Q1.

This question is about gold and compounds of gold.

(a) In the alpha particle scattering experiment alpha particles are fired at gold foil.

Alpha particles are positively charged.

The diagram below shows the results.

What two conclusions can be made from the results?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Atoms are balls of positive charge with

embedded electrons.

Atoms are tiny spheres that cannot be

divided.

Atoms have a positively charged

nucleus.

Mass is concentrated in the nucleus in

the centre of atoms.

Neutrons exist within the nucleus.

(2)

(b) The gold foil is:

• 4.00 × 10–7 metres thick

• 2400 atoms thick.

What is the diameter of one gold atom in metres?

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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Diameter of one gold atom (3 significant figures) = _______________ m

(3)

(c) Gold reacts with the elements in Group 7 of the periodic table.

0.175 g of gold reacts with chlorine.

The equation for the reaction is:

2 Au + 3 Cl2 → 2 AuCl3

Calculate the mass of chlorine needed to react with 0.175 g of gold.

Give your answer in mg

Relative atomic masses (Ar): Cl = 35.5 Au = 197

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Mass of chlorine = _______________ mg

(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q2.
The diagram below shows two isotopes of neon.

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(a) Compare the number of sub-atomic particles in an atom of neon-20 and an atom of
neon-21

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(2)

(b) There are 18 neon atoms in every million particles of air.

Of these 18 neon atoms, 0.27% are neon-21 atoms.

Calculate the percentage of particles in air that are neon-21 atoms.

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Percentage = _______________ %
(2)

(c) The image below shows a sign containing neon.

The sign is connected to an electrical supply.

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 The neon atoms gain energy when the sign is switched on.

Explain why the sign glows when the electrical supply is switched on.

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(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q3.
Sulfur is a non-metal.

Sulfur burns in the air to produce sulfur dioxide, SO2

(a) Why is it important that sulfur dioxide is not released into the atmosphere?

Tick (✔) one box.

Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain.

Sulfur dioxide causes global dimming.

Sulfur dioxide causes global warming.

(1)

(b) Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water.

What colour is universal indicator in a solution of sulfur dioxide?

Give a reason for your answer.

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(2)

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(c) Sulfur dioxide is a gas at room temperature.

The bonding in sulfur dioxide is covalent.

Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why sulfur dioxide has a low boiling
point.

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(3)

(d) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Sulfur dioxide is produced when fossil fuels are burned.

It is important that sulfur dioxide is not released into the atmosphere.

Three of the methods used to remove sulfur dioxide from gases produced when
fossil fuels are burned are:

• wet gas desulfurisation (W)

• dry gas desulfurisation (D)

• seawater gas desulfurisation (S).

Information about the three methods is given in the bar chart and in Table 1 and
Table 2.

Method of removing sulfur dioxide

Table 1

Method Material used How material is obtained

W Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 Quarrying

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 Calcium oxide, CaO Thermal decomposition of calcium
D carbonate:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

S Seawater From the sea

Table 2

Method What is done with waste material

Solid waste is sold for use in buildings.

W
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.

D Solid waste is sent to landfill.

S Liquid waste is returned to the sea.

Evaluate the three methods of removing sulfur dioxide from waste gases.

Compare the three methods and give a justified conclusion.

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 ___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 12 marks)

Q4.
Glass is made from silicon dioxide.

© Velirina/iStock/Thinkstock

(a) Silicon dioxide has a very high melting point.

Other substances are added to silicon dioxide to make glass. Glass melts at a lower
temperature than silicon dioxide.

Suggest why.

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(1)

(b) Sodium oxide is one of the substances added to silicon dioxide to make glass.

(i) Sodium oxide contains Na+ ions and O2– ions.

Give the formula of sodium oxide.

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(1)

(ii) Sodium oxide is made by heating sodium metal in oxygen gas.

Complete the diagram to show the outer electrons in an oxygen molecule (O2).

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 (2)

(c) Glass can be coloured using tiny particles of gold. Gold is a metal.

Describe the structure of a metal.

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q5.
This question is about some compounds of iodine.

(a) Lead iodide can be made by mixing a solution containing lead ions with a solution
containing iodide ions.

Lead iodide is formed as a precipitate.

Pb2+(aq) + 2l–(aq) → Pbl2(s)

(i) The table below gives information about the solubility of some compounds.

