2 due t
Now, moved, the electric field
1 When charge g, is opposes it. Hence,work hae
V2 < 4TE0 (r-lcos 0) charge q1 at point A done in bringing charge a,
The net potential at P due to dipole is to be done. The work in the electric field of
from infinity to the point B
<V =V+ V2 charge q1 is given by,
charge qi) xa,
V =-
1
W (Electric potential at Bdue to
4Te0 (r+lcos 0) 1 41 q2
1 4ne0 AB
X

4ne0 (r-lcos0) have

Since, AB=Ir-, l= I2 We
1
.. V= 1 4192
4TE0 L(r-lcos6) (r+lcos)| W =
4nE0 I12
9 |r+lcos -r+lcos 0 to
2-cos? This work done in bringing the two charges potential
the
their respective location is stored ascharges.
V=
2lcos0 energy of the configuration of two
(?-'cose) 1 4192 ...)
Since q x21=p, the electric dipole moment of the :.U 4E0 Ih2
dipole, then 6. Acharge 6uCis placed at the origin and another
V=
1 pcos charge -5 uC is placed on the y axis at a position
4nE0 (r²- cos e) ..) A (0, 6.0) m. (Problem from T.B.)
r>l,P-P cos?0 =2
V = 1 pcos
4TE0
...i) A-5uC
5. Derive an expression for potential energy of a
system of two point charges.
Ans: The electrostatic potential energy of a system of 6uCI
point charges is defined as the work required to a) Calculate the total electric potential at the point
assemble the system of charges by bringing them P whose coordinates are (8.0, 0) m
from infinity to b) Calculate the work done to bring a proton from
their present infinity to the point P?What is the significance
locations. of the negative sign ?
Consider first the Sol": a) q1=6pC, q2=-5uC,
simple case of two I=8m, 64+36 = 10 m
charges 41 and q2 Thus, electric potential at point Pis given by,
lying at points A Vp = V + V2
and Bwith position
1 1 42
vectors Ij and r 91
X
relative to same
origin. To calculate Fig. : Potential energy of
a system of charges q1 and q2 6x10 5x106
the electric
= 9x 10
potential energy of the two charges, we consider 8 10
the charges q1 and q2 initially at infinity and
determine the work done by an external agency = 9x 10 x10-6
to bring the charges to the given locations.
Suppose first the charge qi is brought from 18
x 103
infinity to the point A. There is no external field