Soluble compounds Insoluble compounds

all sodium and potassium salts

all nitrates

most chlorides, bromides and silver and lead chlorides, bromides and
iodides iodides

Use the table to help you name:

a soluble compound which contains lead ions ___________________

a soluble compound which contains iodide ions __________________

(2)

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 (ii) Suggest a method of separating the lead iodide from the solution.

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(1)

(b) Magnesium iodide can be made by reacting magnesium with iodine.

Mg + I2 → MgI2

Magnesium iodide is an ionic compound. It contains magnesium ions (Mg2+) and

iodide ions (I-).

Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when magnesium reacts with iodine.

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(4)

(c) The diagram shows the structure of potassium iodide.

Explain why a high temperature is needed to melt potassium iodide.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q6.
A student investigated the mass of dissolved solids in four water samples A, B, C and D.

The diagram below shows the apparatus used.

This is the method used.

1. Record the mass of a dry evaporating basin.
2. Pour 25 cm3 of water sample A into the evaporating basin.
3. Place the evaporating basin on the beaker for 10 minutes.
4. Record the mass of the evaporating basin and contents.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 with water sample A three more times.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 with water samples B, C and D.

(a) What type of variable is the mass of dissolved solids?

Tick (✓) one box.

Categoric

Control

Dependent

Independent

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 (1)

(b) The method produced an error in the mass recorded in step 4.

Suggest what caused the error.

How could the error be avoided?

Error ______________________________________________________________

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Avoided by _________________________________________________________

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(2)

Another student carried out the investigation correctly.

The table below shows the results.

Water
Mass of dissolved solids in g
sample

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Mean

A 0.22 0.23 0.20 X 0.21

B 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.04

C 0.45 0.60 0.49 0.58 0.53

D 0.80 0.91 0.79 0.86 0.84

(c) Calculate value X in the table above.

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X = _______________ g
(2)

(d) Which water sample has the greatest range of masses of dissolved solids?

Give the reason for your answer.

Water sample _______________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

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 (2)

(e) Water companies measure the volume of water used by households in cubic metres
(m3).

25 cm3 of a different water sample contained 0.016 g of dissolved solids.

Calculate the mass of dissolved solid in 1 m3 of this water sample.

1 m3 = 1000 dm3
Give your answer in standard form.

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Mass (in standard form) = ____________________ g

(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Q7.
A 1 kg mass is made from a platinum and iridium alloy.

(a) The platinum and iridium alloy is harder than pure platinum.

Explain why alloys are harder than the pure metal.

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(3)

(b) The 1 kilogram mass consisted of 900 g platinum and 100 g iridium.

What was the ratio of platinum atoms to iridium atoms in the alloy?

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 Relative atomic masses (Ar): Pt = 195 Ir = 192

Tick (✓) one box.

0.99 :1.00

8.86 :1.00

9.00 :1.00

9.14 :1.00

(1)

The Avogadro constant is the number of atoms in 1 mole of a substance.

(c) What is the value of the Avogadro constant?

Tick (✓) one box.

6.02 × 1023 per mole

6.02 × 1024 per mole

6.02 × 1025 per mole

6.02 × 1026 per mole

(1)

(d) Scientists could use a sample of silicon to define the Avogadro constant.

Copper is an impurity in the silicon sample.

There are 70 nanograms of copper in 1 g of the sample.

Calculate the mass of copper in grams in 1 kg of the sample.

Give your answer in standard form.

1 nanogram = 10−9 g

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 Mass of copper = ______________ g
(2)

Silicon mainly occurs in the Earth’s crust as silicon dioxide.

The following figure represents part of the structure of silicon dioxide.

(e) Determine the empirical formula of silicon dioxide.

Use the figure above.

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Empirical formula = ______________________

(1)

(f) Describe the structure and bonding in silicon dioxide.

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(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q8.
This question is about copper and fuels.

(a) Copper is extracted from low-grade ores by phytomining.

Describe how copper metal is produced by phytomining.

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(4)

(b) Another method of extracting copper from low-grade ores is bioleaching.

A solution of copper sulfate (CuSO4) produced by bioleaching has a concentration of

0.319 g/dm3

Relative atomic masses (Ar): Cu = 63.5 O = 16 S = 32

Calculate the number of moles of copper that can be produced from 1 dm3 of this
solution.

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Number of moles of copper = ____________________ mol

(3)

Copper is used as a catalyst.

The diagram shows reaction profiles for a reaction with and without a catalyst.

(c) How do the reaction profiles show that using a catalyst does not affect the overall
energy change for the reaction?

Tick (✓) one box.

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 Both reaction profiles show exothermic reactions.

Both reaction profiles start at the same energy level

and end at the same energy level.

Both reaction profiles show the activation energy.

The activation energy for the uncatalysed reaction

is much lower than for the catalysed reaction.
(1)

(d) Copper is a catalyst in a reaction to produce ethanol from carbon dioxide.

Ethanol (C2H5OH) is used as a fuel.

Suggest why producing ethanol from carbon dioxide is sustainable.

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(2)

(e) Chemistry plays an important role in sustainable development.

What is sustainable development?

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(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q9.
This question is about oxygen (O2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

(a) Give the test and result for oxygen gas.

Test ______________________________________________________________

Result ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The reaction between oxygen and sulfur dioxide is at equilibrium.

O2(g) + 2 SO2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g)

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 Some of the sulfur trioxide (SO3) is removed.

Explain what happens to the position of the equilibrium.

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(2)

(c) Sulfur dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant.

Sulfur dioxide pollution is reduced by reacting calcium oxide with sulfur dioxide to
produce calcium sulfite.

CaO + SO2 ⟶ CaSO3

7.00 g of calcium oxide reacts with an excess of sulfur dioxide.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): O = 16 S = 32 Ca = 40

Calculate the mass of calcium sulfite produced.

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Mass of calcium sulfite produced = ____________________ g

(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q10.
Aqamed is a medicine for children.

(a) The medicine is a formulation.

What is meant by a formulation?

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 (1)

(b) Children often do not like taking medicine.

Suggest a substance that could be added to Aqamed to increase the desire for
children to take it.

Give a reason for your suggestion.

Substance _________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c) The main ingredient in Aqamed is a painkiller called paracetamol.

The figure below represents a molecule of paracetamol.

Give the molecular formula of paracetamol.

Calculate its relative formula mass (Mr).

Relative atomic masses (Ar): H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16

Molecular formula ____________________________________________________

Relative formula mass ________________________________________________

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Mr = _____________________________
(2)

(d) Aspirin is a medicine for use by adults.

An aspirin tablet contains 300 mg of acetylsalicylic acid.

Calculate the number of moles of acetylsalicylic acid in one aspirin tablet.

Give your answer in standard form to three significant figures.

Relative formula mass (Mr) of aspirin = 180

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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Number of moles = ______________________

(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Q11.
This is part of an article about food additives.

THE PERIL OF FOOD ADDITIVES

Some orange drinks contain the additives E102

(Tartrazine), E104 (Quinoline Yellow) and E110 (Sunset
Yellow).These three coloured additives are thought to
cause hyperactivity in children.

(a) State two reasons that a manufacturer might give to justify the use of these
additives.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(b) Some scientists asked 4000 twelve-year-old children to help them investigate if
there is a link between these three coloured additives and hyperactivity.

How would the scientists use these 4000 children to investigate if there is a link
between these three coloured additives and hyperactivity in children?

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(4)

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 (c) A manufacturer used an independent scientist to show that their orange drink did not
contain these three coloured additives.

(i) Suggest why the manufacturer would use a scientist who was independent
instead of using their own scientist.

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(1)

(ii) The scientist had samples of E102, E104 and E110 and the orange drink. The
scientist used paper chromatography for the test.

Describe how the scientist could use the results to show if the orange drink
contained any of these three coloured additives.

You may include a diagram of the paper chromatography results.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q12.
This question is about the Earth’s atmosphere.

(a) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

The greenhouse effect happens in four stages.

The four stages are:

Stage A Carbon dioxide stops longer wavelength radiation escaping

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 Stage B Radiation is absorbed by the Earth
Stage C Longer wavelength radiation is emitted
Stage D Shorter wavelength radiation enters the atmosphere

What is the correct order of stages A, B, C and D?

Tick (✓) one box.

C, A, B, D

C, D, B, A

D, B, C, A

D, C, B, A

(1)

The graph below shows how the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere
has changed over 4.6 billion years.

(b) The mass of gas in Earth’s atmosphere remains constant at 5.15 × 1018 kg

Determine the maximum mass of carbon dioxide that was in the Earth’s

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 atmosphere.

Use the graph above.

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Mass of carbon dioxide = _______________ kg

(3)

(c) Describe the processes that have caused the main changes in the percentage of
carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere over the last 4.6 billion years.

Use the graph above.

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(6)
(Total 10 marks)

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